Merrill's Chapter 2
upright
erect or marked by a vertical position
a
25. which term refers to a fracture in which a broken bone projects through the skin a. open b. closed c. displaced d. nondisplaced
d
26. which term refers to a body part on the opposite side of the body a. lateral b. posterior c. ipsilateral d. contralateral
d
27. which term refers to the path of the central x ray a. view b. method c. position d. projection
b
28. which term refers to a general body position a. axial b. recumbent c. tangential d. left anterior oblique
c
29. which term refers to the movement of a body part away from the central axis of the body a. flexion b. inversion c. abduction d. adduction
epigastrium. umbilical. hypogastrium
3 main regions of the body from top to bottom
c
3. which plane divides the body into equal right and left halves a. oblique b. horizontal c. midsagittal d. midcoronal
b
30. which term is the pleural form for diagnosis a. diagnosix b. diagnoses c. diagnosae d. diagnosum
c
31. which body position describes the patient lying face down on the radiographic table a. supine b. dorsal c. prone d. anterior
b
32. which plane is positioned at a right angle to the sagittal and coronal plane a. oblique b. horizontal c. midsagittal d. midcoronal
b
33. which vertebra is located at the level of the inferior angles of the scapulae a. c7 b. t7 c. t10 d. l3
c
34. which vertebra is located at the level of the iliac crest a. t10 b. l2 c. l4 d. s1
c
35. which body habitus represents a person with organs and characteristics that are intermediate between sthenic and asthenic body habitus types and is the most difficult to classify a. sthenic b. asthenic c. hyposthenic d. hypersthenic
sagittal. coronal. transverse. oblique
a) ___ b) ___ c) ___ d) ___
thyroid cartilage. T1. jugular notch
a.) b.) c.)
oblique
central ray enters the body or body part from a side angle into the atnerior or posterior surface of the body
lateral
central ray enters the lateral aspect of the body or body part and exits the other side
PA
central ray enters the posterior body surface and exits the anterior body surface
axial
central ray is angled longitudinally with the long axis of the body
tangential
central ray is directed toward the outer margin of a curved body to profile a body part and project it free of superimposition
pubic symphysis and greater trochanter
coccyx
sternal angle. inferior angle of scapula. xiphoid process
d.) e.) f.)
fissure
depression terms-- cleft or groove
sulcus
depression terms-- furrow, trench, or fissurelike depression
foramen
depression terms-- hole in a bone for transmission of blood vessels and nerves
fossa
depression terms-- pit, fovea, or hollow
sinus
depression terms-- recess, groove, cavity or hollow space
groove
depression terms-- shallow, linear depression
line
less prominent ridge than a crest
synarthroses. amphiarthroses. diarthroses
list 3 functional classification of joints functional classification is based on mobility of the joint
synovial. cartilaginous. fibrous
list 3 structural classifications of articulations structural classification is based on types of tissues that unite or bind the articulating bones
synovial fluid
lubricant and nutrient compound found within synovial joints
recumbent
lying down in any position
prone
lying face down
supine
lying on the back
fowler
lying supine with the head higher than the feet
trendelenburg
lying supine with the head lower than the feet
pivot
match articulation to synovial type joint-- C1 & C2
saddle
match articulation to synovial type joint-- carpometacarpal joint of the thumb
ball and socket
match articulation to synovial type joint-- hip
hinge
match articulation to synovial type joint-- interphalangeal
gliding
match articulation to synovial type joint-- intertarsal
hinge
match articulation to synovial type joint-- knee
ellipsoid
match articulation to synovial type joint-- metacarpophalangeal
ball and socket
match articulation to synovial type joint-- shoulder
ellipsoid
match articulation to synovial type joint-- wrist
hinge
match articulation to synovial type joint--elbow
anterior
refers to the forward or front part of the body or to the forward part of an organ
central
refers to the middle area or main part of an organ
palmar
refers to the palm of the hand
plantar
refers to the sole of the foot
dorsum
refers to the top or anterior surface of the foot or to the back or posterior surface of the hand
right/left inguinal
right and left of the hypogastrium region
anatomy
science of structure of the body
position
specific placement of the body part in relation to the table or IR during imaging
method
specific radiographic projection that the individual developed
osteology
study of bones
physiology
study of function
ASIS
S1-S2
c
1. which term refers to the study of function in the body organs a. anatomy b. osteology c. physiology
b
10. excluding small sesamoid and accessory bones in the skull, how many bones compromise the skeleton? a. 202 b. 206 c. 210 d. 215
a
11. which structure belongs to the axial skeleton a. skull b. lower limb c. upper limb d. pelvic girdle
a
12. which bone has a medullary cavity a. tibia b. sacrum c. parietal d sternum
b
13. bones are classified according to their a. size b. shape c. function d. origin
d
14 which bone classifications are vertebra? a. flat b. long. c. short d. irregular
c
15. which bone classification is the trapezium a. flat b. long c. short d. irregular
a
16. which bone classification consists largely of compact cortex tissue in the form of two plates that enclose a layer of diploe? a. flat b. long c. short d. irregular
c
17. which term specifically refers to the study of joints a. anatomy b. osteology c. arthrology d physiology
c
18. which structural classification of articulations refers to joints that have only limited or slight movement a. synovial b. fibrous c. cartilaginous d. ellipsoid
a
19. which functional classification of articulations are synovial joints a. diarthroses b. synarthroses c. amphiarthroses d. synchondrosis
a
2. which are the four fundamental body planes? a. sagittal, coronal, horizontal, oblique b. sagittal, coronal, midaxillary, transverse c. midsagittal, midcoronal, horizontal, oblique d. midsagittal, midcoronal, midaxillary, transverse
a
20. which functional classification of articulations are cranial sutures a. fibrous b. synovial c. cartilaginous d. syndesmosis
c
21. which type of movement occurs in a hinge joint a. rotational b. gliding or sliding c. flexion and exension d. abduction and adduction
d
22. which of the following joints is an example of an ellipsoid joint a. hip b. intercarpal c. interphalangeal d. metacarpophalangeal
b
23. which term refers to a long pointed process a. crest b. styloid c. condyle d. tuberosity
d
24. which term for a depression refers to the hole in a bone through which blood vessels and nerves pass a. sinus b. sulcus c. groove d. foramen
d
4. which are the two great cavities of the torso a. pelvic and pleural b. pelvic and abdominal c. thoracic and pleural d. thoracic and abdominal
b
5. which body structure is located within the thoracic cavity a. liver b. heart c. gallbladder d. urinary bladder
b
6. in which quadrant of the abdomen is the appendix located a. ruq b. rlq c. luq d. llq
b
7. in which region of the abdomen is located below the umbilical region a. epigastrium b. hypograstrium c. left hypocondrium d. right hypochondrium
c
8. which vertebra is located at the level of the xiphoid process a. c7 b. t7 c. t10 d. l3
d
9. which body habitus represents a person of large, massive structure in whom the stomach is located high and nearly horizontal within the abdomen a. sthenic b. asthenic c. hyposthenic d. hypersthenic
horizontal (transverse/axial)
BODY PLANES-- passes crosswise through the body and divides into superior and inferior segments
midsagittal
BODY PLANES-- passes through the midline of the body and divides into equal right and left halves
sagittal
BODY PLANES-- passes vertically through the body from front to back dividing the body into right and left segments
coronal
BODY PLANES-- passes vertically through the body from side to size and divides the body into anterior and posterior segments
midcoronal
BODY PLANES-- passes vertically through the midline of the body from side to side and divides the body into equal anterior and posterior segments
vertebra prominens
C7-T1
synarth. amphiarth. diarth
FUNCTIONAL CLASSIFICATION OF JOINTS 1. immovable 2. slightly movable 3. freely movable
206
How many bones are in the human body?
inferior costal margin
L2-L3
superior iliac crest
L4-L5
fibrous. syndesmosis. suture. gomphosis
STRUCTURAL CLASSIFICATION OF JOINTS 1. do not have a joint cavity. they are united by connective tissue or ligaments (strongest because they are immovable) there are 3 types: 2. immovable or lightly movable joint united by sheets of fibrous tissue. inferior tibiofibular joint is an example 3. immovable joint in the skull 4. immovable joint in roots of teeth
cartilaginous. symphysis. sychondrosis
STRUCTURAL CLASSIFICATION OF JOINTS 1. do not have joint cavity, virtually immovable, joined by hyaline cartilage or fibrocartilage there are two types: 2. designed for strength and shock absorbency. joining together of two midline bones in the body by a plate of fibrocartilage 3. joint in which two bones are joined by hyaline cartilage
synovial. articular capsule.
STRUCTURAL CLASSIFICATION OF JOINTS 1. permit wide range of motion and are all freely movable 2. fibrous envelope that encloses this type of joint
jugular notch
T2-T3
sternal angle
T4-T5
inferior angles of scapulae
T7
xiphoid process
T9-T10
flat
___ bone: 2 tabes of compact bone
long
___ bone: long cylindric shaft and 2 round ends
short
___ bone: mainly spongy tissue and have thin outer layer of compact bone
irregular
___ bone: peculiar shape and variety
sesamoid
___ bone: small and oval. develop inside and beside tendons
flexion
body movement-- bending movement of a joint whereby the angle between contiguous bones is diminished
circumduction
body movement-- circular movement of a limb
dorsiflexion
body movement-- flexion of the foot toward the leg
hyperflexion
body movement-- forced or excessive flexion of a joint or part
hyperextension
body movement-- forced or excessive straightening of a joint
abduction
body movement-- movement of a part away from the central axis of the body or body part
tilt
body movement-- movement of a part so that the sagittal plane is angled so that it is not parallel with the long axis of the body
adduction
body movement-- movement of the body toward the central axis of a body or body part
inversion
body movement-- movement of the foot when it is turned inward at the ankle joint
eversion
body movement-- movement of the foot when it is turned outward at the ankle joint
extension
body movement-- straightening of a joint
rotate
body movement-- to turn around an axis
pronate
body movement-- to turn the forearm so that the palm of the hand faces backward
supinate
body movement-- to turn the forearm so that the palm of the hand faces forward
deviation
body movement-- turning away from the regular standard of course
coracoid
bony markings and features-- beaklike process
protuberance
bony markings and features-- bony projection
malleolus
bony markings and features-- club shaped process
head
bony markings and features-- expanded end of a long bone
hamulus
bony markings and features-- hook shaped process
horn
bony markings and features-- hornlike process on a bone
tuberosity
bony markings and features-- large rounded elevated process
trochanter
bony markings and features-- large rounded elevated process located at the junction of the neck and shaft of the femur
styloid
bony markings and features-- long pointed process
epicondyle
bony markings and features-- projection above a condyle
crest
bony markings and features-- ridgelike process
condyle
bony markings and features-- rounded process at and articular extremity
spine
bony markings and features-- sharp process
tubercle
bony markings and features-- small rounded elevated process
facet
bony markings and features-- small smooth surfaced process for articulation
mastoid tip
c1
hyoid bone
c3, c4
thyroid cartilage
c5
medullary cavity
central cylindric canal of long bones
AP
central ray enters the anterior body surface and exits the posterior body surface
meniscus
fibrocartilaginous disk pas located between the ends of bones in some synovial joints
bursae
fluid containing sacs that are interposed between sliding surfaces to reduce friction
bcef
from the following, what are the 4 main parts of the appendicular skeleton a. ribs b. pelvic girdle c. shoulder girdle d. vertebral column e. upper limbs f. lower limbs
abcd
from the following, what are the 4 main parts of the axial skeleton a. neck b. skull c. thorax d. vertebral column e. upper limbs f. lower limbs
inferior costal margin. iliac crest.
g.) h.)
hypersthenic
heart: axis nearly transverse lungs: short, apices at or near clavicles diaphragm: high stomach: high, transverse, and in the middle colon: around the periphery of the abdomen gallbladder: high, outside, lies more parallel
sthenic
heart: moderately transverse lungs: moderate length diaphragm: moderately high stomach: high, upper left colon: spread evenly; slight dip in transverse colon gallbladder: centered on right side, upper abdomen
asthenic
heart: nearly vertical and at midline lungs: long, apices above clavicles may be broader above base diaphragm: low stomach: low and medial in the pelvis when standing colon: low, folds on itself gallbladder: low and nearer the midline
ASIS. coccyx, greater trochanter, pubic symphysis
i.) j.)
thoracic. abdominal. pleural. pericardial. pelvic
identify each body cavity a.) ___ b.) ___ c.) ___ d.) ___ e.) ___
ruq. luq. rlq llq
identify the four quadrants of the body 1.) 2.) 3.) 4.)
gonion. mastoid tip. vertebra prominens
identify the surface landmarks a.) b.) c.)
notch
indentation into the border of a bone
spongy bone
inner trabeculated portion of the bone
hyposthenic
organs and characteristics for this habitus are intermediate between sthenic and asthenic body types. it is the most difficult to classify
liver. spleen. ureters
organs within the abdominal cavity (3)
uterus. rectum. ovaries
organs within the pelvic cavity (3)
lungs. heart. trachea. esophagus
organs within the thoracic cavity (4)
compact bone
outer layer of bony tissue
projection
path of the central ray as it exits the x ray tube
view
placement of body part as seen by IR
P
projection (P), body position (B), or radiographic position (R)? AP
P
projection (P), body position (B), or radiographic position (R)? AP axial
P
projection (P), body position (B), or radiographic position (R)? AP oblique
R
projection (P), body position (B), or radiographic position (R)? RAO
P
projection (P), body position (B), or radiographic position (R)? dorsoplantar
R
projection (P), body position (B), or radiographic position (R)? left lateral
R
projection (P), body position (B), or radiographic position (R)? lordotic
P
projection (P), body position (B), or radiographic position (R)? parietocanthial
B
projection (P), body position (B), or radiographic position (R)? recumbent
R
projection (P), body position (B), or radiographic position (R)? right lateral decubitus
B
projection (P), body position (B), or radiographic position (R)? supine
P
projection (P), body position (B), or radiographic position (R)? tangential
P
projection (P), body position (B), or radiographic position (R)? transthoracic
B
projection (P), body position (B), or radiographic position (R)? trendelenberg
B
projection (P), body position (B), or radiographic position (R)? upright
superficial
refers to a part near the skin or surface
ipsilateral
refers to a part on the same side of the body
contralateral
refers to a part or parts on the opposite side of the body
external
refers to a part outside of an organ or on the outside of the body
internal
refers to a part within or on the inside of an organ
inferior
refers to nearer the feet or situated below
superior
refers to nearer the head or situated above
peripheral
refers to parts at or near the surface, edge, or outside of a body part
caudad
refers to parts away from the head of the body
lateral
refers to parts away from the median plane of the body or away from the middle part of the right or the left
deep
refers to parts far from the surface
distal
refers to parts farthest from the point of attachment, point of reference, origin, or beginning
proximal
refers to parts nearest the point of attachment, point of reference, origin, or beginning
caphalad
refers to parts toward the head of the body
medial
refers to parts toward the median plane of the body or toward the middle of the body part
posterior
refers to the back part of the body or an organ
visceral
refers to the covering of an organ
left/right hypochondrium
to the right and left of the epigastrium region
right/left lateral
to the right and left of the umbilical region
periosteum
tough, fibrous membrane that covers the bone (except where bone is covered by articular cartilage)
meatus
tubelike passageway
functional. structural (more widely used)
two classifications of joints. which is more widely used?
axial. appendicular
two main skeletal divisions that make up the bony framework of the body
throacic. abdominal
two major cavities of the torso
short
what type of bone is a lunate?
long
what type of bone is a radius?
long
what type of bone is a tibia?
irregular
what type of bone is the maxilla?
sesamoid
what type of bone is the patella?
flat
what type of bone is the scapula?
irregular
what type of bone is the vertebrae?
abcfh
which of the following are classifications of bones a. flat b. long c. short d. small e. cranial f. irregular g. appendicular h. sesamoid