MGMT 363 Exam 2 Review
Elena failed her last test. She blamed it on the fact that the test was poorly written and the room was too noisy for her to concentrate, not that she didn't study for the test. Based on this information, it appears that Elena has a(n) ______ locus of control.
External
Conscientious employees prioritize ______ striving, indicating a strong desire to achieve task-related goals as a means of expressing their personality.
accomplishment
Esteem
accomplishment, recognition, personal worth
What are three common symbolic meanings of money?
achievement
Which of the following are behavioral strains?
alcohol abuse
Information acquired during the ______ stage of socialization occurs during an employee's recruiting and selection.
anticipatory
Jolene is graduating from college soon and has begun to investigate companies for which she may want to work. She is especially interested in the recruiting videos posted on YouTube by companies like Google, Microsoft, and Apple. Jolene is in which stage of the organizational socialization process?
anticipatory
The transactional theory of stress attempts to explain stress in terms of three components: perception, ______, and response.
appraisal
The components of the ASA framework are attraction, selection, and ____.
attrition
What theory asserts that motivation is based on what a person considers to be fair when compared to others?
equity theory
What theory of motivation suggests that motivation depends on individuals' perceptions of their life and what occurs in lives of others?
equity theory
Which of the following motivation theories considers the ratio between outcomes and inputs and recognizes that outcomes depend in part on what occurs in the lives of others?
equity theory
Jacquie is bidding against several other people on an item at an auction. She knows the bid is already higher than what she originally wanted to pay, but she doesn't want to give up, so she keeps bidding. What type of decision-making problem does this demonstrate?
escalation of commitment
In her job as an annuity specialist at a financial services firm, Raquel regularly fields calls from clients who want to make withdrawals or reallocations. Since she perceives these duties to be routine, how would she categorize these less stressful duties?
benign job demands
____ can be described as the personality of a society.
culture
What do employees engage in when they choose actions to solve a problem?
decision making
Meaning
development of personal potential; achievement of higher purpose
Claudia and her colleague Alicia were traveling to visit an important client when they encountered heavy traffic. Claudia was immediately highly agitated and stressed that they were going to be late for the meeting, whereas Alicia was unperturbed. Claudia's reaction is best described as her
differential exposure
After being fired from his job, Ben reappraised the situation and decided that, considering how stressful his job had been, he is glad to be out of that "pressure-cooker" environment. This is a form of ______-focused coping.
emotion
Bettina has had a miserable day at work. However, she tells herself that, as bad as her job is, she's lucky that she has a job when the economy is weak and unemployment is high. Bettina is displaying ______-focused coping behavior
emotion
Galen observes a coworker start crying after a phone conversation. She goes over and, in a sympathetic tone, asks, "Would it help to talk about it?" Galen is providing ______ support to her coworker.
emotional
Harley is extremely nervous about being back in a classroom after almost ten years and is unsure about succeeding in an MBA program.
emotional cues
Jason has always been unsure of himself and his job skills, so when the boss gives him a new task, he experiences feelings of fear and anxiety that make him sure he won't succeed. Which determinant of self-efficacy does this represent?
emotional cues
Tomasz appears to have a strong ability to understand and regulate his emotions and to perceive the emotions of others. According to these traits, Tomasz has a high level of what?
emotional intelligence
When she got her final project back in class and saw a failing grade, Britney wanted to break into tears and run from the classroom. Instead, she took a deep breath and tried to "keep her cool" until she was alone and could express her frustration. This is an example of which element of emotional intelligence?
emotional regulation
______ are the beliefs, philosophies, and norms that a company explicitly states.
espoused
On its website, L.L. Bean states its golden rule: "Sell good merchandise at a reasonable profit, treat your customers like human beings, and they will always come back for more." This golden rule is an example of L.L. Bean's
espoused values
Somewhat apparent component of organizational culture
espoused values
The primary aspects of an organization's culture include which of the following?
espoused values, basic underlying assumptions, observable artifacts
Although he is not devout, Johann grew up as a Roman Catholic in an Italian neighborhood, and he believes that other religions are inferior. This is an example of
ethnocentrism
The propensity to view your own cultural values as "right" and the values of other cultures as "wrong" is known as
ethnocentrism
After a team of managers has brainstormed ways to cut costs, they discuss the potential impact of each suggestion and whether it would solve the problem. Which stage of the rational decision-making model is this?
evaluating alternatives against the decision-making criteria
An employee from a culture with a low degree of power distance tends to
expect consensus-oriented decision making within the organization
Britni is an outgoing, high-energy person, and her friends describe her as the "life of the party." Which Big Five personality dimension would this describe?
extraversion
According to goal setting theory, what are the three variables that determine whether supervisors' goals will affect their employees' work actions?
feedback
Gale is responsible for developing the organization's strategic plan. She and her manager meet weekly to discuss her progress. Which type of moderator on task performance does this exemplify?
feedback
From which source do employees learn about most important aspects of organizational culture?
fellow employees
Since her divorce, Therese has had trouble making the mortgage payment and paying off the credit card debt accumulated during her marriage. What type of nonwork hindrance stressor best describes Therese's experience?
financial uncertainty
The employees at a small manufacturing company receive a scheduled, automatic 2% increase in their salaries at the beginning of each fiscal year. What schedule of reinforcement does this demonstrate?
fixed interval
When ground beef is advertised as "75% lean," sales are higher than when it is advertised as "25% fat." What decision-making bias does this demonstrate?
framing
"Money is a tool to enable me to travel and do what I want." Which dimension of the symbolic value of money is emphasized in this statement?
freedom
What are three common symbolic meanings of money?
freedom
Relatedness
friendship, companionship, acceptance
Which of the following are organizational practices designed to reduce strains on employees?
health and wellness programs
What are simple, efficient "rules of thumb" that we use to help us make decisions more easily?
heuristics
We use depth perception to determine ______ something is.
how close
When two companies join together in a merger, the nature of the new company's culture will depend on which of the following?
how similar the cultures of the two companies were to each other, the strength of the cultures of the two companies
The cultural dimension identified by the GLOBE Project that reflects the degree to which the society supports kindness towards and consideration of other people is referred to as
humane orientation
Openness
imaginative, curious, creative
People who value personal freedom and self-sufficiency and who prioritize watching out for their own well-being and that of their close family members can be described as
individualistic
Several engineering and IT firms utilize ______ tests in selecting applicants for jobs. These tests assess applicants' abilities to work with unfamiliar information and see patterns and draw conclusions based on that information.
inductive reasoning
Project GLOBE divided collectivism into two groups: ingroup collectivism and ______ collectivism.
institutional
LaKesha's prospective employer required her to take a personality test in which she was asked, "Do you think it is stealing to take small items home from work?" and "Is it acceptable to switch price tags on merchandise in a store so you can purchase them at a lower cost?" What type of personality test has LaKesha most likely taken?
integrity
What is term for the level of effort that motivated employees put forth?
intensity
An individual's self-confidence and need for achievement are considered ______ forces in motivation.
internal
Shimray is convinced that he can predict a job applicant's future performance better through a 5-minute meeting than through evaluating pre-employment test scores or reference checks. What basis is Shimray using to make hiring decisions?
intuition
A corporate slogan is one way organizations use ______ to express corporate values.
language
Lockheed Martin's slogan is, "We never forget who we're working for." This slogan is an example of which of the following observable artifacts that create and reinforce organizational culture?
language
Kenyatta's Spanish course requires her to spend considerable time in the language lab at school to listen to Spanish language passages and then answer questions to assess her level of understanding. What type of verbal ability is being assessed?
oral comprehension
What is the term for the talent to comprehend the words and sentences that other people speak?
oral comprehension
Deana is a gifted speaker. She seems to have a unique ability to convey her thoughts and beliefs to audiences in meaningful ways. In which verbal ability does Deana excel?
oral expression
Profit sharing depends on the performance of an entire company. What type of focus does this compensation plan have?
organizational
The type of emotional intelligence that consists of the recognition and evaluation of emotion in the people around you is called ____ awareness.
other
Which of the following are behavioral strains?
overeating
Weakest job performance motivator
perceptions of equity
Rational Decision Making Process
1. Determine appropriate criteria for making a decision 2. Generate a list of available alternatives 3. Evaluate the alternatives against the criteria 4. Choose the solution that maximizes value 5. Implement the appropriate solution 6. Evaluate whether the solution delivered the expected outcome
A collection of traits make up an individual's
personality
What is the term for the ability to perceive and understand the meaning of your own emotions?
self awareness
Strongest job performance motivator
self-efficacy
High-level executives and managers often feel physical and mental effects due to the ______ caused by their demanding jobs.
stress
Psychologists use the term ____ to describe a state of mental or emotional tension resulting from adverse or demanding circumstances.
stress
How do hindrance stressors affect job performance?
they create negative feelings about the job
What is most likely to happen if employees feel that they have less equity in their workplaces?
they would take actions against their workplaces
Alyssa believes that decisions should be made based upon facts and logic, not on emotions or other subjective factors. According to the MBTI, Alyssa would likely have a(n) ______ orientation.
thinking
According to the Myers-Briggs Type Indicator (MBTI), managers are most likely
thinking and judging
Which of the following is the major way of communicating organizational culture to its workforce?
through observable artifacts
Keyara does her best work when she has a tight deadline for a project because she focuses instead of being distracted. This is an example of what type of work challenge stressor?
time pressure
True or false: Most organizations use some form of orientation training process for new employees.
true
When Alec aced his first test, he was convinced it was because he is smart and dedicated to his schoolwork. However, when he failed the second test, he blamed it on a poorly written test. What does this demonstrate?
self-serving bias
A college dean asks an instructor to develop course lectures for an organizational behavior course by the end of the semester. In order to monitor progress against this goal, the instructor establishes mini-milestones, such as planning to develop lectures for at least two chapters per week. What term describes these internalized milestones?
self-set goals
According to the Myers-Briggs Type Indicator (MBTI), ______ people rely on objective, clear evidence.
sensing
People in a culture that has a ______ focus tend to be most concerned with the past and present, not the future.
short-term oriented
Extraversion
sociable, assertive, talkative
Which theory proposes that we tend to define our self-concept at least in part by the groups to which we belong.
social identity
Trina is a die-hard Green Bay Packers fan. She watches every game and knows each player's stats by heart. She refers to herself as a "cheesehead" and perceives other people favorably if she learns they are Packers fans as well. What element of faulty perception does Trina's attitude demonstrate?
social identity theory
Tyrone has a bumper sticker on his car that reads, "Iowa Hawkeyes Alumni - Be Loud, Be Proud!" and feels an immediate kinship with others who have graduated from the University of Iowa. What influence on perception does this demonstrate?
social identity theory
Which of the following emphasizes the importance of observing and modeling others' behaviors, attitudes, and emotional reactions?
social learning theory
Ads by Patagonia often ask consumer to purchase product only if they really need them. These exemplify an approach by Patagonia that goes beyond simple profits and reflect
social responsibility goals
The process by which individuals learn the values, expected behaviors, and social knowledge needed for their roles in the organization is referred to as
socialization
____ is the gradual process by which employees adapt to the culture of an organization.
socialization
Realistic job previews, newcomer orientations, and mentoring are all ways to speed up the ______.
socialization process
A popular way of categorizing organizational cultures is along two dimensions: sociability (how friendly workers are) and ____ (how much workers act and think alike).
solidarity
What type of ability enables a person to look at a diagram or layout of an area and determine his or her position in that area?
spatial orientation
Laila owns an executive search firm and has established a goal for each of her recruiters to make contact with 25 or more potential candidates each day. This illustrates which of the following concepts of S.M.A.R.T. goals?
specific, time-sensitive, measureable
Mikayla was sure that she was going to be able to run the entire 5K race, but she became exhausted halfway through the race and was unable to continue. This showed that Mikayla lacked the necessary..
stamina
What is the term for the functioning of people's respiratory and circulatory systems while they are participating in bodily activities for an extended amount of time?
stamina
Lakeisha believes that men are poor listeners. What does her attitude demonstrate?
stereotyping
What is the perceptual process through which we make assumptions about others on the basis of their membership in a social group?
stereotyping
Legend has it that a former assembly worker at the company suggested a small improvement in the manufacturing process that saved the company millions of dollars a year, and he was rewarded with a 10% bonus on the company's savings. This is an example of how ______ express the organization's culture that every worker counts.
stories
What is the term for negative consequences, such as headaches, depression, or compulsive behaviors, that can occur when people do not have the ability to deal with stress?
strains
What is the term for the negative consequences associated with stress?
strains
What is the term for the level to which a person can demonstrate physical force?
strength
Deon just learned that his company is going to announce layoffs by the end of the month. He is completely overwhelmed by this news and doesn't know how he's going to meet his financial responsibilities if he loses his job. What is Deon experiencing?
stress
Psychologists use the term ______ to describe a state of mental or emotional tension from adverse or demanding circumstances.
stress
A(n) ____ is an event, experience, or other stimulus that causes an individual to feel stress and can result in strain.
stressor
The manager of the software engineering department at a company allows his employees to choose their own work hours, as long as they get their projects done on time. The engineers tend to keep to themselves and many work strange hours, coming in late at night and then leaving mid-morning, Yet the goals of the department are closely aligned with those of the company as a whole. This would describe a ______ within the organization.
subculture
Sales associates at Office Depot are required to wear solid black slacks, black socks and shoes, and red polo style shirts. This uniform makes employees readily identifiable to customers and creates a sense of solidarity among employees. This uniform is an example of which artifact of the corporate culture at Office Depot?
symbols
To promote a culture of hygiene awareness in a nursing home, all nursing staff, housekeepers, and food handlers wear buttons on their uniforms reading, "Ask me if I've washed my hands." These buttons would best describe which observable artifact of the nursing home's culture?
symbols
Underlying Assumptions
taken-for-granted beliefs and philosophies that are ingrained in employees
According to goal setting theory, what are the three variables that determine whether supervisors' goals will affect their employees' work actions?
task complexity
Research shows that learning has a moderate correlation with ______ and a weak correlation with ______.
task performance; organizational commitment
Setting specific, challenging goals encourages workers to develop plans that teach them new things and answer their dilemmas. What term is used to describe these kinds of plans?
task strategies
Alana's manager has set a challenging goal for her to increase sales in her region by 10% over the next quarter. What process does Alana use to develop an approach to reaching this goal?
task strategy
Which of the following are behavioral strains?
teeth grinding
Which of the following are supportive practices that help employees manage and balance their role demands?
telecommuting
A major proposition of ______ is that potential employees are attracted to an organization that has an organizational culture aligned with their personality.
the ASA framework
written comprehension
the ability to comprehend information when reading it
oral comprehension
the ability to comprehend what other people are saying out loud
oral expression
the ability to discuss information by stating it out loud
written expression
the ability to discuss information by writing it
Which of the following best characterizes task complexity under goal setting theory?
the difficulty of performing and learning about a task and whether the task changes
The concept that a person possesses underlying intelligence that influences overall performance on mental-ability tasks is known as what?
the g-factor
The three major reasons why a company will acquire another company.
to acquire the technology the other company has, to bring into the company desirable characteristics of the other company's culture, to practice "innovation through absorption"
A group of new customer-service employees undergo a full-day orientation program in which they learn company policies, procedures, and how to operate the computer system. Which method of increasing employee expertise does this exemplfy?
training
Hospitals may offer stress management programs for its employees to help them recognize sources of stress and teach them stress-reduction skills. What is the name for this type of program?
training intervention
______ are defined as recurring regularities or trends in people's responses to their environment.
traits
Jacinda went to a training session on the university's new online learning platform, but when she later logged into her classes, she realized that she still didn't know how to use the new system. This suggests that ______ did not occur.
transfer of training
True or false: Research suggests that emotional intelligence is positively correlated with counterproductive behaviors.
true
An employee who prefers a workplace where there are clearly defined rules, policies, and procedures that dictate how jobs are supposed to be done would likely have a high level of
uncertainty avoidance
The extent to which a culture can handle uncertainty and lack of clarity is referred to as
uncertainty avoidance
When you compare your situation with that of a comparison other, you realize that your ratio of outcomes to inputs is significantly less than the other person's. According to equity theory, you would now perceive yourself to be in which state?
underreward inequity
Mentoring generally occurs at which stage of the socialization process?
understanding and adaptation
Sarah had a rocky beginning with the company, but she has finally become an "insider." She has become adept at the functions of her job and gets along well with her coworkers. Sarah is in the ______ stage of organizational socialization.
understanding and adaptation
Keri works best under pressure. The more important a proposal is or the tighter her time deadline, the more focused she becomes. Which dimension of emotional intelligence does this represent?
use of emotions
The degree to which people can use their emotions in a positive manner in order to reach their goals successfully is what component of emotional intelligence?
use of emotions
Which of the following would be included in the definition of organizational culture?
values, rules, attitudes
During his interview, Jack was required to take a personality test in which he was asked a series of true-or-false questions, such as "I often act quickly without thinking things through" and "I usually plan things carefully ahead of time." It would appear that Jack took a(n) ______ test.
veiled purpose
Which of the following types of personality tests does not reference dishonesty directly but assesses more general personality traits that are associated with dishonest acts?
veiled purpose test
Which of the following types of personality tests does not reference dishonesty directly but assesses more general personality traits that are associated with dishonest acts?
veiled purpose tests
The ability known as ____ ability refers to talents related to the comprehension and discussion of words spoken out loud and written on paper.
verbal
Harley enrolls in an MBA program because friends and family have convinced her that she can succeed.
verbal persuasion
Harley's best friend recently earned an MBA from the same university and recommended the program enthusiastically.
vicarious experiences
Certain questions on the test to become a New York City firefighter ask the test taker to imagine how something would look when parts are moved or rearranged, such as how a fire scene would be affected if a portion of the building collapsed. What would such questions assess?
visualization
Erich is taking the dental admission test and encounters a question that displays a 3-dimensional object and asks which of five holes it could fit through. What is this question assessing?
visualization
The two main types of spatial ability are and spatial orientation.
visualization
Existence
water, food, shelter
The term abilities refers to which of the following?
what people can do
Ramel had promised to take his father to lunch for his 75th birthday, but his boss scheduled an emergency staff meeting, and the lunch had to be cancelled. What kind of stressor is Ramel experiencing?
work-family conflict
In which of the following situations would people tend to feel the most control over a situation?
when they view the stressor as a challenge
What is one major factor people consider when choosing coping strategies?
whether they believe the strategies have a good chance to succeed
The GE Financial Management Program is designed to help potential employees develop leadership and analytical skills by cycling them through short-term, key assignments in financial planning, accounting, operations analysis, auditing, forecasting, cash management, and commercial finance. What type of work challenge stressor does this demonstrate?
work complexity
What is the term for the amount of obligations a worker has regarding others?
work responsibility
Johanna's professor asked the class to read a short passage and answer questions designed to test their understanding of the material. What type of verbal ability test did the professor use?
written comprehension
What is the term for the ability to express ideas using the written word?
written expression
A circumstance in which two people meet for the first time is referred to as a(n) ______ situation.
zero acquantance
Steps of the Behavior Modeling Process
1. attentional processes 2. retention processes 3. production processes 4. reinforcement
Which of the following schedules of reinforcement rely on the passage of time?
1. variable interval 2. fixed interval
Ted has always been a hard-driving, competitive individual. He talks fast, walks fast, eats fast, and gets angry fast. Ted would likely be described as exhibiting the Type ____ Behavior Pattern.
A
Fixed Interval
At Anne's Design Shop, employees receive a paycheck on the 15th and the last day of every month.
Variable Ratio
At Mid-City Auto, the number of cars that agents need to sell during a quarter to earn a bonus often changes from quarter to quarter.
Fixed Ratio
At Rentals4You, agents get a bonus for every 5 apartments they show that are leased.
Variable Interval
At Samir's Diner, the manager checks the cleanliness of the public restroom at random times during the day to make sure employees are keeping it clean.
static strength
Barney picks up a heavy carton of canned goods to load it onto the delivery truck.
Which of the following would be characterized as an extrinsic motivation?
Bettina's new job has a lucrative bonus benefits package
An example of a test measuring emotional intelligence is ____.
Emotional Quotient Inventory (EQI)
What form of psychological empowerment are people experiencing when they feel that their work makes a difference and contributes to progress?
Impact
What term describes the instinctive feeling or "gut instinct" we have when making a decision?
Intuition
explosive strength
Tyler leaped several feet in the air to spike the ball during the volleyball game.
After being fired from his job, Ben reappraised the situation and decided that, considering how stressful his job had been, he is glad to be out of that "pressure-cooker" environment. This is a form of ______-focused coping.
behavioral
Mark is worried that he won't be able to finish a work report on time, so he asks a couple of coworkers to help. This is an example of ______ coping.
behavioral
Ricardo's job has been enormously stressful over the past few months. As a result, he has started smoking again, despite the fact that he had quit years ago. This is an example of a(n) ______ strain.
behavioral
Dusty has been on the job only for a few days, but he has already learned while talking with his coworkers that using even mild curse words on the job is strictly frowned upon, so he has "cleaned up" his vocabulary. What term describes what Dusty did?
behavioral modeling
What process are dance students demonstrating when they repeat a dance step after watching their instructor perform it?
behavioral modeling
Espoused Values
beliefs, philosophies, and norms explicitly stated by an organization
People consider ______ job demands less stressful.
benign
The model that suggests that personality can be categorized across five personality dimensions is known as the
big five
Emilie has worked as an animal control officer at the county animal shelter for years and the constant stress has finally caught up with her. She is continually exhausted and has reached the point where she doesn't care about her job and is disillusioned with everything. Emilie is experiencing ____ due to this prolonged stress.
burnout
The term ______ refers to exhaustion of the body and mind due to excessive and prolonged stress.
burnout
Which of the following would be characterized as an extrinsic motivation?
Samantha's new boss frequently praises her for the quality of her work
Which of the following is the best description of the perceptual ability known as speed and flexibility of closure?
The ability to identify an arrangement of information even in the presence of other information that is potentially confusing.
According to Hofstede's dimensions of cultural values, a feminine culture tends to value stereotypically female traits, such as ______.
caring about quality of life
Each year, top sales consultants for Mary Kay Cosmetics earn the use of a signature pink Cadillac, and the keys are presented to these consultants at an elaborate awards banquet. This is an example of the use of ______ to reinforce organizational culture.
ceremonies
The Academy of Management has an annual conference in which it installs officers and presents awards. This is an example of a ______ that is part of the Academy's organizational culture.
ceremony
According to research, employees who experience higher levels of ______ stressors tend to have higher levels of organizational commitment.
challenge
The type of stressors linked to the attainment of education and achievement are known as ______ stressors.
challenge
What is the best definition of satisficing?
choosing the first acceptable alternative considered
Jaime was interviewing for a cashier position at the local supermarket. As part of the hiring process, she was required to take a personality test in which she was asked, "If you received an extra $1.00 in change when you purchased groceries, would you keep it?" It would appear that Jaime has taken a(n) ______ test.
clear purpose
What kind of ability refers to an individual's ability to obtain and use information in order to solve problems?
cognitive
What kind of test measures an individual's verbal, numerical, and abstract reasoning in order to assess an ability to acquire, retain, organize, and apply information?
cognitive
In terms of equity theory, what is the term for the process in which people think about things in new ways in order to regain intellectual balance, but do not change their behaviors?
cognitive distortion
Katrina discovers that she is earning significantly more than a coworker with more experience. She justifies this by convincing herself that she is paid more because she puts more effort into the job than her coworker. Katrina's views are an example of
cognitive distortion
A recent study has found that people who have lower levels of ______ can still succeed at their jobs if they have higher levels of emotional intelligence.
cognitive intelligence
A society that has a strong group orientation and emphasizes the interdependence of people would be categorized as having a high degree of
collectivism
Agreeable employees value ______ striving, which reflects a strong desire to obtain acceptance in personal relationships as a means of expressing personality.
communion
To capitalize on the expertise of its employees in developing new products, a multinational consumer electronics company established groups of engineers in its various divisions to share knowledge, design methodologies, and design successes and failures. What term describes this action?
communities of practice
Raul compares himself with other employees in his company who are doing different jobs. What type of comparison is Raul performing?
company equity
Kendra has been working for Harmon Electronics as a quality-control inspector for three years. She learns that a coworker with less experience and less time with the company is earning more than she is. What role does Kendra's coworker fulfill, according to the equity theory?
comparison other
Tyler works in customer service for a large financial services firm but wants to ultimately work as a financial analyst, so is taking advantage of training opportunities and seeking challenging assignments that can enhance work skills. Which dimension of psychological empowerment is Tyler attempting to build ?
competence
Which dimension of psychological empowerment refers to an employee's belief that they can perform their job successfully?
competence
Which of the following are supportive practices that help employees manage and balance their role demands?
compressed workweeks
People in the office can always count on Raquel to get the job done. She is methodical and detail-oriented, and her work is always completed on time. Which of the Big Five dimensions would this best illustrate?
conscientiousness
The Big Five personality dimension that is characterized by a person's attention to detail, thoroughness, organization, and self-discipline is referred to as
conscientiousness
Which element of attribution is involved when people assess whether a number of other people have behaved the same way in a similar situation?
consensus
Which dimensions do we use to judge whether a person's behavior was the result of internal or external elements?
consensus, consistency, distinctiveness
What is the element of attribution in which we determine whether someone usually acts in a particular manner when performing a given task?
consistency
What term describes the practice of providing positive reinforcement every time an employee exhibits a desired behavior?
continuous reinforcement
Identify the reinforcement schedule under which new learning is most rapidly acquired.
continuous reinforcement schedule
Autonomy, self-sufficiency, and responsibility would be categorized as ______ needs.
control
What is the term for the actions and beliefs people use to face stress and the emotions caused by stress?
coping
Which strain has been shown to be most closely tied to the Type A Behavior Pattern?
coronary heart disease
Which of the following is defined as a group of people within an organization whose values, norms, and behavior clash with those of the dominant culture?
counterculture
In the design engineering department at Jokhari Designs, a sign reads, "Anyone who has never made a mistake has never tried anything new." It would appear that Jokhari has a ______ culture.
creativity
To encourage innovation, Abels Electronics has a generous patent reward system. Employees are paid $500 when an invention is submitted to the Patent Office as a patent application, and up to $5,000 when the patent is issued. It would appear that Abels Electronics has a ______ culture.
creativity
In order to explore similarities in ____, Project GLOBE groups countries together into country clusters, such as Anglo, Latin America, and Eastern Europe.
cultural values
The manifestations of an organization's ____ that employees can easily see and talk about are its observable artifacts.
culture
The shared values, beliefs, motives, identities, and interpretations that result from common experiences of members of a society and are transmitted across generations is referred to as
culture
A(n) ______ culture focuses on serving the customer above all other objectives.
customer service
Pascal fully intended to finish the quarterly sales report by the end of the day but is repeatedly interrupted by phone calls and questions from coworkers. What type of hindrance stressor is Pascal experiencing?
daily hassles
What is the term for the types of hindrance stressors that are less important but interfere with the more important types of work that need to be completed?
daily hassles
Alicia takes a test that is designed to measure her ability to solve a problem using a general rule that she has been provided. What would this test assess?
deductive reasoning
Which of the following are psychological strains that result from stressors?
depression
People who score higher in neuroticism often perceive life events as more stressful than their less neurotic counterparts. This tendency is referred to as
differential exposure
When simple things go wrong during the day, Anika "freaks out" and is certain that she can't cope with the situation, rather than trying to reason it out. Anika's reactions are an example of
differential reactivity
A(n) ______ goal is one that stretches employees to perform at their maximum level while still staying within the boundaries of their ability.
difficult
According to research, what kind of goals result in the greatest amount of success in workers?
difficult and specific
A company's employees work both in sales and in record-keeping. When the company introduces a sales contest, it is most likely to affect the staff's ______ of effort.
direction
Union Bank's website states that it "fosters a respectful and inclusive culture that appreciates all the ways our employees, customers, vendors, and community partners are both similar and different." Based upon this statement, which type of culture does Union Bank foster?
diversity
The type of strength involved in harnessing energy over a long period is known as ____ strength.
dynamic
A delivery driver unloads a truck and stacks boxes on shelves in the warehouse. This requires bending to pick up the boxes and stretching to place them on high shelves. Which of the following physical abilities would be most applicable in this job?
dynamic flexibility
In track-and-field sports, ______ strength is typically required for long-distance running, whereas ______ strength would be required for sprints or high jumps.
dynamic; explosive
Which of the following are organizational practices designed to reduce strains on employees?
employee assistance programs
Which stage of the organizational socialization process starts when the employee commences work with the company?
encounter
Employee ______ is a combination of perceptions that motivate employees to devote themselves to their jobs.
engagement
Employees with high ______ are fully absorbed and enthusiastic about their work and devote a lot of energy to the job.
engagement
What term describes the tendency to continue with an apparently bad decision or allocate more resources to a failing course of action?
escalation of commitment
A large oil and gas company publicly states that it is a "green" company, despite several oil spills and refinery explosions due to poor maintenance. This is an example of a(n)
espoused value that differs from an enacted value
A mission statement that lays out an organization's central principles is an example of ______, a component of organizational culture.
espoused values
An individual's belief that effort will result in positive outcomes is known as ______.
expectancy
Which theory of motivation proposes that work effort is directed toward positive experiences and away from negative ones?
expectancy theory
When TeJay started his new job, he found the step-by-step process for logging into the company server set forth in a laminated document by computer. What type of information is represented by this document?
explicit
Yoga instructor Dihanna is able to slowly twist or turn her body into an incredible variety of positions. This ability is known as which kind of physical ability?
extent flexibility
An employer who removes a consequence following an unwanted behavior by an employee engages in ______.
extinction
Which personality dimensions of the Big Five taxonomy appear not to change dramatically throughout an adult person's life?
extraversion, openness to experience
What type of motivation occurs when success is recognized and rewarded by other people?
extrinsic motivation
True or false: Abilities can be readily improved over time with training and practice.
false
True or false: An organization's espoused values are the same as its enacted values.
false
True or false: Changing leadership always creates stronger organizational cultures.
false
True or false: Companies that have a reputation as an organization that values learning tend to receive lower-quality job applicants.
false
True or false: If any of the three beliefs of expectancy, instrumentality, and valence is higher than zero, motivation will be higher than zero.
false
True or false: Strong cultures are always positive for organizations.
false
True or false: There are no tests for measuring emotional intelligence.
false
Marcus is a facial reconstructive surgeon who prides himself on being able to correct conditions, such as cleft palates, with scarring that is barely visible because of his suturing skills. Which psychomotor ability would be the most important for such an occupation?
fine manipulative abilities
If people can move their bodies in different positions and directions, which physical ability do they possess?
flexibility
Which of the following are supportive practices that help employees manage and balance their role demands?
flextime
The cultural dimension identified by the GLOBE Project that reflects the degree to which the society supports planning for years to come and upcoming generations is referred to as
future orientation
According to research, which of the following appears to have the strongest positive correlation with task performance?
general cognitive ability
What does the term g-factor signify?
general cognitive ability
A team of managers meets to identify several ways to cut costs in order to make up the projected budget shortfall this financial quarter. What is this step according to the rational decision-making model?
generating a list of alternatives
Which of following is the aim of an action and serves as the primary driver of the intensity and persistence of effort for the action?
goal
According to goal setting theory, what are the three variables that determine whether supervisors' goals will affect their employees' work actions?
goal commitment
The determination with which employees establish a goal and the efforts they will take to achieve it is called
goal commitment
A performer who is able to juggle balls while on a unicycle is demonstrating which of the following?
gross body coordination
Which of the following refers to the capability to control movements of different body parts while the entire body is moving?
gross body coordination
What is the term for employer practices that are intended to help employees with personal problems, such as alcohol and drug dependencies, financial problems, or marital difficulties?
health and wellness programs
Agreeableness
helpful, kind, cooperative
When Linda is deciding where to eat in an unfamiliar area, she counts the number trucks parked in the restaurant's parking lot, because she has heard that truck drivers know all the good places to eat. What term describes this idea?
heuristic
A networked culture, in which workers are friendly but work tasks are not interdependent and employees tend to "do their own thing" would be categorized as ______ in sociability and ______ in solidarity.
high; low
Research has shown that people who experience ______ levels of challenge stressors tend to have ______ levels of job performance.
higher; higher
Research has shown that employees who experience ______ levels of hindrance stressors tend to have ______ levels of task performance.
higher; lower
People who experience higher levels of ______ stressors tend to have lower levels of organizational commitment.
hindrance
The type of stressors that most often trigger negative emotions, such as anxiety and anger, are known as ______ stressors.
hindrance
Tony is a member of a small research team for a pharmaceutical company. One of the aspects of his job that he loves best is that he can readily point to his contributions to the team's projects and genuinely feels like he makes a difference in the success of the team. Which dimension of psychological empowerment does this demonstrate?
impact
People using ______ look at specific information to reach a general conclusion, whereas people using ______ apply general rules to specific information.
inductive reasoning; deductive reasoning
Louisa sees a classmate struggling to make a chart in Excel for a class project. She says, "I found an easy way to do that. Would you like me to show you?" Louisa is offering ______ support to the classmate.
instrumental
There are two major types of social support that people may receive when they are confronted with stressful demands: emotional support and ____ support.
instrumental
A student believes that doing well on the next test will ensure an A in the course. These thoughts demonstrate what type of belief?
instrumentality
An employee complains after a performance review, "I don't get it. I got the top rating in the department, but I got the same raise as everyone else, even the slackers. Obviously, our raises don't depend on how hard you work or how good a job you do!" According to expectancy theory, this employee would be described as having low ______ .
instrumentality
People who believe that a successful performance will result in a certain outcome are experiencing ______.
instrumentality
The term ____ describes the belief that, "If I do a good job, I'll receive the outcome I desire."
instrumentality
Jolene doesn't believe that "luck happens"; she thinks you make your own luck in life. Based on this information, it appears that Jolene has a(n) ____ locus of control.
internal
In terms of equity theory, a(n) ______ refers to an employee examining others within the same organization.
internal comparison
When an individual experiences psychological empowerment, performing the work tasks serves as its own reward. What kind of motivation is this?
intrinsic
Which of the following are psychological strains that result from stressors?
irritability
How are cognitive intelligence and emotional intelligence related?
it appears that they can be separate, since people with high cognitive intelligence might not have high emotional intelligence
How does the Emotional Quotient Inventory (EQ-i) assess emotional intelligence?
it is based on questions about behaviors and preferences thought to reflect emotional intelligence
Teri works in the secretarial pool of a large law firm. She compares her ratio of outcomes and inputs with that of the other secretaries in the firm. What type of comparison is Teri performing?
job equity
Bev and Noah are librarians at Summit Elementary School. Bev works on Mondays, Wednesdays, and Fridays, and Noah works on Tuesdays and Thursdays. They divide the single librarian position, salary, and employee benefits proportionately. What is the name for this type of arrangement?
job sharing
Starbucks refers to its workers as "partners." Target calls its customers "guests" and its employees "team members. " These are examples of how ____ is used to express organizational culture.
language
In which type of orientation is building competence more important than demonstrating competence?
learning
What term is used to describe the permanent change that results when an employee's experience increases a knowledge or skill?
learning
Which of the following characterize indulgent cultures?
leisure is values, freedom of speech is valued
A mercenary culture, in which employees are not necessarily friendly but need each other to achieve the goals of the organization, would be categorized as ______ in sociability and ______ in solidarity.
low; high
Observable Artifacts
manifestations of an organization's culture, such as symbols, physical structures, language, and rituals
A ______ culture tends to focus primarily on being bold, making money, and striving.
masculine
Adam is taking an exam in which he encounters the following problem: "Which would weigh more, a sphere of ice 1 foot in diameter or an ice cube 8 inches along each side?" What type of ability is this question designed to assess?
mathematical reasoning
In the context of work, what quality results from the feeling that job tasks are valuable relative to an individual's own ideals and passions?
meaningfulness
A process in which a more experienced member of the organization is assigned to act as an adviser, counselor, or guide to a junior employee is known as ____.
mentorship
Which of the following are the most common methods to change an organization's culture?
mergers or acquisitions, changing organizational leadership
Research has suggested that conscientiousness has a ______ effect on job performance.
moderately positive
Neuroticism
moody, insecure, emotional
Research shows that as people grow older they become ______ conscientious, ______ agreeable, and ______ neurotic.
more; more; less
Which of the following statements about company culture is typically what occurs following mergers or acquisitions?
most merged companies operate with a differentiated culture for an extended time
Which term describes how hard people work towards something, where they apply their efforts, and how they continue to work towards their goals?
motivation
According to expectancy theory, which of the following statements concerning motivational force is true?
motivation increases as successful performance is linked to more and more attractive outcomes
The dimensions of personality identified by psychologist Carl Jung are measured through use of the
myers-briggs type indicator (MBTI)
Latika is someone who sees the glass as half-empty rather than half-full. She sees the problems instead of the opportunities and often seems to be cranky or unhappy. Which dispositional tendency does this describe?
negative affectivity
Alex is careful in filling out a monthly sales report correctly because he doesn't want to be criticized for any errors he might make. What consequence influences Alex's behavior?
negative reinforcement
Hindrance stressors most often trigger ______ emotions, whereas challenge stressors most often trigger ______ emotions.
negative; positive
Indira has always been a worrier and is frequently anxious or depressed. Which big five personality dimension would this best describe?
neuroticism
Which Big Five personality dimension is associated with feelings of anxiety, insecurity, or self-consciousness?
neuroticism
A custom jewelry business has just received its first big commercial order from a major retailer. The owner needs to determine whether to simply fill the order or hire an employee to fill it. What type of decision is this?
nonprogrammed
According to the transactional theory of stress, which of the following would be considered a work hindrance stressor?
not receiving guidelines needed to complete tasks
Most apparent component of organizational culture
observable artifacts
Change has never been Todd's friend. He generally likes routine, and he is most comfortable when he knows what his plans for the day are, what he needs to do, where he needs to be, and when he needs to be there. Based on this description, Todd would likely be rated LOW in which personality dimension of the Big Five taxonomy?
openness to experience
Tasha loves to travel, especially internationally. She enjoys trying new cuisines, seeing new things, and meeting people from different cultures. Which personality dimension of the Big Five taxonomy does this best describe?
openness to experience
One of Bob's strengths as a sales engineer is that he is quick to pick up on his client's feelings. He seems to know when they'll be receptive to his message and when he should "back off" and give them space. This is an example of which element of emotional intelligence?
other awareness
Which of the following are actions associated with the anticipatory stage of socialization at an organization?
participating in an interview, talking to members of the organization, reading the organization's website
Harley earned a 3.9 GPA in her undergraduate program, and that bolsters her confidence about doing well in graduate school.
past accomplishments
Which of the following can facilitate a climate for transfer within an organization?
peer support, opportunities to use newly learned skills, perceived supervisor support
Anika's job as a proofreader for a large textbook publishing firm requires her to read copy and transcripts to make sure that there are no spelling, grammar, or typographical errors. Which of the following abilities directly relates to her ability to examine and compare words and letters quickly?
perceptual speed
The cultural dimension identified by the GLOBE Project that reflects the extent to which the society supports doing things well and growth is referred to as
performance orientation
Whenever the professor asks a question in class, Matt looks anywhere in the classroom except at the professor so that she won't call on him. He is afraid of giving a wrong answer and making a fool of himself in front of his classmates. What type of goal orientation is Matt demonstrating?
performance-avoid
Whenever the professor asks a question in class, Hermione's hand is the first one in the air because she likes to show classmates just how much she knows about the subject. Hermione has a ______ orientation.
performance-prove
Direction, intensity, and ____ are the components of motivation that contribute to an employee's work.
persistence
Alexa has always been concerned about the environment. She is proud to work for a company that is known as an environmentally responsible retailer and gets 100% of its electricity from renewable sources. This is evidence that a good ______ exists.
person-organization fit
The degree to which an individual's personality and values match the culture of an organization is referred to as
person-organization fit
Dwayne wants to advance in his career, so he has enrolled in an MBA program and attends classes two evenings a week. This is an example of a what kind of stressor?
personal development
The structures and propensities inside people that explain their characteristic patterns of thought, emotion, and behavior are referred to as
personality
After his company announced that it plans to cut 30% of the workforce within the next 90 days, Deon begins to experience chronic headaches and insomnia. These are ______ strains caused by stressors.
physiological
High blood pressure, gastrointestinal problems, headaches, and heart disease are examples of ______ strains caused by stressors.
physiological
What term describes strains that result from stressors affecting the healthy or normal functioning of the systems of the human body?
physiological
Anisha has a sunny, cheerful disposition and is the kind of person who always sees the glass as half-full rather than half-empty. Which of the following would best describe these personality traits?
positive affectivity
Which of the following would describe the dispositional tendency characterized by the quotation, "Some people grumble that roses have thorns; I am grateful that thorns have roses"?
positive affectivity
What type of stressors are occasions such as marriage or graduation?
positive life events
What type of consequence is experienced by a sales rep who is given an unexpected bonus check for exceeding a quarterly sales quota?
positive reinforcement
______ refers to the degree that people tend to accept an unequal distribution of power within a society or organization.
power distance
Tonia has a bad cold but goes into the office because she's committed to her job and doesn't want to fall behind. What term describes Tonia's behavior?
presenteeism
When stressors enter our lives, our bodies quickly judge situations and decide whether or not they are stressful. What is the name of this process?
primary appraisal
Iris gets stressed out when she shops at a crowded supermarket, so she changes her schedule to shop early in the morning when the store isn't as busy. Iris is using _____-focused coping to deal with the stressor.
problem
An emergency medical technician (EMT) must be able to assess quickly whether an accident victim has a medical problem even when the victim insists that everything is all right. This requires which type of reasoning ability?
problem sensitivity
Alicia has to order copier toner again, so she consults the online catalog of the company's office supply vendor to see if either of her preferred brands is on sale. What type of decision is this?
programmed
What term describes decisions that become almost automatic because your knowledge allows you to recognize and identify the situation and the course of action?
programmed
Juanita is surprised when a coworker makes a snide remark about the Democratic candidate in the mayoral race because she assumed that they had the same positive feelings about the candidate. What tendency does this exemplify?
projection bias
What name is given to the tendency to unconsciously assume that other people share your beliefs, attitudes, and values?
projection bias
In terms of equity theory, which of the following would be considered outcomes?
promotions, pay
Dester's company announced that it would be cutting 30% of the workforce by the end of the quarter. Since then, Dester has been depressed and anxious. Dester is suffering ______ strains as a result of this employment situation.
psychological
What type of consequence is docking an employee's pay because the employee came to work late?
punishment
What type of consequence occurs when someone in authority chastises an employee for taking longer breaks than allowed?
punishment
______ ability includes two types of mathematical capabilities: mathematical reasoning and number facility.
quantitive
The stress that results when employees perceive discrepancies between their preemployment expectations and the on-the-job experience is known as ______ shock.
reality
What kind of ability involves the ability to sense and solve issues using perception, guidelines, and logic?
reasoning
Which of the following would be considered "positively valenced" outcomes for most people?
recognition
Conscientiousness
reliable, organized, hardworking
To encourage adaption to the organization's culture
require new employees to meet special requirements, provide role models for new employees
What are three common symbolic meanings of money?
respect
A hockey goalie hears the sound of a puck being shot and has to quickly determine how to move his body in order to stop the puck from entering the net. Which psychomotor skill would be most important in the goalie's job?
response orientation
Alberto took an online assessment that measured his ______ by asking him to click an icon as quickly as he could when a red box on the screen turned green.
response time
Which cultural value corresponds to a society that tends to focus on establishing order and structure?
restraint
Every Friday at XYZ Company is casual Friday and employees are asked to bring in a potluck dish to share in the cafeteria. This is an example of how XYZ Company uses ______ to reinforce its casual and collaborative organizational culture.
rituals
Every day at the same time, the team at Kaymoz Electronics holds a 10-minute stand-up meeting to bring everyone up to date on project status. This stand-up meeting is an example of how ______ are used to reinforce its punctual and energetic organizational culture.
rituals
A college offers faculty members a semester's paid leave if they wish to participate in a volunteer abroad program or volunteer at a non-profit organization. What is the term for this type of leave?
sabbatical
What term is used to describe a paid or unpaid leave of absence provided for study and research, travel, community service, or personal renewal?
sabbatical
At the entrance to the company's plant, there is a large electronic sign that reads, "This facility has gone 250 days and counting without a lost time accident." Based on this, it is likely that the company has a ______ culture.
safety
Which of the following would be considered "positively valenced" outcomes for most people?
salary increase
What type of decision making are you engaged in when you are not looking for the very best alternative, but instead accept the first alternative that meets minimum requirements?
satisficing
Primary appraisal answers the question "Is this stressful?" and ____ appraisal poses the question "What should be done?"
secondary
Janet has heard several news reports about assaults near her workplace. Now, when she leaves work late and is walking to her car alone, everyone she passes seems to look dangerous. What tendency does this demonstrate?
selective perception
What term describes the tendency for people to interpret their environment based on their own expectations, experience, and attitudes?
selective perception
Lindsay doesn't seem to recognize that, when she is irritated with a client or colleague, her tone of voice becomes strident and she makes sarcastic comments. In which dimension of emotional intelligence is Lindsay lacking?
self-awareness
One of the aspects that Ricardo loves best about running a branch office is that the people in headquarters leave him alone and give him considerable latitude in making decisions for the branch. Which component of psychological empowerment does this represent?
self-determination
Which dimension of psychological empowerment is experienced by employees who have a degree of autonomy in their work tasks?
self-determination
An employee with little experience in event planning is convinced they have the ability to plan a successful company holiday party. What type of belief does this demonstrate?
self-efficacy
What employee motivator tends to produce the best professional results?
self-efficacy
Which type of belief prompt people to think that they have the capabilities needed to carry out the behaviors needed for a task?
self-efficacy
If people are using actions to deal with stress, they are engaging in ______ coping.
behavioral
Lump-sum bonuses have a high impact on motivation because the lump-sum bonuses link financial payments to the successful achievement of certain tasks.
True
dynamic strength
Wayne carries a lot of equipment in his backpack when he makes his rounds as a back country ranger.
Which of the following is the best example of a variable ratio schedule of reinforcement?
You continue to feed quarters into a slot machine, not knowing when it's going to pay off.
During his interview at Maxim Engineering, Rashad was told, "It's not unusual for our employees to work 10 or more hours of overtime each week during our peak season." This would be an example of
a realistic job preview
Which of the following cultures resonates well with today's job applicants, in addition to helping with the greater social good?
a sustainability culture
What is the term for talents that allow people to do a range of related activities?
abilities
When hiring potential employees, many organizations give cognitive _____ to determine whether the people will be able to perform specific job tasks.
ability tests
Research has indicated that conscientious employees have higher levels of which types of commitment?
affective, normative
Which of the following are examples of cognitive coping?
after a terrible day at work, Bettina considers quitting her job
In the office Sandy is a friend to everyone and is always ready with a smile and encouraging words. She would likely be rated high on the Big Five personality dimension of
agreeableness
The Big Five dimensions of personality are conscientiousness, neuroticism, openness to experience, extraversion, and ____.
agreeableness
Which Big Five personality dimension would be associated with someone who is kind, sympathetic, courteous, and caring?
agreeableness
To discourage adaption to the organization's culture
allow new employees to interact with current employees during orientation, orient new employees individually rather than as a group
What do learners exhibit when they concentrate on the important behaviors exhibited by a behavioral model?
attentional process
At a crowded, noisy party, you are able to pay attention to the voice of your companion and tune out all the other conversations and noises around you. This is an example of which sensory ability?
auditory attention
Control
autonomy, accountability
What term refers to the tendency of decision makers to estimate the probability of something happening by how easily they can recall those events?
availability bias
Not very apparent component of organizational culture
basic underlying assumptions
Taken-for-granted beliefs and philosophies that employees act on almost automatically instead of questioning the validity of their behaviors in a given situation is referred to as
basic underlying assumptions
Which of the following are examples of cognitive coping?
before meeting with an important customer, Alicia visualizes herself getting the order
New supervisors at Quality Engineering are required to attend a training program in which they learn how to do performance reviews for their subordinates. The employees watch the trainer conduct a performance review and then participate in role play in which they conduct mock performance reviews on each other. What name is given to this type of program?
behavior modeling training