Metab2: T3 Vitamin C

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name the four symptoms of scurvy

4H's hemorrhagic signs hyperkeratosis of hair follicles hypochondriasis hematologic abnormalities

Vitamin C functions as a(n) ___ by reversing oxidation by donating electrons and hydrogen atoms

antioxidant

Endogenous Vitamin C is involved in the synthesis of ___ from cholesterol

bile acids

Oxyradicals contribute to formation of ____

cataracts

A (deficiency/toxicity) of vitamin C will cause scurvy

deficiency

High intakes of vitamin C may decrease ___ and macular degneration

cataracts

Xenobiotics undergo reactions using monooxygenases and ____. These reactions require Vitamin C as a reducing agent

cytochrome P450

At risk populations for a deficiency in vitamin C include those people with poor ___

diets

Very little evidence is out there to show that taking vitamin C will decrease a cold's ___

duration

In the most general sense, the function of Vitamin C as it is used in the body is to donate ___ and ___

electrons and hydrogen ions

Large amounts of iron may (enhance/inhibit) absorption of vitamin C

inhibit

Large doses of vitamin C are not recommended for people who have impaired ___ function

kidney

Large doses of vitamin C may increase the risk of ___

kidney stones

Vitamin C helps with getting rid of ___, which contribute to formation of cataracts

oxyradicals

Vitamin C is absorbed via GLUT transporter or ____

passive diffusion

Vitamin C functions as an antioxidant in blood or intracellularly by giving ___ an electron (hydrogen ion)

radicals

A deficiency in vitamin C is (rare/common)

rare

A toxicity in vitamin C is (rare/common)

rare

Vitamin E and glutathione reduce ____ ... aka eliminate free radicals

reactive oxygen species

A deficiency of vitamin C will cause what is known as ___

scurvy

Vitamin C functions as a pro-oxidant by reducing ____

transition metals

High intakes of vitamin C, greater than 12 g, result in a ___% absorption

16%

Vitamin C intakes of 1.5g daily for __ months, decreased ceruloplasmin

2

Name the sources of vitamin C:

Citrus, Broccoli, Brussels sprouts, green peppers, cantaloupe, strawberries, papaya and supplements

Vitamin C is involved in ____ , ____ and ___ synthesis

Collagen, Carnitine and Catecholamine synthesis

Carnitine synthesis involves Vitamin C working together with Fe, while catecholamine synthesis involves working together with ___

Copper

Carnitine synthesis requires both ___ and ___ for 2 steps

Fe and Vit C

Vitamin C puts ___ into digestible form, but that puts vitamin C into a poor form

Fe iron

Vitamin C is absorbed via ___ or passive diffusion

GLUT transporter

(increased/decreased) vitamin C intakes are associated with lower risk of heart disease and stroke

Increased

Catecholamine synthesis involves working together with Copper, while Carnitine synthesis involves working together __

Iron

The main form of vitamin C that is found in supplements is ____

free ascorbic acid

Dehydroascorbic acid and ascorbic acid are actually absorbed by ___ receptors since they're so similar in form

glucose

Vitamin C closely resembles ___

glucose

Vitamin C has a (high/low) UL

high

Regarding assessment of vitamin C, leukocyte levels are (direct/indirect)

indirect

(high/low) vitamin C status has been correlated with increased blood total cholesterol concentrations

low

Increased vitamin C intakes are associated with (higher/lower) risk of heart disease and stroke

lower

Vitamin C functions as an antioxidant by reversing ___ by donating electrons and hydrogen atoms

oxidation

In carnitine synthesis, enzymes serve to (oxidize/reduce) iron

oxidize

As a pro-oxidant, Vitamin C is ___ to semi-dehydroascorbate

oxidized

Dopamine monooxygenase (oxidizes/reduces) Cu+ to Cu2+

oxidizes

For assessment of vitamin C, ___ will only tell you if the levels are very high or very low

urinary excretion

Fruits and vegetables are high in ___

vitamin C

Vitamin C is involved in synthesizing ___ from dopamine

Norepinephrine

___ is characterized by impaired hydroxyproline and hyroxylysine synthesis (needed for collagen formation)

Scurvy

During collagen synthesis, Iron is converted from ferric to ferrous form by ____

Vitamin C

When Vitamin C functions as a pro-oxidant, ___ is oxidized to semi-dehydroascorbate

Vitamin C

Xenobiotics undergo reactions using monooxygenases and cytochrome P450. These reactions require ____ as a reducing agent

Vitamin C

Vitamin C regenerates ___ and ___

Vitamin E and Glutathione

Drugs, carcinogens, food additives and pollutants are examples of ____

Xenobiotics

____ undergo reactions using monooxygenases and cytochrome P450. These reactions require Vitamin C as a reducing agent

Xenobiotics

Endogenous Vitamin C is involved in the synthesis of bile acids, as well as ___ and ___

aldosterone and coristol

Vitamin C functions as a(n) ___ in blood or intracellularly by giving radicals an electron (hydrogen ion)

antioxidant

Vitamin C functions as an antioxidant by regenerating other ___

antioxidants

Vitamin C was the first vitamin to be ____

artificially made in a lab

Vitamin C is also known as ____ acid

ascorbic acid

The two forms of Vitamin C are ___ and ___

ascorbic acid and dehydroascorbic acid

4-butyrobutaine becomes carnitine via the enzyme ____

butyrobutaine hydroxylase

At risk populations include people with ___, increase turnover rate

cancer

Increased intakes of fruits and vegetables are linked with decreased risk of some ___

cancers

The job of ___ is to transport fatty acids from the cytosol to mitochondria for B-oxidation

carnitine

Vitamin C intakes of 1.5g daily for 2 months, decreased _____

ceruloplasmin (copper)

Low vitamin C status has been correlated with increased blood total ___ concentrations

cholesterol

Adequate levels of vitamin c may help prevent a __

cold

Scurvy is characterized by impaired hydroxyproline and hyroxylysine synthesis (needed for ___ formation)

collagen

___ synthesis involves the conversion of proline to hydroxyproline

collagen

People who have alcoholism and drug abuse are at risk for a vitamin C (deficiency/toxicity)

deficiency

Regarding assessment of vitamin C, serum and urinary are (direct/indirect)

direct

Norepinephrine is synthesized from dopamine using the enzyme ___

dopamine monooxygenase

_____ is the enzyme that oxidizes Cu+ to Cu2+ during catecholamine synthesis

dopamine monooxygenase

Name examples of xenobiotics:

drugs, carcinogens, food additives and pollutants

At risk populations for a deficiency in vitamin C include the (elderly/young)

elderly

Vitamin C functions as an antioxidant in blood or intracellularly by giving radicals a(n) ___

electron (hydrogen ion)

Vitamin C functions as an antioxidant by reversing oxidation by donating ___ and hydrogen atoms

electrons

Ascorbate will (enhance/inhibit) the absorption of non-heme iron

enhance

The job of carnitine is to transport ___ from the cytosol to mitochondria for B-oxidation

fatty acids

At risk populations for a deficiency in vitamin C include the elderly because they don't eat a lot of ___

fruits and vegetables

In general, the best sources of vitamin C are __ and __

fruits and vegetables

Vitamin C is synthesized from glucose or ___ in most animals and plants

galactose

Humans cannot synthesize Vitamin C because we lack the enzyme ___

gluconolactone oxidase

Vitamin C is synthesized from ___ or galactose in most animals and plants

glucose

This symptom of scurvy is associated with impaired iron absorption

hematologic abnormalities

This symptom of scurvy is characterized by bleeding gums, and petechia

hemorrhagic signs

___ are on of the few mammals unable to synthesize Vitamin C due to the lack of the enzyme gluconolactone oxidase

humans

Collagen synthesis involves the conversion of proline to ___

hydroxyproline

Scurvy is characterized by impaired ___ and hyroxylysine synthesis (needed for collagen formation)

hydroxyproline

One symptom of scurvy is ___ of the hair follicles, especially on the arms, legs and buttocks

hyperkeratosis

This symptom of scurvy is characterized by psychological manifestations

hypochondriasis

Scurvy is characterized by (impaired/increased) hydroxyproline and hyroxylysine synthesis (needed for collagen formation)

impaired

Low vitamin C status has been correlated with (increased/decreased) blood total cholesterol concentrations

increased

Large amounts of ___ may inhibit absorption of vitamin C

iron

For assessment of vitamin C, vitamin C is found in high levels in ___

leukocytes

Vitamin C's anti-scurvy properties were first shown through prescription of __ juice to the british navy

lime

High intakes of vitamin C may decrease cataracts and ____ degeneration

macular

Vitamin C acts as a reducing agent during ___ metaboism

microsomal

Xenobiotics undergo reactions using ____ and cytochrome P450. These reactions require Vitamin C as a reducing agent

monooxygenases

Name the cancers positively associated with increased intakes of fruits and vegetables:

mouth, throat, stomach, lung, colorectal

Ascorbate will enhance the absorption of (heme/non-heme) iron

non-heme

___ contribute to formation of cataracts

oxyradicals

The ___ diet in its strictest form, puts people at risk for a deficiency in vitamin C

paleo

___ is pin point hemorrhages underneath the skin

petechia

As a ___, Vitamin C is oxidized to semi-dehydroascorbate

pro-oxidant

Vitamin C functions as a(n) ____ by reducing transition metals

pro-oxidant

Collagen synthesis involves the conversion of ____ to hydroxyproline

proline

During collagen synthesis, Iron is converted from ferrous to ferric form by ____

prolyl hydroxylase

_____ is when someone is continuously on high doses of vitamin C. Once they stop the high doses, their body thinks it is deficient instead of at normal levels.

rebound scurvy

In both steps of Carnitine synthesis, Vitamin C is used to (oxidize/reduce) iron

reduce

Vitamin C acts as a(n) (oxidizing/reducing) agent during Microsomal metabolism

reducing

Vitamin C functions as a pro-oxidant by (reducing/oxidizing) transition metals

reducing

Xenobiotics undergo reactions using monooxygenases and cytochrome P450. These reactions require Vitamin C as a (oxidizing/reducing) agent

reducing

As a pro-oxidant, Vitamin C is oxidized to ___

semi-dehydroascorbate

Regarding assessment of vitamin C, __ and ___ are direct

serum and urinary

For assessment of vitamin C, __ levels are the most common way of assessment

serum levels

Symptoms of vitamin c (deficiency/toxicity) are diarrhea and abdominal pain

toxicity

Toxicity of vitamin C is not common since it is ___ soluble

water

Low intakes of vitamin C, less than 20mg, result in a ___% absorption

98%


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