Merrill's Chapter 2

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upright

erect or marked by a vertical position

a

25. which term refers to a fracture in which a broken bone projects through the skin a. open b. closed c. displaced d. nondisplaced

d

26. which term refers to a body part on the opposite side of the body a. lateral b. posterior c. ipsilateral d. contralateral

d

27. which term refers to the path of the central x ray a. view b. method c. position d. projection

b

28. which term refers to a general body position a. axial b. recumbent c. tangential d. left anterior oblique

c

29. which term refers to the movement of a body part away from the central axis of the body a. flexion b. inversion c. abduction d. adduction

epigastrium. umbilical. hypogastrium

3 main regions of the body from top to bottom

c

3. which plane divides the body into equal right and left halves a. oblique b. horizontal c. midsagittal d. midcoronal

b

30. which term is the pleural form for diagnosis a. diagnosix b. diagnoses c. diagnosae d. diagnosum

c

31. which body position describes the patient lying face down on the radiographic table a. supine b. dorsal c. prone d. anterior

b

32. which plane is positioned at a right angle to the sagittal and coronal plane a. oblique b. horizontal c. midsagittal d. midcoronal

b

33. which vertebra is located at the level of the inferior angles of the scapulae a. c7 b. t7 c. t10 d. l3

c

34. which vertebra is located at the level of the iliac crest a. t10 b. l2 c. l4 d. s1

c

35. which body habitus represents a person with organs and characteristics that are intermediate between sthenic and asthenic body habitus types and is the most difficult to classify a. sthenic b. asthenic c. hyposthenic d. hypersthenic

sagittal. coronal. transverse. oblique

a) ___ b) ___ c) ___ d) ___

thyroid cartilage. T1. jugular notch

a.) b.) c.)

oblique

central ray enters the body or body part from a side angle into the atnerior or posterior surface of the body

lateral

central ray enters the lateral aspect of the body or body part and exits the other side

PA

central ray enters the posterior body surface and exits the anterior body surface

axial

central ray is angled longitudinally with the long axis of the body

tangential

central ray is directed toward the outer margin of a curved body to profile a body part and project it free of superimposition

pubic symphysis and greater trochanter

coccyx

sternal angle. inferior angle of scapula. xiphoid process

d.) e.) f.)

fissure

depression terms-- cleft or groove

sulcus

depression terms-- furrow, trench, or fissurelike depression

foramen

depression terms-- hole in a bone for transmission of blood vessels and nerves

fossa

depression terms-- pit, fovea, or hollow

sinus

depression terms-- recess, groove, cavity or hollow space

groove

depression terms-- shallow, linear depression

line

less prominent ridge than a crest

synarthroses. amphiarthroses. diarthroses

list 3 functional classification of joints functional classification is based on mobility of the joint

synovial. cartilaginous. fibrous

list 3 structural classifications of articulations structural classification is based on types of tissues that unite or bind the articulating bones

synovial fluid

lubricant and nutrient compound found within synovial joints

recumbent

lying down in any position

prone

lying face down

supine

lying on the back

fowler

lying supine with the head higher than the feet

trendelenburg

lying supine with the head lower than the feet

pivot

match articulation to synovial type joint-- C1 & C2

saddle

match articulation to synovial type joint-- carpometacarpal joint of the thumb

ball and socket

match articulation to synovial type joint-- hip

hinge

match articulation to synovial type joint-- interphalangeal

gliding

match articulation to synovial type joint-- intertarsal

hinge

match articulation to synovial type joint-- knee

ellipsoid

match articulation to synovial type joint-- metacarpophalangeal

ball and socket

match articulation to synovial type joint-- shoulder

ellipsoid

match articulation to synovial type joint-- wrist

hinge

match articulation to synovial type joint--elbow

anterior

refers to the forward or front part of the body or to the forward part of an organ

central

refers to the middle area or main part of an organ

palmar

refers to the palm of the hand

plantar

refers to the sole of the foot

dorsum

refers to the top or anterior surface of the foot or to the back or posterior surface of the hand

right/left inguinal

right and left of the hypogastrium region

anatomy

science of structure of the body

position

specific placement of the body part in relation to the table or IR during imaging

method

specific radiographic projection that the individual developed

osteology

study of bones

physiology

study of function

ASIS

S1-S2

c

1. which term refers to the study of function in the body organs a. anatomy b. osteology c. physiology

b

10. excluding small sesamoid and accessory bones in the skull, how many bones compromise the skeleton? a. 202 b. 206 c. 210 d. 215

a

11. which structure belongs to the axial skeleton a. skull b. lower limb c. upper limb d. pelvic girdle

a

12. which bone has a medullary cavity a. tibia b. sacrum c. parietal d sternum

b

13. bones are classified according to their a. size b. shape c. function d. origin

d

14 which bone classifications are vertebra? a. flat b. long. c. short d. irregular

c

15. which bone classification is the trapezium a. flat b. long c. short d. irregular

a

16. which bone classification consists largely of compact cortex tissue in the form of two plates that enclose a layer of diploe? a. flat b. long c. short d. irregular

c

17. which term specifically refers to the study of joints a. anatomy b. osteology c. arthrology d physiology

c

18. which structural classification of articulations refers to joints that have only limited or slight movement a. synovial b. fibrous c. cartilaginous d. ellipsoid

a

19. which functional classification of articulations are synovial joints a. diarthroses b. synarthroses c. amphiarthroses d. synchondrosis

a

2. which are the four fundamental body planes? a. sagittal, coronal, horizontal, oblique b. sagittal, coronal, midaxillary, transverse c. midsagittal, midcoronal, horizontal, oblique d. midsagittal, midcoronal, midaxillary, transverse

a

20. which functional classification of articulations are cranial sutures a. fibrous b. synovial c. cartilaginous d. syndesmosis

c

21. which type of movement occurs in a hinge joint a. rotational b. gliding or sliding c. flexion and exension d. abduction and adduction

d

22. which of the following joints is an example of an ellipsoid joint a. hip b. intercarpal c. interphalangeal d. metacarpophalangeal

b

23. which term refers to a long pointed process a. crest b. styloid c. condyle d. tuberosity

d

24. which term for a depression refers to the hole in a bone through which blood vessels and nerves pass a. sinus b. sulcus c. groove d. foramen

d

4. which are the two great cavities of the torso a. pelvic and pleural b. pelvic and abdominal c. thoracic and pleural d. thoracic and abdominal

b

5. which body structure is located within the thoracic cavity a. liver b. heart c. gallbladder d. urinary bladder

b

6. in which quadrant of the abdomen is the appendix located a. ruq b. rlq c. luq d. llq

b

7. in which region of the abdomen is located below the umbilical region a. epigastrium b. hypograstrium c. left hypocondrium d. right hypochondrium

c

8. which vertebra is located at the level of the xiphoid process a. c7 b. t7 c. t10 d. l3

d

9. which body habitus represents a person of large, massive structure in whom the stomach is located high and nearly horizontal within the abdomen a. sthenic b. asthenic c. hyposthenic d. hypersthenic

horizontal (transverse/axial)

BODY PLANES-- passes crosswise through the body and divides into superior and inferior segments

midsagittal

BODY PLANES-- passes through the midline of the body and divides into equal right and left halves

sagittal

BODY PLANES-- passes vertically through the body from front to back dividing the body into right and left segments

coronal

BODY PLANES-- passes vertically through the body from side to size and divides the body into anterior and posterior segments

midcoronal

BODY PLANES-- passes vertically through the midline of the body from side to side and divides the body into equal anterior and posterior segments

vertebra prominens

C7-T1

synarth. amphiarth. diarth

FUNCTIONAL CLASSIFICATION OF JOINTS 1. immovable 2. slightly movable 3. freely movable

206

How many bones are in the human body?

inferior costal margin

L2-L3

superior iliac crest

L4-L5

fibrous. syndesmosis. suture. gomphosis

STRUCTURAL CLASSIFICATION OF JOINTS 1. do not have a joint cavity. they are united by connective tissue or ligaments (strongest because they are immovable) there are 3 types: 2. immovable or lightly movable joint united by sheets of fibrous tissue. inferior tibiofibular joint is an example 3. immovable joint in the skull 4. immovable joint in roots of teeth

cartilaginous. symphysis. sychondrosis

STRUCTURAL CLASSIFICATION OF JOINTS 1. do not have joint cavity, virtually immovable, joined by hyaline cartilage or fibrocartilage there are two types: 2. designed for strength and shock absorbency. joining together of two midline bones in the body by a plate of fibrocartilage 3. joint in which two bones are joined by hyaline cartilage

synovial. articular capsule.

STRUCTURAL CLASSIFICATION OF JOINTS 1. permit wide range of motion and are all freely movable 2. fibrous envelope that encloses this type of joint

jugular notch

T2-T3

sternal angle

T4-T5

inferior angles of scapulae

T7

xiphoid process

T9-T10

flat

___ bone: 2 tabes of compact bone

long

___ bone: long cylindric shaft and 2 round ends

short

___ bone: mainly spongy tissue and have thin outer layer of compact bone

irregular

___ bone: peculiar shape and variety

sesamoid

___ bone: small and oval. develop inside and beside tendons

flexion

body movement-- bending movement of a joint whereby the angle between contiguous bones is diminished

circumduction

body movement-- circular movement of a limb

dorsiflexion

body movement-- flexion of the foot toward the leg

hyperflexion

body movement-- forced or excessive flexion of a joint or part

hyperextension

body movement-- forced or excessive straightening of a joint

abduction

body movement-- movement of a part away from the central axis of the body or body part

tilt

body movement-- movement of a part so that the sagittal plane is angled so that it is not parallel with the long axis of the body

adduction

body movement-- movement of the body toward the central axis of a body or body part

inversion

body movement-- movement of the foot when it is turned inward at the ankle joint

eversion

body movement-- movement of the foot when it is turned outward at the ankle joint

extension

body movement-- straightening of a joint

rotate

body movement-- to turn around an axis

pronate

body movement-- to turn the forearm so that the palm of the hand faces backward

supinate

body movement-- to turn the forearm so that the palm of the hand faces forward

deviation

body movement-- turning away from the regular standard of course

coracoid

bony markings and features-- beaklike process

protuberance

bony markings and features-- bony projection

malleolus

bony markings and features-- club shaped process

head

bony markings and features-- expanded end of a long bone

hamulus

bony markings and features-- hook shaped process

horn

bony markings and features-- hornlike process on a bone

tuberosity

bony markings and features-- large rounded elevated process

trochanter

bony markings and features-- large rounded elevated process located at the junction of the neck and shaft of the femur

styloid

bony markings and features-- long pointed process

epicondyle

bony markings and features-- projection above a condyle

crest

bony markings and features-- ridgelike process

condyle

bony markings and features-- rounded process at and articular extremity

spine

bony markings and features-- sharp process

tubercle

bony markings and features-- small rounded elevated process

facet

bony markings and features-- small smooth surfaced process for articulation

mastoid tip

c1

hyoid bone

c3, c4

thyroid cartilage

c5

medullary cavity

central cylindric canal of long bones

AP

central ray enters the anterior body surface and exits the posterior body surface

meniscus

fibrocartilaginous disk pas located between the ends of bones in some synovial joints

bursae

fluid containing sacs that are interposed between sliding surfaces to reduce friction

bcef

from the following, what are the 4 main parts of the appendicular skeleton a. ribs b. pelvic girdle c. shoulder girdle d. vertebral column e. upper limbs f. lower limbs

abcd

from the following, what are the 4 main parts of the axial skeleton a. neck b. skull c. thorax d. vertebral column e. upper limbs f. lower limbs

inferior costal margin. iliac crest.

g.) h.)

hypersthenic

heart: axis nearly transverse lungs: short, apices at or near clavicles diaphragm: high stomach: high, transverse, and in the middle colon: around the periphery of the abdomen gallbladder: high, outside, lies more parallel

sthenic

heart: moderately transverse lungs: moderate length diaphragm: moderately high stomach: high, upper left colon: spread evenly; slight dip in transverse colon gallbladder: centered on right side, upper abdomen

asthenic

heart: nearly vertical and at midline lungs: long, apices above clavicles may be broader above base diaphragm: low stomach: low and medial in the pelvis when standing colon: low, folds on itself gallbladder: low and nearer the midline

ASIS. coccyx, greater trochanter, pubic symphysis

i.) j.)

thoracic. abdominal. pleural. pericardial. pelvic

identify each body cavity a.) ___ b.) ___ c.) ___ d.) ___ e.) ___

ruq. luq. rlq llq

identify the four quadrants of the body 1.) 2.) 3.) 4.)

gonion. mastoid tip. vertebra prominens

identify the surface landmarks a.) b.) c.)

notch

indentation into the border of a bone

spongy bone

inner trabeculated portion of the bone

hyposthenic

organs and characteristics for this habitus are intermediate between sthenic and asthenic body types. it is the most difficult to classify

liver. spleen. ureters

organs within the abdominal cavity (3)

uterus. rectum. ovaries

organs within the pelvic cavity (3)

lungs. heart. trachea. esophagus

organs within the thoracic cavity (4)

compact bone

outer layer of bony tissue

projection

path of the central ray as it exits the x ray tube

view

placement of body part as seen by IR

P

projection (P), body position (B), or radiographic position (R)? AP

P

projection (P), body position (B), or radiographic position (R)? AP axial

P

projection (P), body position (B), or radiographic position (R)? AP oblique

R

projection (P), body position (B), or radiographic position (R)? RAO

P

projection (P), body position (B), or radiographic position (R)? dorsoplantar

R

projection (P), body position (B), or radiographic position (R)? left lateral

R

projection (P), body position (B), or radiographic position (R)? lordotic

P

projection (P), body position (B), or radiographic position (R)? parietocanthial

B

projection (P), body position (B), or radiographic position (R)? recumbent

R

projection (P), body position (B), or radiographic position (R)? right lateral decubitus

B

projection (P), body position (B), or radiographic position (R)? supine

P

projection (P), body position (B), or radiographic position (R)? tangential

P

projection (P), body position (B), or radiographic position (R)? transthoracic

B

projection (P), body position (B), or radiographic position (R)? trendelenberg

B

projection (P), body position (B), or radiographic position (R)? upright

superficial

refers to a part near the skin or surface

ipsilateral

refers to a part on the same side of the body

contralateral

refers to a part or parts on the opposite side of the body

external

refers to a part outside of an organ or on the outside of the body

internal

refers to a part within or on the inside of an organ

inferior

refers to nearer the feet or situated below

superior

refers to nearer the head or situated above

peripheral

refers to parts at or near the surface, edge, or outside of a body part

caudad

refers to parts away from the head of the body

lateral

refers to parts away from the median plane of the body or away from the middle part of the right or the left

deep

refers to parts far from the surface

distal

refers to parts farthest from the point of attachment, point of reference, origin, or beginning

proximal

refers to parts nearest the point of attachment, point of reference, origin, or beginning

caphalad

refers to parts toward the head of the body

medial

refers to parts toward the median plane of the body or toward the middle of the body part

posterior

refers to the back part of the body or an organ

visceral

refers to the covering of an organ

left/right hypochondrium

to the right and left of the epigastrium region

right/left lateral

to the right and left of the umbilical region

periosteum

tough, fibrous membrane that covers the bone (except where bone is covered by articular cartilage)

meatus

tubelike passageway

functional. structural (more widely used)

two classifications of joints. which is more widely used?

axial. appendicular

two main skeletal divisions that make up the bony framework of the body

throacic. abdominal

two major cavities of the torso

short

what type of bone is a lunate?

long

what type of bone is a radius?

long

what type of bone is a tibia?

irregular

what type of bone is the maxilla?

sesamoid

what type of bone is the patella?

flat

what type of bone is the scapula?

irregular

what type of bone is the vertebrae?

abcfh

which of the following are classifications of bones a. flat b. long c. short d. small e. cranial f. irregular g. appendicular h. sesamoid


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