Methods to Psychology

A correlation-based statistic called ________ is commonly used to determine internal reliability.

Cronbach's alpha

"A strong relationship was found. Children with more positive relationships with their parents had higher academic performance than children with less positive relationships with their parents." From this information, you know that the r in the study was closest to

+.50

The American Psychological Association's ethical guidelines have ________ principles and ________ standards.

5; 10

Which of the following is NOT possible?

A measure is valid but not reliable.

Why do studies that use probability samples have excellent external validity?

All members of the population are equally likely to be represented in the sample.

A local committee that reviews research that is conducted on animals is known as

IACUC.

In his measure of "need for cognition" (the degree to which people like thinking and problem-solving), Dr. Jonason asks his participants to rate their agreement with the following statement: "I have never not enjoyed thinking." What is the problem with this question?

It has a double negative

Dr. Jewell is interested in measuring people's attitudes toward proposed tax cuts. One of his items reads, "People who support cutting taxes are not well informed about how the government works." What is the problem with this question?

It is a leading question.

Why is plagiarism a violation of ethics?

It violates an APA standard.

Which of the following ethical violations proposed by the Belmont Report was NOT committed in the Tuskegee Study

Participants were not given monetary payments for their time.

Which of the following is true of students' views of deception and harm in research studies?

Students typically find the negative effects of deception to be diminished during debriefing.

Which of the following is a disadvantage of using open-ended questions?

The answers must be coded.

Why are double-barreled questions problematic?

They may have poor construct validity.

You submit a study for approval by the institutional review board (IRB), and they tell you that written informed consent is required. Which of the following can be excluded from your informed consent document?

a description of the study's hypotheses

When using correlation coefficients to evaluate reliability, which of the following is undesirable?

a negative correlation coefficient

Which of the following is NOT an example of coercion?

a researcher offering three points of extra credit to college students to participate in a study

Dr. Gore is conducting a survey examining people's opinions toward funding for collegiate athletics on his campus. He notices that several participants agree with all 12 questions. This is most likely due to

acquiescence.

Ethical decision making is

based on a balance of priorities.

If researchers measure every member of a population, they have

conducted a census.

If researchers measure every tenth member of a population, they have

collected a sample.

Which of the following is an example of a nonprobability sample?

convenience sample

Another word for observer effects is

expectancy effects.

Forced-choice question formats are especially good at dealing with which of the following issues?

fence sitting

Unobtrusive observation is done to counteract which of the following?

how well it is worded

Which of the following determines the construct validity of a survey question?

how well it is worded

What information should you consider to examine the external validity of the claim, "Two-thirds of American college students sleep less than six hours a day"?

if the study used probability sampling

Which of the following is an example of physiological measurement?

measurements of hormones in the bloodstream

For his research methods class, Felipe plans to watch how students treat other children in their classrooms who have attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). He will evaluate how positively or negatively the children are treated by their classmates. This is an example of what type of measurement?

observational measurement

Masked or blind study designs are designed to deal with

observer bias.

The use of debriefing in a study such as Milgram's obedience study appeals to which principle of the Belmont Report?

principle of beneficence

The construct validity of observations can be threatened by

reactivity

When conducting animal research, which guideline states that alternatives to animal research should be considered?

replacement

A helpful tool for visualizing test-retest reliability and interrater reliability is a

scatterplot.

9 For her research methods class, Serena plans to interview several teachers about their attitude toward t0eaching children who have attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorNder (ADHD). This is an example of what type of measurement?

self-report measurement

In a scatterplot, the direction of the relationship can be seen by the

slope of the line

A sample is always ________ a population.

smaller than

The aim of the Tuskegee Study was to examine which disease?

syphilis

The belief that the participants in a research study should be representative of the type of people who would also benefit from the findings of the research stems from which principle of the Belmont Report?

the principle of justice

Studies that use nonprobability samples have ________ external validity.

unknown

If a sample is biased, then it is ________ the population of interest.

unrepresentative of

A biased sample consists of too many ________ cases.

unusual