MGMT 3001 Midterm Exam
Fundamental attribution error Definition
A tendency to underestimate the influence of external factors on another person's behavior and to overestimate the influence of internal factors.
New Management
Ability to be an enabler rather than a controller, using an empowering leadership style, encouraging collaboration, leading teams, and mobilizing for change and innovation
General environment
Affects organizations indirectly. Includes social, economic, legal-political, international, natural, and technological factors that influence all organizations general environment.
Chapter 12
All behaviors are motivated by something, such s the desire to fulfill needs for money, recognition, friendship, or a sense of accomplishment
The significance of managing in a technology-driven workplace
Always have to be able to adapt and learn new things, while still being able to mange
Self-efficacy definition
An individuals strong belief that he or she can successful accomplish a specific task or outcome.
Two Basic Behaviors of leadership
Attention to Tasks and attention to people
Coercive power definition
Authority to punish or recommend punishment
Horizontally
Tasks forces, teams, projects managers, and relational coordination.
Intrinsic rewards
The satisfactions that a person receives in the process of performing a particular action.
Referent power definition
Characteristics that command subordinates' identification with, respect and admiration for, and desire to emulate the leader
Transactional Leader definition
Clarifies subordinates' roles and task requirements, initiates structure, provides rewards, and displays consideration for followers
Three Basic Principles of Self-Management
Clarity of Mind, Clarity of Objectives, and an organized system
Task environment
Closer to the organization and includes the sectors that conduct day-to-day transactions with the organization and directly influence its basic operations and performance. Includes competitors, customers, and the labor market.
Traditional Management
Command-and-control leadership style, a focus on individual tasks, and standardizing procedures to maintain stability
Legal- Political environment
Complicated legal and political forces can create huge risks for international managers and organizations. Key Factors: Political Risk, government intervention, tariffs, quotes, taxes, terrorism, political instability, Laws, regulations.
The factors affecting ethical choices
Personality characteristics, family influence, religious background, if an individual is preconvential, conventional, or post conventional level of moral development, organizational pressure.
Efficiency definition
Refers to the amount of resources used to achieve an organizational goal.
Justice Approach
Says that ethical decisions must be based on standards of equity, fairness, and impartiality.
Utilitarian Approach
Says that the ethical choice is the one that produces the greatest good for the greatest number
The Distinction between general and task environments
See below
Emotional Intelligence Criteria
Self-Awareness, self-management, social awareness, and relationship management.
Issues with change
Self-interest, lack of understanding or trust, uncertainty, different assessments and goals
Four Problem-solving styles are:
Sensation-thinking, intuitive-thinking, sensation-feeling, and intuitive-feeling
Strategic Management Process
Set of decisions and actions used to formulate and execute strategies that will provide a competitively superior fit between the organization and its environment so as to achieve organizational goals. 1) Define a strategy 2) Figure out competitive advantage 3) Four elements of competitive advantage, target customer, core competencies, synergy, and value.
Leadership Grid definition
Two dimensional leadership model that measures the leader's concern for people and concern for production to categorize the leader in one of five different leadership styles
Role Ambiguity Definition
Uncertainty about what behaviors are expected of a person in a particular role
Political Model
Useful for making nonprogrammer decisions when conditions are uncertain, information is limited, and there are manager conflicts about what goals to pursue or what course of action to take. Pluralistic; conflicting goals condition of uncertainty or ambiguity inconsistent viewpoints; ambiguous information bargaining and discussion among coalition members
Consistency Culture
Uses an internal focus and a consistency orientation for a stable environment. Following the rules and being thrifty are valued, and the culture supports and rewards a methodical, rational, orderly way of doing things.
Organizational citizenship definition
Work behavior that goes beyond job requirements and contributes as needed to the organization's success.
Attitude defintion
a cognitive and affective evaluation that predisposes a person to act in a certain way
Conformist definition
a follower who participates actively in the organization but does not use critical thinking skills
Servant Leader definition
a leader who serves others by working to fulfill followers' needs and goals, as well as to achieve the organization's larger mission.
Interactive leadership definition
a leadership style characterized by values such as inclusion, collaboration, relationship building, and caring.
Substitute for leadership definition
a situational variable that makes a leadership style redundant or unnecessary
Behavioral sciences approach
draws from psychology, sociology, and other social sciences to develop theories about human behavior and interaction in an organizational setting.
Incremental change or rapid change
either a complete makeover or just a specific part.
Uncritical thinking definition
failing to consider the possibilities beyond what one is told, accepting others' ideas without thinking
Pragmatic survivor definition
someone who can use all 4 followers techniques
Human Relations movement
stresses the satisfaction of employees' basic needs as the key to increased productivity
Machiavellianism definition
A tendency to direct one's behavior toward the acquisition of power and the manipulation of other people for personal gain.
Plans
A blueprint for goal achievement and specifies the necessary resource allocations, schedules, tasks, and other actions. Plans specify today's means.
Effective follower definition
A critical, independent thinker who actively participates in the organization.
Charismatic leader definition
A leader who has the ability to inspire and motivate people to transcend their expected performance, even to the point of personal sacrifice
Contingency Approach Definition
A model of leadership that describes the relationship between leadership styles and specific situations
Sociocultural Environments
A nation's culture includes the shared knowledge, beliefs, and values, as well as the common modes of behavior and ways of thinking among members of a society. Key factors: Social values, beliefs, language, religion, demographic profile, formal education, literacy, time orientation.
alienated follower definition
A person who is an independent, critical thinker but is passive in the organization
Job Satisfaction definition
A positive attitude toward one's job
Cognitive dissonance definition
A psychological discomfort that occurs when two attitude or an attitude and a behavior conflict.
The roles of a manager
A role is a set of expectations for a manager's behavior. More info below
Neutralizer definition
A situational variable that conter-acts a leadership styling prevent the leader from displaying certain behaviors.
Organization definition
A social entity that is goal directed and deliberately structured.
Self-awareness definition
Being conscious of the internal aspects of one's nature, such as personality traits, beliefs, emotions, attitudes, and perceptions, and appreciating how your patterns affect other people.
Issues with Small Businesses
Being innovative to continue making their organization develop Emphasize roles differently than larger corporations, focus mostly on being spokesperson for the company and entrepreneurial aspects
Humility Definition
Being unpretentious and modest rather than arrogant and prideful
Type A managers
Can be powerful forces for innovation and change, but they can also create high stress for themselves and others.
Contingency plans
Define company responses to be taken in case of emergencies, setbacks, or unexpected conditions.
Locus of Control Definition
Defines whether an individual plates the primary responsibility for his successes and failures within himself or on outside forces
Goals
Desired future circumstance or condition that the organization attempts to realize. Goals define and state the purpose of an organization. Goals specify future ends.
Single-Use Plans
Developed to achieve a set of goals that are not likely to be repeated in the future.
The implications of new products and technologies
Different products require different technology to manufacture them. For example, custom clothing, space capsules, satellites use small batch production while automobile assembly lines use mass production. Continuous process production are things like chemical plants, distilleries, etc.. Structure fits technology
Transformational Leader definition
Distinguished by a special ability to bring about innovation and change by creating an inspiring vision, shaping values, building relationships and providing meaning for followers
Social Responsibility
Distinguishing right from wrong and doing right. Corporate social responsibility is managment's obligation to make choices and take actions that will contribute to the welfare and interests of society, not just the organization.
Ways of evaluating corporate social responsibility
Economic, legal, ethical and discretionary responsibilities. Economic- be profitable Legal- Obey the law Ethical- Be ethical. Do what is right. Avoid harm. Discretionary- contribute to the community; be a good corporate citizen.
The criteria for effective goals
Effective goals are specific and measurable, have a defined time period, cover key result areas, are challenging but realistic, and are linked to rewards.
Adaptive Culture
Emerges in an environment that requires fast response and high risk decision making. Managers encourage values that support the company's ability to rapidly detect, interpret, and translate signals from the environment into new behaviors. Strategic focus on external and a need for flexiblity.
Involvement culture
Emphasizes an internal focus on the involvement and participation of employees to adapt rapidly to changing needs from the environment. This culture places high value on meeting the needs of employees, and the organization may be characterized by a caring, family-like atmosphere. Values cooperation, consideration of both employees and customers, and avoiding status differences. Focus on internal and need for flexibility
Bureaucratic Organizations
Emphasizes management on an impersonal, rational basis through elements such as clearly defined authority and responsibility, formal record keeping, and separation of management and ownership.
Scientific Management
Emphasizes scientifically determined jobs and management practices as the way to improve efficiency and labor productivity. Problems: doesn't appreciate the social context of work and higher needs, doesn't acknowledge variance amongst workers, viewed workers and uniformed
Humanistic Perspective
Emphasizes the importance of understanding human behaviors, needs, and attitudes in the workplace, as well as social interactions and group processes. 3 Subfields- human relations movement, the human resources perspective, and the behavioral sciences approach.
5 steps of self-management
Empty your head decide the next action get organized perform weekly review do what needs to be done
Crisis planning
Enable them to cope with unexpected events that are so sudden and devastating that they have the potential to destroy the organization if managers are prepared with a quick and appropriate response.
Decisional Role- managing through action
Entrepreneur: initiate improvement projects; identify new ideas, delegate idea responsibility to others Disturbance Handler: take corrective action during conflicts or crises; resolve disputes among subordinates Resource Allocator: Decide who gets resources; schedule, budget, set priorities Negotiator: Represent team or department's interests; represent department during negotiation of budgets, union contracts, purchases
Perceptual Distortion definition
Errors in perceptual judgment that result from inaccuracies in any part of the perception process.
The ethics of sustainability and the natural environment
Ethics of Sustainability- economic development that generates wealth and meets the needs of the current generation while preserving the environment and society so future generations can meet their needs as well. Most americans believe environmentally friendly policies should be put into place.
The processes of changing people and culture
Exploration: creativity, bottom-up approach, internal contests, idea incubators cooperation: horizontal coordination mechanisms, customers, partners, open innovation innovation roles: idea champions, new venture teams, skunkworks, new venture fund
Initiating structure definition
Extent to which a leader is task oriented and directs subordinates' work activities toward goal accomplishment
Big Five Personality factors
Extroversion, agreeableness, conscientiousness, emotional stability, and openess to experience
The environmental influences on human resource management
Federal legislation (discrimination, affirmative action), change in relationship between employers and employees, constantly changing field so must remain innovative to promote company,
Interpersonal Role- managing through people
Figurehead: Perform ceremonial and symbolic duties such as greeting visitors, signing legal documents Leader: Direct and motivate subordinates; train, counsel, and communicate with subordinates Liaison: Maintain information links inside and outside the organization; use e-mail, phone, and meetings
Administrative principles
Focused on the total organization rather than the individual worker and delineates the management functions of planning, organizing, commanding, coordinating, and controlling
Vertically
Fundamental characteristics of vertical organization structure include work specialization, chain of command, span of management, and centralization and decentralization.
Issues with not-for-profit organizations
Funding being as efficient and effective as possible having ambiguity to rate success
International Trade Alliances
GATT, WTO, EU, NAFTA Regional trading alliances and international trade agreements are reshaping global business. The WTO is a permanent membership organization that monitors trade and has authority to arbitrate disputes among 153 member nations.
Self-Confidence definition
General assurance in one's own ideas, judgment, and capabilities.
The functions of management
Generalist; coordinates diverse tasks Gets things done through others A network builder works in highly interdependent manner Spends more time with people than alone
Extrinsic rewards
Given by another person, such as a manager, and include pay increases, promotions, and praise.
Departmentally
Groups employees into departments based on similar skills, tasks, and use of resources.
Moral-Rights approach
Holds that ethical decisions are those that best maintain the fundamental rights of the people affected by them.
Procedural Approach
Holds that rules should be clearly stated and consistently and impartially enforced.
Classical Model
How managers should act. Clear-cut problem and goals condition of certainty Full information about alternatives and their outcomes Rational Choice by individual for maximizing outcomes
Administrative Model
How managers will act instead of "should" Vague problem and goals condition of uncertainty limited information about alternatives and their outcomes satisfying choice for resolving problem using intuition
Role conflict definition
Incompatible demands of different roles, such as the demands of a manager's superiors conflicting with those of the manger's subordinate
Chapter 10
Individual differences among people, including personality traits, attitudes, emotions, and characteristics such as self-confidence and self-efficacy influence how people relate to others and behave at work
Internal Vs External attributions
Internal- Characteristics of the individual caused the person to behave in a certain way External- Places the cause on aspects of the situation
The significance of environmental uncertainty
It means that managers do not have sufficient information about environmental factors to understand and predict environmental needs and changes. Companies in the technological world experience this a lot due to a constantly changing demand.
Example of Self-efficacy
J.K. Rowling demonstrated self-efficacy with her belief that she could publish her first book about Harry Potter despite repeated rejections.
Attributions definition
Judgments about what caused a person's behavior- either characteristics of the person or of the situation
Authentic Leadership definition
Leadership by individuals who know and understand themselves, who espouse and act consistent with higher-order ethical values and who empower and inspire others with their openness and authenticity
Situational model definition
Links the leader's behavior style wit the readiness level of followers.
The definitions of management and organization
Look below
The distinction between effectiveness and efficiency
Look below
Types of Plans
Look below
Building Scenarios
Looking at current trends and discontinuities and visualizing future possibilities. Managers must think "what could be".
Organizational Commitment definition
Loyalty to and engagement with one's work organization
Nonprogrammed decisions
Made in response to situations that are unique, are poorly defined, and largely unstructured, and have important consequences for the organization.
The definitions and characteristics of a learning organization
Managers are always on the lookout for new techniques and approaches to meet shifting organizational needs Looking at history gives managers a broader perspective for interpreting and responding to current opportunities and problems Management and organizations are shaped by forces in the larger society
The relationship of conceptual, human, and technical skills
Managers are more focused upon conceptual and human skills than technical skills.
The significance of cultural leadership
Managers must over communicate to ensure that employees understand the new culture values, and they signal these values in actions as well as words. Helps many companies weather the storm when going through touch economic times.
International business environment
Many companies today are going to straight to China and India for outsourcing or by using various market entry strategies. Brazil is also a growing culture.
Thinking Strategically
Means to take the long-term view and see the big picture. Managers in all types of organizations including businesses, nonprofit, and government agencies, have to think about how the organization fits in the environment.
Myers-Briggs Type indicator defintion
Meaures a person's preferences for introversion versus extroversion, sensation versus intuition, thinking versus feeling, and judging versus perceiving
Informational Role- managing by information
Monitor: Seek and receive information; scan web, periodicals, reports; maintain personal contacts Disseminator: Forward information to other organization members; send memos and reports, make phone calls Spokesperson: Transmit information to outsiders through speeches, reports
Halo Effect definition
Occurs when a perceiver develops an overall impression of a person or situation based on one characteristic, either favorable or unfavorable
passive follower definition
One who exhibits neither critical independent thinking nor active participation
Standing Plans
Ongoing plans that provide guidance for tasks or situations that occur repeatedly within the organization.
Practical Approach
Sidesteps debates about what is right, good, or just, and bases decisions on prevailing standards of the profession and the larger society, taking the interests of all stakeholders in account.
Programmed decisions
Situations that have occurred often enough to enable decision rules to be developed and applied in the future. Made in response to recurring organizational problems.
Valuable ways of enhancing self-awareness
Soliciting feedback and self-assessment, including introspection
Classical Perspective
Started during the factory age, began with developing and testing solutions to the mounting challenges of organizing, coordinating, and controlling large numbers of people and increasing work productivity. Composed of 3 subfields: scientific management, bureaucratic organizations, and administrative principles.
Factors shaping structures
Strategic Needs (Environment, strategy, goals) Operational needs (technology, work processes)
Task Oriented Leader
Style fits a low-readiness follower, and a relationship leader style fits a higher-readiness follower
Achievement Culture
Suited to organizations concerned with serving specific customers in the external environment, but without the intense need for flexibility and rapid change. Values competitiveness, aggressiveness, personal initiative, cost cutting, and willingness to work long and hard to achieve results. Strategic focus on external and need for stability
Self-Management definition
The ability to engage in self-regulating thoughts and behavior to accomplish ll your task and handle difficult or challenging situations.
Management definition
The attainment of organizational goals in an effective and efficient manner through planning, organizing, leading, and controlling organizational resources.
Chapter 11
The attitudes and behaviors of leaders shape the conditions that determine how ell employees can do there jobs; thus leaders play a tremendous role in the organizations success.
Reward Power definition
The authority to bestow rewards
Perception definition
The cognitive process that people use to make sense out of the environment by selecting, organizing, and interpreting information.
Effectiveness definition
The degree to which the organization achieves a stated goal, or succeeds in accomplishing what it tries to do.
Economic environments
The economic environment represents the economic conditions in the country where the international organization operates. Key factors: economic development, infrastructure, resource and product markets, per capita income, exchange rates, economic conditions.
Self-serving bias definition
The tendency to overestimate the contribution of internal factors to one's successes and the contribution of external factors to one's failures.
Critical Thinking definition
Thinking independently and being mindful of the effect of one's behavior on achieving goals.
The strategic role of human resource management
To drive organizational performance to its peak. Find the right people: HRM planning, job analysis, forecasting, recruiting, selecting Maintain an effective workforce: Wages and salary, benefits, labor relations, terminations Manage Talent: training, development, appraisal
Missions
Top of the goal hierarchy. The organization's reason for existence. It describes the organization's values, aspirations, and reason for being.
Leading
Traditional- Autocratic New- Dispersed and Empowering
Managing Relationships
Traditional- Conflict and Competition New- Conversation and Collaboration
Overseeing Work
Traditional- Controller New- Enabler
Designing
Traditional- Maintaining Stability New- Mobilizing for Change
Accomplishing tasks
Traditional- Supervising Individuals New- Leading Teams
Ways to get over these issues
communication, education participation negotiation coercion top management support (pg. 335)
Criteria for ethical decision making
conflict between either the individual versus the organization or the organization versus society as a whole.
Job Satisfaction levels
job satisfaction levels are at an all time low
Management vs Leadership
management promotes stability and efficient organizing to meet current commitments leadership inspires engagement and organizational change to meet new conditions
Legitimate power definition
power that stems from a manager's formal position in an organization and the authority granted by that position
The ways of organizing vertically, departmentally, and horizontally
see below
Types of Decisions and Problems
see below
Ways of managing organizational ethics and social responsibility
practicing ethical leadership, code of ethics, ethics committee, chief ethics officer, whistle-blowing Code of ethics- A formal statement of the organizations values regarding ethics and social issues ethics committee- a group of executives charged with overseeing company ethics by ruling on questionable issues and disciplining violators chief ethics officer- manager who oversees all aspects of ethics and legal compliance whistle-blowing - the disclosure by employees of unethical, illegitimate, or illegal practices by the organization.
Distributive Approach
requires that different treatment of individuals not be based on arbitrary characteristics.
Expert power definition
results from a leader's special knowledge or skill in the tasks performed by subordinates
The distinction between adaptive, achievement, involvement, and consistency cultures
see below
The distinctions between the old and the new workplace
see below
The issues and implications of managing in small businesses and not-for-profit organizations
see below
The nature and implications of the economic, legal-political, and sociocultural environments
see below
The significance of the international business environment, international trade alliances, and managing in a global environment
see below
Individualism approach
suggests that actions are ethical when they promote the individual's best long term interests, because with everyone pursing self-interest, the greater good is ultimately served.
Human Resources Perspective
suggests that jobs should be designed to meet people's higher-level needs by allowing employees to use their full potential.
Emotional Contagion definition
suggests that people can catch feelings from those around them
The implications of cultural portrayals such as symbols, stories, heroes, slogans, and ceremonies
symbol- an object, act, or event that conveys meaning to others story- a narrative based on true events and is repeated frequently and shared among organizational employees. hero- a figure who exemplifies the deeds, character, and attributes of a strong culture (ex. Steve Jobs). Slogan- "The happiest place on earth" succinctly expresses a key corporate value. Ceremonies- planned activities at special events to reinforce company values.
Leadership Definition
the ability to influence people toward the attainment of organizational goals.
motivation definition
the arousal of enthusiasm and persistence to pursue a certain course of action.
Authoritarianism definition
the belief that power and status differences should exist within an organization.
Consideration definition
the extent to which leaders are sensitive to subordinates, respects their ideas and feelings, and establishes mutual trust
Employee centered leaders and Job centered leaders
used to describe the same basic leadership behaviors