MGMT 301 chapt 12

What are characteristics of motivating goals according to goal-setting theory?

Achievable Specific Challenging

Which guidelines should be followed when giving positive reinforcement?

Be clear about what behavior is desired. Give rewards as soon as possible.

According to self-determination theory, people's behavior and well-being are influenced by what three innate needs?

Competence, autonomy and relatedness

What theory asserts that motivation is essentially a decision about how much effort to exert to get what you want in a particular situation?

Expectancy

What is the first step in developing career readiness?

Identify your most important long-term goal.

How does self-motivation fit into the career readiness model?

It is an attitude.

What are the two means by which jobs are fitted to people?

Job enrichment Job enlargement

What are the three critical psychological states identified by the job characteristics model?

Knowledge of actual results of the work Responsibility for work outcomes Meaningfulness of work

The theory of motivation that asserts that achievement, affiliation, and power are the major motives determining people's behavior in the workplace is called ______.

McClelland's acquired needs theory

How does McClelland view needs?

Needs are something that we learn from our culture.

Merilee is a seamstress in a garment factory, and she is paid $10 for each skirt she produces. What compensation plan does this describe?

Piece rate

What Tamika loves about her job is that every day brings new challenges, and she can use different talents and abilities to complete her job tasks. This is an example of which core job characteristic?

Skill variety

Negative reinforcement

Strengthening a behavior by withdrawing something negative

Which of the following are core job characteristics in the Hackman and Oldham job characteristics model?

Task significance Autonomy Feedback Skill variety

Task significance

The extent to which a job affects the lives of others, whether inside or outside the organization

Autonomy

The extent to which a job allows the worker to make choices about scheduling different tasks and/or deciding how to perform them

skill variety

The extent to which a job requires a worker to use a wide range of different abilities

Task identity

The extent to which a job requires the worker to perform everything needed to complete the job from beginning to end

What are characteristics of the best incentive compensation plans?

They link rewards to performance. They are agreed on by both employees and managers.

Positive reinforcement

Using rewards or positive consequences to strengthen a particular behavior

Elaine surpassed her sales goal and earned a small cash award for her strong performance. This is an example of a ______.

bonus program

Cash awards given to employees who achieve specific performance objectives are called ______.

bonuses

True or false: Money is the best motivator.

false Reason: Although money is a motivating factor, praise and other non-monetary rewards can be even more motivating.

What is the modern way of designing jobs?

fitting jobs to people

In equity theory, the education, experience, and skills that individuals contribute to their organizations are examples of ______.

inputs

Pay for performance, basing pay on one's results, is also known as ______ pay.

merit

The use of reinforcement theory to change human behavior is called behavior ______.

modification

The psychological processes that arouse and direct goal-directed behavior are collectively called ______.

motivation

Physiological or psychological deficiencies that arouse behavior are called ______.

needs

Which are principal perspectives on motivation?

process, job design, reinforcement, and content

Anything that causes a given behavior to be repeated or inhibited is known as ______.

reinforcement

According to the job characteristics model, the extent to which a job requires the job holder to use a wide range of different talents and abilities is known as ______.

skill variety

Which statements about motivation are true?

-Multiple contextual and personal factors create motivation. -Motivation can only be inferred from a person's behavior.

Which theory proposes that work satisfaction originates from motivating factors, and dissatisfaction originates from hygiene factors?

Herzberg's two-factor theory

Which of the following focuses on five core job characteristics that affect the psychological states of an employee, which in turn affect work outcomes?

Job characteristics model

What characteristics should your long-term goal have?

Measurable Attainable Results-oriented

Punishment

Weakening a behavior by presenting something negative or withholding something positive

A pay-for-performance plan in which employees are paid according to their productivity is referred to as ______.

piece rate

What types of justice are the components of organizational justice?

Distributive Procedural Interactional

The concept of fitting jobs to people is based on what ideas?

Employees are underutilized. Employees want more responsibility, challenges, and variety.

The model of motivation called equity theory is based on which of the following ideas?

Employees want to see fairness in how they are rewarded for task performance.

Which theories of motivation are characterized as process perspectives?

Equity theory Expectancy theory Goal-setting theory

According to equity theory, which of the following would be characterized as inputs?

Experience Effort Training

Equity theory is focused on explaining how people work to achieve which of the following?

Fairness Justice

What are the three tips for recharging yourself as part of your self-motivation approach?

Figure out how you can best recharge Accept kindness Relax mentally and physically

Which theory suggests that employees can be motivated by objectives that are specific and challenging but achievable and that have rewards tailored to individual needs?

Goal-setting theory

What theories of motivation would be characterized as content perspectives?

McClelland's acquired needs theory Herzberg's two-factor theory Maslow's hierarchy of needs theory

What area of equity theory is concerned with the extent to which people believe they are being treated fairly at work?

Organizational justice

What are the stages of Victor Vroom's expectancy theory of motivation?

Performance to outcomes Effort to performance

Hillary knows she needs a full-time job so she can buy groceries and clothing for her three children. Which level in Maslow's hierarchy of needs does this describe?

Physiological

Which perspectives on motivation are concerned with the thought progression that leads to people deciding how to act?

Process perspectives

What are the three major elements of Hackman and Oldham's job characteristics model?

Psychological states Work outcomes Core job characteristics

The fact that research shows that 25% of workers are burned out, and 44% more are burned out occasionally suggests that workers are neglecting what?

Recharging each day

What does the technique called scientific management seek to do?

Reduce the number of tasks a worker performs Raise employee productivity Increase employee efficiency

"Consequences influence behavior" best describes which theory of motivation?

Reinforcement theory

Which of the following are levels of Maslow's hierarchy of needs?

Safety Physiological Esteem Love

Feedback

The extent to which workers receive clear, direct information about how well they are performing the job

True or false: Pay for performance allows different salaried employees to get different pay raises and other rewards.

True

What are three types of learning opportunities?

Tuition reimbursement Learning and development Studying co-workers

A survey showed that while most employees were pleased with the company's advancement opportunities and merit system, they were dissatisfied with factors such as pay scale and sharing an office with someone they disliked. These results exemplify which theory of motivation?

Two-factor theory

Extinction

Weakening a behavior by ignoring it or making sure it is not reinforced

Which are elements of self-motivation in the career readiness model?

Working consistently on personal development Establishing good work habits Maintaining focus on organizational goals

Louisa is a real estate salesperson. When she sells a house, she earns a sales ______ equal to 6 percent of the sales price of the house.

commission

Dividing work among employees and applying motivational theories to increase employee satisfaction are the two components of job ______.

design

The economic or protective potential of employee experience, actions, and knowledge is referred to as ______.

human capital

Liu wants to better understand how to motivate employees at her company. Because she knows there is no single leading theory accepted by everyone on what motivates people, she looks into the top four perspectives: content, process, reinforcement, and ______.

job design

Scientific ______ is the process of reducing the number of tasks a worker performs.

management

To be successful, an incentive compensation plan must be ______.

measurable

Contingency factors refer to the degree to which individuals want ______.

personal and psychological development

Sales representatives are paid a percentage of the earnings the company made from their sales in the form of a ______.

sales commision

The theory of motivation that asserts that people are driven to try to grow and attain fulfillment, with their behavior and well-being influenced by the three innate needs of competence, autonomy, and relatedness, is known as the ______ theory.

self-determination

One survey found that about half of U.S. adults would be willing to take a 10% pay cut if it meant ______.

working at a job they found meaningful