MGMT 5-8

Self-efficacy

(also known as social cognitive theory or social learning theory) refers to an individual's belief that he or she is capable of performing a task.

terminal

According to the Rokeach Value Survey, ________ values refer to desirable end-states.

feedback

According to the job characteristics model, ________ indicates the degree to which carrying out work activities generates direct and clear information about your own performance.

job sharing

An arrangement that allows two or more individuals to split a traditional 40-hour-a-week job is called ________.

true

An individual's value system is obtained by ranking the person's values in terms of their intensity. True or False?

be content with the referent

Based on equity theory, employees who perceive inequity will make any of the following choices except ________.

TRUE

Feedback influences self-efficacy. True or False?

TRUE

Feedback is the degree to which carrying out work activities generates direct and clear information about one's own performance. True or False?

FALSE

Flexible benefits plans are available worldwide. True or False?

less direct supervision of employees

For management, the major downside of telecommuting is ________.

It shows consistency.

Janice is late for work each day by about ten minutes. How would attribution theory describe this behavior?

way the elements in a job are organized

Job design is defined as the ________.

TRUE

Jobs with high autonomy give workers a feeling of personal responsibility for the results. True or False?

FALSE

John Dunker is one of the best firefighters in his squad, and he recently received an award for his outstanding performance. From this information, it may be concluded that John's job has low task significance. True or False?

Kate is enterprising and adept at interacting with diverse groups of individuals.

Jonah is currently trying to decide whether or not to allow Kate to be part of a delegation that will represent their company at an international business expo. Apart from allowing the company to market its business to potential clients, the expo will give the members of the delegation a chance to meet and network with various industry professionals and gain valuable industry insights. Which of the following, if true, would most strengthen Kate's chances of being selected?

stereotyping

Judging someone on the basis of one's perception of the group to which the person belongs is called ________.

low consensus

Megan Cardova, who works as a sales executive at Orbit Bank, has been failing to meet her sales targets for the last 10 months. Recently, she had a face-to-face discussion with her manager where she said that the unrealistic targets were the reason for her underperformance. The manager, however, noticed that all the other team members were achieving their targets and sometimes were even achieving more than the set numbers. Which of the following is Cardova's behavior most likely to be characterized as according to the attribution theory?

decisive

People with an ESTJ personality type are characterized as ________ according to the Myers-Briggs Type Indicator (MBTI) classification.

false

People with positive core self-evaluations feel that they are powerless over their environment. True or False?

FALSE

Personal contacts with beneficiaries is a required component of relational job design. True or False?

true

Personality assessments have been increasingly used in diverse organizational settings. True or False?

FALSE

Profit-sharing plans distribute compensation based subjectively on management's discretion. True or False?

design of jobs and work so employees are motivated to promote the well-being of an organization's beneficiaries

Relational job design relates to ________.

organizational justice

The equity theory's hypothesis has served as an important precursor to the study of ________.

external equity

The external competitiveness of an organization's pay relative to elsewhere in the industry is measured by its ________.

job engagement

The investment of an employee's physical, cognitive, and emotional energies into job performance is called ________.

FALSE

The job characteristics model describes any job in terms of five core job dimensions, and these five dimensions are skill variety, task significance, recognition, reward, and feedback. True or False?

True

The most widely used and best known personality frameworks are the Myers-Briggs Type Indicator (MBTI) and the Big Five Personality model. Both describe a person's total personality through exploration of the facets of personality. True or False?

telecommuting

The option of working at home at least two days a week on a computer linked to the employer's office is termed as ________.

environmentally caused

The proponents of reinforcement theory view behavior as ________.

false

The tendency for individuals to attribute their own successes to internal factors and put the blame for failures on external factors is known as confirmation bias. True or False?

hindsight

The tendency to believe falsely, after an outcome of an event is actually known, that one would have accurately predicted that outcome is known as ________ bias.

representative participation

The two major forms of employee involvement are participative management and ________.

work councils

The two most common forms of representative participation are ________ and board representatives.

Skill variety, Task identity, Task significance, Autonomy, Feedback

What are the various dimensions of the job characteristics model?

two-factor theory

Which of the following theories proposes the idea of a dual continuum?

collectivism

With reference to the Hofstede's Framework for Assessing Cultures, ________ emphasizes a tight social framework in which people expect others in groups of which they are a part to look after them and protect them.

high on power distance

With reference to the Hofstede's framework, a class or caste system that discourages upward mobility is more likely to exist in a nation that scores ________.

Narcissism

________ refers to the tendency to be arrogant, have a grandiose sense of self-importance, require excessive admiration, and have a sense of entitlement

1. Enactive mastery 2. Vicarious modeling 3. Verbal persuasion 4. Arousal

four ways of increasing self-efficacy as proposed by Albert Bandura

Expertise, creative-thinking skills, intrinsic task motivation

three components of creativity

profit-sharing

A ________ plan distributes compensation based on some established formula designed around revenue of the company.

false

A candidate is likely to receive a more favorable evaluation if preceded by mediocre applicants and a less favorable evaluation if preceded by strong applicants. This is an example of the halo effect. True or False?

true

A drawback of self-report surveys is the level of accuracy. True or False?

FALSE

A flexible benefits package is designed for a male with a wife and two children at home. True or False?

TRUE

A flextime arrangement requires all employees to be at their jobs during the common core period. True or False?

false

A focus on utilitarianism creates an environment that hinders productivity and efficiency. True or False?

a sales person whose major part of the salary consists of sales commission

A high Mach would be most productive in which of the following positions?

stereotyping

A manager believes that he should not hire older workers because they can't learn new skills. This belief is an example of ________.

availability

A manager doing performance appraisals gives more weight to recent employee behaviors than to behaviors of six or nine months earlier. This shows that the manager's perception is affected by ________ bias.

false

A person's tendency to believe he or she can predict the outcome of random events is known as the self-serving bias. True or False?

presence of employees with similar skill sets and requirements

A prerequisite condition for job rotation is the ________.

bounded rationality

A process of making decisions by constructing simplified models that extract the essential features from problems without capturing all their complexity is known as ________.

TRUE

A sales associate working from home is telecommuting; another sales associate traveling and working from her car on a business trip is not. True or False?

TRUE

A variable-pay program bases a portion of an employee's pay on some individual and/or organizational measure of performance. True or False?

reinforcer

A(n) ________ is any consequence immediately following a response that increases the probability that the behavior will be repeated.

merit-based

A(n) ________ pay plan pays for individual performance based on performance appraisal ratings.

problem

A(n) ________ refers to a discrepancy between the current state of affairs and some desired state.

enactive mastery

According to Albert Bandura, the most important source of increasing self-efficacy is ________.

false

According to Herzberg, the opposite of "satisfaction" is "dissatisfaction." True or False?

hygiene factors

According to Herzberg, when ________ are adequate, people won't be dissatisfied, but they will also not be satisfied.

true

According to Hofstede's five value dimensions of national culture, people in a culture with long-term orientation look to the future and value thrift, persistence, and tradition. True or False?

uncertainty avoidance

According to Hofstede's framework, ________ indicates the degree to which people in a country prefer structured over unstructured situations.

false

According to Hofstede's framework, individualism describes the degree to which people in a country accept that power in institutions and organizations is distributed unequally. True or False?

false

According to John Holland's personality-job fit theory, individuals belonging to the conventional type prefer ambiguous activities that allow creative expression. True or False?

false

According to John Holland's personality-job fit theory, individuals belonging to the realistic type are disorderly, impractical, and emotional. True or False?

safety-security

According to Maslow's hierarchy of needs, which of the following is a lower level need?

true

According to McClelland's theory of needs, when jobs have a high degree of personal responsibility and feedback and an intermediate degree of risk, high achievers are strongly motivated. True or False?

false

According to attribution theory, the more consistent a behavior, the more we are inclined to attribute it to external causes. True or False?

TRUE

According to goal-setting theory, a specific goal will produce a higher level of output than a generalized goal. True or False?

tasks are independent rather than interdependent

According to goal-setting theory, goals are more likely to have a stronger impact on performance when ________.

motor reproduction process

According to social learning theory, which of the following processes demonstrates whether an individual is capable of performing the modeled activities?

false

According to the Big Five model, a drawback of introverts is that they tend to be more impulsive than extraverts and engage in risky behavior. True or False?

responsible, organized, and dependable

According to the Big Five model, a highly conscientious person is most likely to be ________.

low on conscientiousness

According to the Big Five model, a person who scores ________ is easily distracted, disorganized, and unreliable.

false

According to the Big Five model, a person who scores high on the openness to experience dimension is conventional and finds comfort in the familiar. True or False?

openness to experience

According to the Big Five model, the ________ dimension addresses a range of interests and fascination with novelty.

true

According to the Big Five model, the agreeableness dimension refers to an individual's propensity to defer to others. True or False?

visionaries

According to the Myers-Briggs Type Indicator (MBTI) classification, introverted-intuitive-thinking-judging type of people are ________.

perceiving

According to the Myers-Briggs Type Indicator (MBTI) classification, people belonging to the ________ type are flexible and spontaneous

sensing

According to the Myers-Briggs Type Indicator (MBTI) classification, people belonging to the ________ type are practical and prefer routine and order and focus on details.

prefer their world to be ordered

According to the Myers-Briggs Type Indicator (MBTI) classification, people belonging to the judging type ________.

true

According to the Myers-Briggs Type Indicator (MBTI) classification, people belonging to the judging type prefer control and like their world to be ordered and structured. True or False?

innovative

According to the Myers-Briggs Type Indicator (MBTI) classification, people with an ENTP personality type are most likely to be ________.

instrumental

According to the Rokeach Value Survey, ________ values refer to preferable modes of behavior.

distinctiveness

According to the attribution theory, ________ is one of the three main factors which attempt to determine an individual's behavior.

low on consistency

According to the attribution theory, if a behavior scores ________, we tend to attribute it to external causes.

low on distinctiveness

According to the attribution theory, if a behavior scores ________, we tend to attribute it to internal causes.

false

According to the attribution theory, if a behavior scores high on consensus and distinctiveness, we tend to consider it as an internally caused behavior. True or False?

consensus

According to the attribution theory, if everyone who faces a similar situation responds in the same way, we can say the behavior shows ________.

a behavior that scores high on consensus

According to the attribution theory, which of the following behaviors is most likely to be attributed to an external cause?

utilitarianism

According to the concept of ________, decisions are made solely on the basis of their outcomes, ideally to provide the greatest good for the greatest number.

the individual believes performing at a particular level will lead to desired outcomes

According to the expectancy theory, the performance-reward relationship is the degree to which ________.

a job provides the worker freedom, independence, and discretion

According to the job characteristics model, autonomy is defined as the degree to which ________.

a job bears an impact on the lives or work of other people

According to the job characteristics model, task significance is the degree to which ________.

quality of supervision

According to the two-factor theory proposed by Herzberg, which of the following is considered a hygiene factor?

the aspects that lead to job satisfaction are separate and distinct from those that lead to job dissatisfaction

According to the two-factor theory, ________.

Adam's job has low task identity.

Adam Sears is an assembly line employee with Swenson Motors. Though Adam is popular

A good proportion of the company's prized workforce comprises employees from the baby boomer generation who are set to retire in the impending future.

After the training and development manager at Add Worth, Nicole Hayes, resigned, the CEO has made it a priority that the position be filled soon by someone of equal expertise and experience as Nicole. To locate the right candidate, Jennifer Ray, the HR manager, has been contacting recruitment firms, checking job sites, and pushing for referrals from the employees. However, she has only found candidates with little or no experience in the field who were willing to work full time for the position. At the next meeting with the CEO, Jennifer proposes an alternative strategy; she suggests hiring two experienced candidates who are open to the idea of handling the training needs on a part-time basis as a team. The CEO listens to her proposal but is not too convinced by it. Which of the following, if true, would strengthen Jennifer's proposal to use job sharing for the vacant position?

There is an unequal distribution of power in the company

Alex was sent to Beijing to help local managers solve the problem of growing worker dissatisfaction at their manufacturing facility located in the city. As part of his visit, he decided to have a town hall meeting with the workers to understand the problems that they were facing and the reasons for their discontent. The turnout at the meeting was substantial; however, when asked for their opinions and suggestions, the crowd fell silent. As a result, Alex was unable to determine the reason for employee dissatisfaction. Which of the following, if true, best explains this situation?

Characteristics of the target affect people's perception.

Alicia Akers works as a marketing executive. She always talks in a high pitch and often draws a lot of attention wherever she is. Which of the following statements best explains the reason behind people noticing Akers?

FALSE

Almost all major corporations in the United States offer flexible benefit plans. True or False?

telecommuting

Amanda McPherson is a working mother with one child and an ailing parent to look after in addition to her duties as a wife and job responsibilities as a legal consultant. Since Amanda always feels pressed for time, the news that the consultancy she works for would allow her to work from home two days a week came as a great relief to her. She now feels more motivated to work for the company, as the company has taken into account her personal and professional needs. The company has allowed Amanda to use the option of ________.

Laura sat in on only one of Amanda's presentations prior to giving her the promotion

Amanda Winter worked as a public engagement coordinator at Safe Food Alliance until three months ago when her manager, Laura Morris, promoted her to the position of a sustainable food campaigner. However, soon after this, Laura noticed that Amanda was facing major difficulties in achieving campaign milestones and the project was falling behind schedule due to her lack of performance. Which of the following, if true, would most strengthen the argument that Laura was influenced by the halo effect in her decision to promote Amanda?

feeling

Amber Downing, a human resource executive, is in charge of the recruitment process in her organization. During the hiring process, she often needs to coordinate with prospective employees. The organizational process does not require her to inform employees who do not get through the selection process. However she believes that it is rude not to give them an update. She thus makes sure that she sends them e-mails informing them about the selection process. Which of the following types is Downing characterized as according to the Myers-Briggs Type Indicator (MBTI) classification?

emotional stability

Among the Big Five model traits, ________ is most strongly related to life satisfaction, job satisfaction, and low stress levels.

telecommuting

An MNC in a developing country is operating amidst severe space constraints, and the infrastructural conditions in the city are bad, causing a lot of lost man-hours. Anticipating rapid growth in the months to come, the company has created a recruitment plan based on its revenue expectations. However, it wants to manage this expansion without undertaking an expensive physical expansion. Which of the following could be a solution for the company?

true

An organization in a dynamic and changing environment that needs employees who can easily change tasks and teams should seek individuals with personalities that fit with the organization's overall culture rather than with a specific task. True or False?

true

An overly high level of engagement can lead to a loss of perspective and, ultimately, burnout. True or False?

develop options of wind, solar, and hydro energy

Anne Warner, a climate campaigner at an environmental organization, is in charge of implementing a campaign activity where she needs to increase the use of renewable energy in the villages of Vietnam. For her project, she uses the rational decision-making model to implement activities. She has just completed identifying an appropriate criteria for decision making and has allocated weights to the criteria. Which of the following is Warner most likely to undertake next according to the model?

are less likely to emerge as leaders

As compared to high self-monitors, low self-monitors ________.

false

As compared to observer-ratings surveys, self-reporting surveys are a better predictor of success on the job. True or False?

employee stock ownership plans

At Esco Retail, all employees are constantly driven to work hard. The company places maximum emphasis on stocking high quality goods and providing high quality service to retain the edge they have in the retail industry. To promote organizational commitment further, the company incentivizes employees by enabling them to purchase company shares at below-market prices as a part of their benefits. This mode of providing incentives represents the use of ________.

consistency

Attribution theory suggests that when we observe an individual's behavior, we attempt to determine whether it was internally or externally caused. That determination, however, depends largely on three factors. Which of the following is one of these three factors?

true

Attribution theory tries to explain the ways in which we judge people differently, depending on the meaning we attribute to a given behavior. True or False?

flextime

Beyond redesigning the nature of the work itself and involving employees in decisions, another approach to making the work environment more motivating is to alter work arrangements to meet employee needs. Which of the following is designed to give employees greater control of their schedule?

true

Consumers increasingly choose to purchase goods and services from organizations with effective corporate social responsibility (CSR) initiatives. True or False?

merit-based plan

Daichi Inc. is a Japanese software development firm known for its high quality products. Recently, the company held its annual conference and awarded all those employees who were in the top five percent with substantial monetary rewards. Their performance was evaluated on the basis of target achievement, client feedback, and quality ratings. Employees whose performance had not changed drastically were given a minor raise and those who fared badly received no incentives. Many employees blamed the company for creating differences among employees because they felt that it would harm the company in the long run, but Daichi Inc. truly believes that to retain and motivate its best performers, a large incentive is a good step. Daichi Inc. is using a(n) ________ here.

his expectations

David Myers is of the opinion that people who drive SUVs are rash drivers. He feels that people driving SUVs do not respect road rules and always violate traffic regulations. What personal factor is most likely to be affecting Myers' perception of SUV drivers?

narcissism

During an annual review, Michel Godfrey made the following assertion: "When I look at myself and my performance, I see that what I have achieved is outstanding and something no one in the organization has the capacity to undertake. Surprisingly, it has not won me the admiration of my colleagues like it should have. I also believe that I do not just deserve a raise, but need one, since without me, let's face it, the place would simply fall apart." Which of the following personality traits best describes Michel's personality?

context

During team meetings Amber Downing always notices that Rhona Law tends to ask innumerable questions and suggest ideas at each discussion. However, Law stands out in the meetings only because she is the only one making suggestions. If both of them were part of team meetings where almost all members made suggestions and asked questions, Law would not have drawn as much attention from Downing. Which of the following factors has most likely influenced Downing's perception of Law?

procedural

Edith believes that the methods for determining salary hikes and bonuses in her company are extremely unfair. In this case, Edith perceives a lack of ________ justice.

introverted

Elaine Chamberlain works as a research executive at an environmental organization. Though her colleagues are helpful and friendly, because of her shy nature, she often eats her lunch at her desk and has limited interactions with them. She is glad that her nature of work does not require her to interact with her co-workers to a high extent. Which of the following types is Chamberlain most likely to be characterized as according to the Myers-Briggs Type Indicator (MBTI) classification?

extraverted

Ellen Athers works as a communication executive at a travel house. She is known to be friendly with her colleagues and interacts with them regularly to build strong work relationships. She knows that her rapport with her co-workers is a crucial part of her work and invests time in these relationships. In addition, she is assertive in making decisions, and colleagues take her decisions seriously. Which of the following types is Athers most likely to be characterized as according to the Myers-Briggs Type Indicator (MBTI) classification?

search for solutions that are reasonable

Emily Boyce, a project manager at an insurance firm, regularly satisfices while making decisions. She often comes across complicated problems which would take a long time to resolve. Due to the pressing deadlines, she often meets project goals by satisficing a large number of her decisions. Which of the following is Boyce most likely to do?

TRUE

Employee involvement and participation (EIP) is a process that uses employees' input to increase their commitment to organizational success. True or False?

subordinates share a significant degree of decision-making power with their immediate superiors

Employee involvement and participation (EIP) management is a method of management where ________.

work from the office during the common core period and put in the extra hours per their convenience

Employees who use the flextime option have to ________.

the need for achievement

Erika wants to become the head of the HR department. Although the role comes with a generous salary hike and will put her in charge of several subordinates, she is mainly pursuing this position because she believes she can do the job better than anyone else and wants people to know this. According to McClelland's theory of needs, which of the following needs is Erika primarily driven by in this case?

true

Escalation of commitment refers to staying with a decision even when there is clear evidence it's wrong. True or False?

personality

Esther Lugo has gone for an interview at an advertising firm in Manhattan and has been asked to complete a self-report survey to help interviewers understand if she is the right candidate for the job. From the interview, they have found that she is extroverted, empathic, scrupulous, and cooperative in nature, which are key characteristics needed for the job. These characteristics about Lugo indicate her ________.

true

Expectancy theory predicts employees will exert a high level of effort if they perceive a strong relationship between effort and performance, performance and rewards, and rewards and satisfaction of personal goals. True or False?

We don't look at targets in isolation.

Extremely attractive or unattractive individuals are most likely to be noticed in a group. Which of the following statements best describes the reason behind this?

be implemented such that employees psychologically experience ownership

For employee stock ownership plans to be effective in improving performance, they must ________.

TRUE

Generally, variable-pay programs increase motivation and productivity in the workforce. True or False?

retention processes

George is trying to teach his two-year old son to gently caress their cat. George softly strokes the animal and every time his son does the same, he rewards him with kind words like "good job!" The child is very attentive during the process and claps his hands when his father praises him. However, as soon as George leaves, the boy lunges for the cat and grabs it by the tail. Which process of social-learning theory is failing?

FALSE

Goal-setting theory strongly advocates participation in decision making, whereas MBO demonstrates that managers' assigned goals are usually just as effective. True or False?

FALSE

Goal-setting theory takes a behavioristic approach, whereas reinforcement theory takes a cognitive approach. True or False?

selective perception

Harriet Kirby, a fund raising manager at a women's rights organization, experienced a bad incident last year with the public relations manager of a banking company who had committed to sponsor a charity event. The bank backed out at the last minute. This year, when a renowned international bank executive showed interest in sponsoring the organization's upcoming annual event, Kirby rejected their participation. She felt that banks have a casual approach toward charity events and it is risky to involve them in the event. Which of the following best characterizes Kirby's decision?

She is going to give students an extra mark each time that they contribute

Helen, a high school teacher, wants her students to actively participate more in class. She has decided to use reinforcement theory to get the required results. Which of the following methods is she most likely to use?

social

Help Aid, a non-profit organization in Indonesia, works at providing education in underdeveloped countries. They are now looking to hire a teacher who can educate children in Namibia and prepare them for jobs which will enable them to sustain themselves. According to Holland's personality-job fit theory, people belonging to which of the following personality types will best suit Help Aid's requirement?

true

High Mach employees win in the short term, but lose the gains in the long term because they are not well liked. True or False?

rewards-personal goals

If a manager incorrectly assumes that all employees want the same thing, then according to the expectancy theory, it is most likely to result in a weak ________ relationship.

consistency

If a person responds to a particular situation in the same way over a long time period, then the attribution theory states that the behavior demonstrates ________.

observer-ratings surveys

In ________, a co-worker or another observer does an independent assessment of personality, with or without the subject's knowledge

true

In an interview, information elicited early from an interviewee carries greater weight than information elicited later. True or False?

outcome-input ratio

In equity theory, individuals assess the ________.

Board representatives are employees who participate on a company's board of directors.

In participative representation, what are board representatives?

flexible benefits plans

Individualized rewards that allow each employee to choose the compensation package that best satisfies his or her current needs and situation are called ________.

selective perception

Individuals engage in ________ because it is impossible for them to assimilate everything they see and can take in only certain stimuli.

tend to display their true dispositions and attitudes in every situation

Individuals low in self-monitoring ________.

high on self-monitoring

Individuals scoring ________ have a strong ability to adjust their behavior to external, situational factors and can behave differently in different situations.

whistle-blowers

Individuals who report unethical practices by their employer to outsiders are known as ________.

worth of the job to the organization

Internal equity refers to the ________.

TRUE

Internal equity refers to the worth of the job to the organization. True or False?

TRUE

Interpersonal justice refers to an individual's perception of the degree to which he or she is treated with dignity, concern, and respect. True or False?

recognition

Jack Holmes is a middle-aged, lower-level employee at an automobile service center. Though he is not paid very well, he loves his job. His supervisor speaks to him with respect, and he is the favored candidate for mentoring new employees because of the vast experience he holds in the job. Based on this information, which of the following is most likely to be the reason Jack likes his job?

distributive.

Jackie thinks that she is paid a lot less than other employees in her division and feels extremely resentful. She starts taking long breaks and generally wastes time. Her actions resulted from a perceived lack of ________ justice.

self-serving

Jane Allen, a campaign manager at a non-profit organization, often takes full credit for project successes even when her team members' contributions play a big role in achieving milestones. However, when projects receive setbacks, she blames her team members and sometimes states that the situation was beyond her control. Allen's behavior is an example of ________ bias.

high on consistency

Janice Yoder works in an environmental campaigning organization and often needs to interact with a large team for project implementation activities. However, she always finds it difficult to work as a part of a team. She always seems to have major disagreements with team members which lead to antagonistic relations between them. Though she has moved from one team to another, her relations with colleagues always seem to be hostile and cold. How would the attribution theory describe this behavior?

job sharing

Janice and Shane are both senior software analysts. They have worked together on projects for six years and get along very well. Janice is anticipating the arrival of her first child and will not be able to work on a full-time basis in the future. Shane is contemplating opening his own business as a home media installation consultant and does not want to continue to work full time. They both need some income. Which of the following alternative job structures would be best for Janice and Shane?

Griffin and Powell ensures that all their CSR initiatives on forests are regularly and substantially publicized.

Jeanne Edwards works as a campaign manager at Rainforest Alliance Trust, a forest protection organization in Indonesia. She is currently working on the Palm Oil Campaign, which aims to establish stringent laws against companies which aggravate deforestation by extracting palm oil for commercial use. Her role is to establish allies with other forest protection organizations and companies which use eco-friendly products that set good examples for other companies to follow. Jeanne allied with Griffin and Powell, a large multinational company, which, unknown to Jeanne, also has strong ties with local logging groups in Jakarta. Which of the following, if true, would strengthen the argument that Jeanne had an availability bias while establishing an ally with the company?

contrast effect

Jessica recently joined a new company and was first introduced to Michelle, her cubicle neighbor. Michelle came across as amiable and cheerful. During lunch she met another colleague, Carrie, who did not come across as friendly as Michelle. In this situation, Jessica's interpretation of Carrie's personality is most likely to be affected by ________.

He will increase his productivity and/or the overall quality of his work.

Jim is a salaried employee whose job is to develop content for online Web sites. He discovers that he is paid substantially more than his colleagues even though their jobs and levels of performance are very similar. According to the equity theory, what impact is this discovery most likely to have on his behavior and performance?

FALSE

Job enrichment improves employees' skills by periodically shifting an employee from one task to another with similar skill requirements at the same organizational level. True or False?

TRUE

Job rotation can be applied in any setting where cross-training is feasible, from manufacturing floors to hospital wards. True or False?

Johanna was moved by the arguments put forth by the first speaker

Johanna Murray, a climate campaigner at The National Footprint Foundation, is known in her organization to be a campaigner of caliber and high performance. She has strong networks with the Ministry of Environment and allies with several environmental organizations in the country. Over the years, she has gained substantial knowledge on the issue of climate change. However, recently when she prepared a consolidated report on a conference she attended on climate change, it reflected major loopholes and limited information from the conference. Which of the following, if true, substantiates that Johanna had anchoring bias?

Brenda was unable to make time for Johanna to brief her on the tasks involved in carrying out the campaign's media strategy.

Johanna Murray, a climate campaigner at The National Footprint Foundation, is known in her organization to be a campaigner of caliber and high performance. She recently worked on a campaign against global warming during which she worked extremely hard to achieve project milestones. However, the campaign failed as it could not achieve the desired objective. Due to this, her manager, Brenda Owens, gave her a poor performance appraisal. In the appraisal, Brenda said that Johanna was not motivated and failed to reach out to 25,000 people through Internet media to spread awareness about climate change. Which of the following, if true, weakens Brenda's statement?

fundamental attribution error

Johanna Springer, who works as a sales executive at Pascal's Bank, is upset at the way her manager, Emma Womack, always calls her in for one-on-one meetings to discuss her underperformance. Though Springer makes a higher number of sales calls and works longer hours than last year, her sales figures are still low. She knows that the main reason behind her underperformance is the recent economic meltdown in the country. However, her manager feels that Springer's underperformance is the result of her laid-back attitude and has nothing to do with external factors. In this situation, Womack's behavior is characterized by a(n) ________.

Hardley has a proactive personality.

John Hardley recently joined as marketing director of H2O, a water sports gear company. Though in the last five years the company has had a drastic dip in sales, ever since Hardley has joined he has turned the figures around. In addition to revamping the look of the brand, he has initiated several marketing campaigns through broadcast media to increase customer base for the company. Over the past six months, Hardley has managed to get the company to an all-time high peak of sales. Which of the following statements best describes Hardley?

investigative

John Holland's personality-job fit theory presents six personality types. Which of the following is one of these six types?

Kate is socially inept and tends to display her true disposition and attitude in every situation.

Jonah is currently trying to decide whether or not to allow Kate to be part of a delegation that will represent their company at an international business expo. Apart from allowing the company to market its business to potential clients, the expo will give the members of the delegation a chance to meet and network with various industry professionals and gain valuable industry insights. Which of the following, if true, would most weaken Kate's chances of being selected?

equity

Karen graduated from college four years ago and has been working at Betaphy Inc. ever since. She has consistently received good performance evaluations for the quality of her work. She recently found out that her company hired a fresh college graduate with no experience at a salary higher than hers. Which of the following theories will Karen most likely use to evaluate this situation?

My colleagues did not inform me about the rally

Laura Simpson, a campaign manager at a child rights organization in Jakarta, planned a marathon for celebrities to raise money for underprivileged children. Though all arrangements for the event had been made, a few days before the event she realized that on the same day there was a political rally happening in the city which would block access to the route on which the marathon was supposed to be undertaken. In such a situation, what is Simpson, who suffers from self-serving bias, most likely to say?

performance-reward

Logan is an employee who processes health insurance forms. Initially he was criticized by his supervisor for sloppy work, but thereafter he improved considerably. Now he consistently processes his forms without errors and even does more than his fair share of work. However, Logan's supervisor has not responded to the extra effort he has put in, giving him no praise or monetary benefits. This leads Logan to believe that his supervisor is biased against him. According to the expectancy theory, in this situation, there is a problem in the ________ relationship.

tangible, verifiable, and measurable

MBO emphasizes goals that are ________.

personal performance objectives

MBO provides individual employees with ________.

job rotation

Managers at Flavors, a restaurant chain, train their employees such that in the absence of employees, someone trained in the same skills can step in and do the job equally well. Thus, many modules in training are extensive as they provide employees with details of the skill sets required for different jobs. In practice, this lengthy training program does help the company as a well-trained and flexible workforce is at their disposal at all times. The managers at Flavors use ________.

true

Managers today are less interested in an applicant's ability to perform a specific job than with his or her flexibility to meet changing situations and commitment to the organization. True or False?

Bryan is quite sociable and can "think on his feet."

Mara is looking to send one of her team members on an international assignment to China to train a group of employees located at her company's office in Beijing. As part of the assignment, the chosen employee will have to undergo a three-week diversity training program to help him/her learn about his/her new environment. Bryan, one of Mara's colleagues, is interested in taking up the assignment. Which of the following, if true, would increase the likelihood that Bryan will be selected?

Bryan does not cope very well in ambiguous situations.

Mara is looking to send one of her team members on an international assignment to China to train a group of employees located at her company's office in Beijing. As part of the assignment, the chosen employee will have to undergo a three-week diversity training program to help him/her learn about his/her new environment. Bryan, one of Mara's colleagues, is interested in taking up the assignment. Which of the following, if true, would reduce the likelihood that Bryan will be selected?

openness to experience

Marina Lyon works as a reservation executive at a travel and tourism company. Though her job requires her only to efficiently book flight tickets for customers, she has also opted to undergo training to learn the process of hotel reservations. In addition, every evening she reads travelogues to be aware of upcoming travel destinations and trends. She loves the industry she works in and is eager to learn as much as she can. Considering the information given in this case, which dimension of the Big Five model best describes Lyon's personality?

rewards-personal goals

Mark is an excellent technical writer. He has never missed a deadline and all his projects are of superior quality. He now wants to telecommute two days a week, so that he can spend more time with his family. He feels that he has proven his reliability. However, his boss is unable to comply with his request and gives him a substantial raise instead. According to the expectancy theory, Mark's disappointment demonstrates a breakdown in the ________ relationship

achievement, power, and affiliation

McClelland's theory is based on which of the following needs?

false

McClelland's theory of needs proposes that the factors that lead to job satisfaction are separate and distinct from those that lead to job dissatisfaction. True or False?

She believes that she is less capable than her colleague.

Megan graduated from college three years ago and has been working at Sterba Inc. ever since. A conscientious employee, she has consistently received good performance evaluations. She recently found out that a younger colleague, who was just recruited to her team, is drawing a higher salary than she is for doing the same type of work. Based on the equity theory, which of the following, if true, would strengthen the argument that Megan is trying to gain a sense of equity by distorting her perception of herself?

Lisa starts working longer hours after learning that her co-workers earn less than she does for the same work.

Megan graduated from college three years ago and has been working at Sterba Inc. ever since. A conscientious employee, she has consistently received good performance evaluations. She recently found out that a younger colleague, who was just recruited to her team, is drawing a higher salary than she is for doing the same type of work. Following this discovery, Megan starts coming to work late and her productivity begins to suffer. Which of the following is most similar to the scenario mentioned above based on the equity theory?

She takes long breaks from work and shirks her responsibilities

Megan graduated from college three years ago and has been working at Sterba Inc. ever since. A conscientious employee, she has consistently received good performance evaluations. She recently found out that a younger colleague, who was just recruited to her team, is drawing a higher salary than she is for doing the same type of work. Based on the equity theory, which of the following, if true, would strengthen the argument that Megan is trying to gain a sense of equity by changing her inputs?

false

Men make better decisions than women. True or False?

true

Millennials have high expectations, seek meaning in their work, and have life goals oriented toward becoming rich and famous. True or False?

instrumental; terminal

Milton Rokeach created the Rokeach Value Survey (RVS), which consists of two sets of values, namely ________ values and ________ values.

expectation

Monica Walden feels that people who use plastic bags are insensitive toward the environment. She believes that people have a certain obligation toward their environment and should take it upon themselves to protect and preserve it. Which of the following factors has most likely influenced Walden's perception of plastic bag users?

FALSE

Most research supports Maslow's hierarchy of needs, especially when applied to diverse cultures. True or False?

true

Motivation is defined as the processes that account for an individual's intensity, direction, and persistence of effort toward attaining a goal. True or False?

Leah has been assigned a sales territory where consumers are from low income groups.

Naomi Fisher, a sales manager at Pure, a water purifier company, had a new member, Leah Marshall, join her team. Though during Leah's interview, Naomi felt she would be a productive sales executive, her performance has often been below the mark. Consistently in the past three months, Leah has been unable to reach her targets and is falling substantially behind on her annual targets. Naomi assumes that Leah is not determined and motivated enough to do what it takes. Which of the following, if true, weakens Naomi's assumption?

FALSE

On an organizational level, job design and by the extrinsic rewards of pay and benefits are the only ways to motivate employees. True or False?

vicarious modeling

One of the sources of self-efficacy is ________, becoming more confident because you see someone else doing the task.

true

One problem with the MBTI is that the model forces a person into one type or another; that is, you're either introverted or extraverted. There is no in-between. True or False?

prosocially motivating

One way to possibly make jobs more ________ would be to connect employees with the beneficiaries of their work or service that they provide.

true

Organizations influence their employees to volunteer. True or False?

performance-reward

Oscar is looking for a new job. He used to be the company's top sales representative and was eagerly expecting to be promoted. However, one of the regional manager's friends was promoted to district manager instead. According to the expectancy theory, Oscar's dissatisfaction with his current job stems from a breakdown in the ________ relationship.

FALSE

Participative management is characterized by the symbolic representation of employees in work councils and board meetings. True or False?

true

People are usually not aware of the factors that influence their view of reality. True or False?

extraversion

People scoring high on the ________ dimension of the Big Five model are more likely to be absent from work and engage in risky behavior than those who score low.

true

People who pursue goals for intrinsic reasons are more likely to attain their goals and are happy even if they do not. True or False?

true

People's behavior is based on their perception of what reality is, not on reality itself. True or False?

intuition

Phyllis Stintson needs to decide whether to start a campaign against deforestation in Indonesia. Though her research team has provided substantial information on the high feasibility of the project, Stintson does not go ahead with the project. If Stintson made her decision by drawing unconscious references from several different experiences in the past, her decision is most likely influenced by which of the following?

true

Practicing managers and scholars have become interested in facilitating job engagement, believing factors deeper than liking a job or finding it interesting drives performance. True or False?

Without the extrinsic reward, the execution of the task relies on internal motivation.

Rachel's parents used to pay her an allowance every week to feed the cats and to do a few other chores around the house. However, once her mother lost her job, her parents stopped giving her an allowance. Although Rachel quit making her bed every morning, she still continued to feed the cats. Which of the following best explains why Rachel continues to feed the cats?

TRUE

Recent studies indicate that employee recognition programs are associated with self-esteem, self-efficacy, and job satisfaction and the broader outcomes from intrinsic motivation are well documented. True or False?

redistribution of power within an organization

Representative participation is characterized by ________.

true

Research suggests that personality traits better predict behavior in weak situations than in strong ones. True or False?

stereotyping

Rose Buffay needs to give a presentation to the board of directors of her organization next week. She knows that her presentation will play an important role in her performance appraisal in the next quarter. However, she knows that two of her colleagues, John Roy and Keith Mathews, will also be giving a presentation on the same issue. She is nervous because she believes that men have a better flair for giving presentations. Buffay's perception of Roy and Mathews is most likely characterized by ________.

task significance

Samantha Barnes is an emergency medical technician. Recently, during an emergency call,

low on consistency

Samantha is never late for work, but last Monday she arrived an hour late because of heavy traffic. According to the attribution theory, Samantha's behavior on that day scores ________.

self-fulfilling prophecy

Sarah Covington, a sales manager at Synergy Corporation Bank, often keeps low expectations of her team. She feels that they are underqualified for their job and do not have substantial experience to sell a large number of accounts. Covington's team does not feel motivated enough and invariably underperforms and misses targets on a regular basis. Which of the following concepts best explains Covington's team's poor performance?

competence and positive connections

Self-determination theory proposes that in addition to being driven by a need for autonomy, people seek ways to achieve ________.

TRUE

Self-efficacy refers to an individual's belief that he or she is capable of performing a task. True or False?

true

Stereotyping helps individuals make quick decisions through generalizations. True or False?

analysts

Telecommuting is an option that suits professionals like ________.

self-fulfilling prophecy

The Pygmalion effect is based on the concept of ________.

FALSE

The Pygmalion effect is not a form of self-fulfilling prophecy in which believing something can make it true. True or False?

persistence

The ________ dimension of motivation measures how long a person can maintain effort.

intensity

The ________ element of motivation describes how hard a person tries.

Myers-Briggs Type Indicator

The ________ is a personality assessment consisting of 100 questions where respondents are classified as extraverted or introverted, sensing or intuitive, thinking or feeling, and judging or perceiving.

Big Five model

The ________ is a personality assessment model that taps basic dimensions encompassing most of the significant variation in human personality, namely extraversion, agreeableness, conscientiousness, emotional stability, and openness to experience.

piece-rate

The ________ pay plan has long been popular as a means of compensating production workers by paying a fixed sum for each unit of production completed.

two-factor

The ________ theory is also called motivation-hygiene theory.

self-efficacy

The ________ theory is also known as the social cognitive theory or the social learning theory.

Pygmalion effect

The best way for a manager to use verbal persuasion is through the ________, a form of self-fulfilling prophecy in which believing something can make it true.

TRUE

The chief concern of both individual and team piece-rate workers is financial risk. True or False?

social-belongingness

The church you go to every Sunday is made up of people who have very different lifestyles and are at different stages in their life. Joanna is a 23-year-old single parent who works for minimum wage and shifts from motel to motel for accommodation. Josephine is a single, 45-year-old woman who earns a decent salary and has few interests and friends outside her office. Jonathan is 60 years old, extremely wealthy, has a loving family, and enjoys his work. You have decided to apply Maslow's hierarchy of needs to determine what motivates each of these individuals. Which of the following needs would most likely motivate Josephine?

physiological

The church you go to every Sunday is made up of people who have very different lifestyles and are at different stages in their life. Joanna is a 23-year-old single parent who works for minimum wage and shifts from motel to motel for accommodation. Josephine is a single, 45-year-old woman who earns a decent salary and has few interests and friends outside her office. Jonathan is 60 years old, extremely wealthy, has a loving family, and enjoys his work. You have decided to apply Maslow's hierarchy of needs to determine what motivates each of these individuals. Which of the following needs would most likely motivate Joanna?

self-actualization

The church you go to every Sunday is made up of people who have very different lifestyles and are at different stages in their life. Joanna is a 23-year-old single parent who works for minimum wage and shifts from motel to motel for accommodation. Josephine is a single, 45-year-old woman who earns a decent salary and has few interests and friends outside her office. Jonathan is 60 years old, extremely wealthy, has a loving family, and enjoys his work. You have decided to apply Maslow's hierarchy of needs to determine what motivates each of these individuals. Which of the following needs would most motivate Jonathan?

self-concordance

The concept of ________ considers how strongly people's reasons for pursuing goals are consistent with their interests and core values.

behaviorism

The concept of operant conditioning is a part of the broader concept of ________, which argues that behavior follows stimuli in a relatively unthinking manner.

motivating potential score

The core dimensions of the job characteristics model can be combined into a single predictive index called ________.

false

The degree to which norms, cues, or standards dictate appropriate behavior is known as consistency. True or False?

FALSE

The major advantage of flextime is that it can be used for all categories of jobs. True or False?

FALSE

The percentage of Canadian major corporations that offer flexible benefits plans is decreasing. True or False?

false

The perception of a target is unaffected by the perceiver's personality or past experiences. True or False?

job rotation

The periodic shifting of an employee from one task to another with similar skill requirements at the same organizational level is defined as ________.

false

The rational decision-making model takes into consideration the fact that all information pertaining to a problem might not be available to the decision maker. True or False?

false

The tendency to draw a general impression about an individual on the basis of a single characteristic is known as the contrast effect. True or False?

confirmation

The tendency to seek out information that reaffirms past choices and to discount information that contradicts past judgments is known as ________ bias.

false

The tendency to underestimate the influence of external factors and overestimate the influence of internal factors when making judgments about the behavior of others is known as the randomness error. True or False?

TRUE

The term virtual office describes working from home on a relatively permanent basis. True or False?

intrinsic task motivation

The three-component model of creativity proposes that individual creativity essentially requires expertise, creative thinking skills, and ________.

true

The two-factor theory has been well supported in research and is very much in use in research in Asia. True or False?

proactive

Those with a ________ personality identify opportunities, show initiative, take action, and persevere until meaningful change occurs, compared to others who passively react to situations.

incorporate the unique demands of different cultures

To be effective, an employee involvement program must ________.

given immediately following the desired behavior

To get the best results while using reinforcement theory, rewards should be ________.

false

To stop lie detection for written communications we can look in e-mail messages as liars omit personal pronouns, use noncommittal expressions, change tenses, skip topics, provide too much detail, or add qualifying statements. True or False?

observer-ratings survey

Tracy Winter works at a publishing firm in London and recently received an e-mail from the human resource department of her company asking her to study the behavior of a colleague, Cindy Camp, including her attention toward her work, without Camp's knowledge. Winter now needs to scrutinize Camp's behavior and notice if she is free from distractions and pays sufficient attention to her tasks. Which of the following is Winter conducting?

FALSE

Underpayment and overpayment, according to equity theory, tend to produce similar reactions to correct the inequities. True or False?

jointly set goals

Unlike in the case of goal-setting theory, MBO strongly advocates ________.

thinking

Valerie Sinclair, a climate campaigner at an environmental organization, invariably uses rationale to make decisions for project implementation. She believes that the right decisions can be made only through scrutiny and analysis. Each time she needs to make a decision, she weighs all options before taking action. Which of the following is a characteristic of Sinclair's personality type according to the Myers-Briggs Type Indicator (MBTI) classification?

true

Values contain a judgmental element in which they carry an individual's ideas as to what is right, good, or desirable. True or False?

self-report surveys and observer-rating surveys

What are the two main means of measuring personality?

The Myers-Briggs Type Indicator (MBTI) is a 100-question personality test that asks people how they usually feel or act in particular situations. On the basis of their answers, individuals are classified as extraverted or introverted (E or I), sensing or intuitive (S or N), thinking or feeling (T or F), and judging or perceiving (J or P). These classifications are defined as follows: a) Extraverted (E) versus Introverted (I): Extraverted individuals are outgoing, sociable, and assertive. Introverts are quiet and shy. b) Sensing (S) versus Intuitive (N): Sensing types are practical and prefer routine and order. They focus on details. Intuitives rely on unconscious processes and look at the "big picture." c) Thinking (T) versus Feeling (F): Thinking types use reason and logic to handle problems. Feeling types rely on their personal values and emotions. d) Judging (J) versus Perceiving (P): Judging types want control and prefer their world to be ordered and structured. Perceiving types are flexible and spontaneous.

What are the various classifications used in the Myers-Briggs Type Indicator (MBTI) framework?

extraverted/introverted

What does the Myers-Briggs Type Indicator classification of "E or I" stand for?

sensing/intuitive

What does the Myers-Briggs Type Indicator classification of S versus N stand for?

Employees are rewarded for recent performance.

What is an advantage of bonuses over merit-based pay plan?

defining the problem

What is the first step in the rational decision-making model?

It does not recognize the effect of cognitive variables

What is the limitation of reinforcement theory in explaining changes in behavior?

It forces a person to be categorized as either one type or another.

What is the major problem with the Myers-Briggs Type Indicator as a measure of personality?

attribution theory

When individuals observe another person's behavior, they attempt to determine whether it is internally or externally caused. Which of the following attempts to explain this phenomenon?

FALSE

When the profits of Emm Corp rose steadily over two quarters three years back, the employees of the company were given the offer of purchasing the company's shares at subsidized rates. Many of the employees who bought the shares have become extremely rich after the phenomenal growth Emm Corp has had in the following years. This is an example of a bonus. True or False?

perceivers

When two people witness something at the same time and in the same situation yet interpret it differently, factors that operate to shape their perceptions reside in the ________.

intensity

When we rank an individual's values in order of their ________, we obtain the person's value system.

conscientiousness

Which dimension of the Big Five model is a measure of reliability?

agreeableness

Which dimension of the Big Five model refers to an individual's propensity to defer to others?

physiological

Which level of Maslow's hierarchy of needs deals with satisfying one's hunger, thirst, and other bodily needs?

social-belongingness

Which of following needs, as detailed by Maslow's hierarchy of needs, best corresponds to McClelland's need for affiliation?

job sharing

Which of the following alternative work arrangements enables the organization to draw on the talents of more than one individual in a given job?

rely on unconscious processes and look at the overall picture

Which of the following are characteristics of the intuitive type of people according to the Myers-Briggs Type Indicator (MBTI) classification?

drawing a general impression about an individual on the basis of a single characteristic

Which of the following describes the halo effect?

Introverts are less impulsive than extraverts.

Which of the following differentiates introverts from extraverts?

emotional stability

Which of the following dimensions of the Big Five model indicates a person's ability to withstand stress?

An individual's personality is determined by molecular structure of the genes.

Which of the following does the heredity approach state?

expertise

Which of the following is a component of the three-component model of creativity?

rational decision-making model

Which of the following is a decision-making model that describes how individuals should behave in order to maximize some outcome?

They may result in the respondent lying to create a good impression

Which of the following is a drawback of self-report surveys?

interest

Which of the following is a factor present in a perceiver which may affect perception?

time

Which of the following is a factor present in a situation which may affect a person's perception?

novelty

Which of the following is a factor present in a target which may affect a person's perception?

recognition

Which of the following is a motivational factor according to Herzberg's two-factor theory?

stereotyping

Which of the following is a shortcut used in judging others by making generalizations?

social recognition

Which of the following is a terminal value according to the Rokeach Value Survey?

$2 for each unit produced

Which of the following is an example of a piece-rate plan?

employee recognition

Which of the following is an example of an intrinsic reward?

An employee is late to work because of a punctured tire

Which of the following is an example of externally caused behavior?

exerting less effort if underpaid

Which of the following is an example of hanging inputs in regard to equity theory?

An employee was fired from work because he violated a company policy.

Which of the following is an example of internally caused behavior?

personal discipline

Which of the following is an instrumental value according to the Rokeach Value Survey?

They do not adapt well to changing contexts.

Which of the following is most likely to be a drawback of highly conscientious people according to the Big Five model?

Profit-sharing plans create advanced levels of employee decision making.

Which of the following is not supported by studies in regard to profit-sharing plans? A) Organizations with profit-sharing plans have higher levels of profitability than those without them.

joint decision making

Which of the following is the distinct characteristic of participative management programs?

self-actualization

Which of the following is the highest level need in Maslow's theory?

difficulty in finding compatible partners

Which of the following is the major drawback of job sharing from management's perspective?

self-report surveys

Which of the following is the most common means of measuring personality?

We tend to use many adjectives to describe how people act and seem to think.

Which of the following is true about how we speak of peoples' personalities?

It involves making decisions based on distilled experience

Which of the following is true about intuitive decision making?

They are more likely to emerge as leaders

Which of the following is true about narcissists?

Personality assessments have been increasingly used in diverse organizational settings.

Which of the following is true about personality assessments used in organizations?

Telecommuting is viewed differently in different cultures.

Which of the following is true about telecommuting in regard to different cultures?

They give high importance to achievement and material success.

Which of the following is true regarding the baby boomer generation?

They have content and intensity attributes.

Which of the following is true regarding values?

self-actualization

Which of the following needs in Maslow's hierarchy refers to the drive to become what one is capable of becoming?

Machiavellianism

Which of the following personality traits indicates the degree to which a person is unemotional and pragmatic and believes that ends can justify means?

bonus

Which of the following represents a pay plan that rewards employees for recent performance rather than historical performance?

skill variety, task identity, and task significance

Which of the following series of dimensions of the job characteristics model (JCM) combine to create meaningful work?

enactive mastery

Which of the following sources of increasing self-efficacy involves gaining relevant experience with a particular task or job?

They are more likely than others to be seen as leaders.

Which of the following statements is most likely to be true regarding people with proactive personalities?

They are committed to their goals and set ambitious goals.

Which of the following statements is true about people with positive core self-evaluations?

Personality is influenced by hereditary factors

Which of the following statements is true about personality?

People with a high need for power and a low need for affiliation often make the best managers.

Which of the following statements is true according to McClelland's theory of needs?

It involves evaluation of a person's features based on comparison with another person

Which of the following statements is true regarding a contrast effect?

Unions typically resist merit-based pay plan.

Which of the following statements is true regarding a merit-based pay plan?

Under this plan, employees acquire company shares, often at below-market prices.

Which of the following statements is true regarding an employee stock ownership plan (ESOP)?

Critics argue that employee recognition programs are highly susceptible to political manipulation by management.

Which of the following statements is true regarding employee recognition?

Flexible benefits can be altered to meet employee needs based on age, marital status, and number and age of dependents.

Which of the following statements is true regarding flexible benefits?

People do better when they get feedback on how well they are progressing toward their goals.

Which of the following statements is true regarding goal-setting theory?

It decreases productivity in the short run.

Which of the following statements is true regarding job rotation?

It allows two or more individuals to split a traditional 40-hour-a-week job.

Which of the following statements is true regarding job sharing?

Our perception of reality can be different from the objective reality.

Which of the following statements is true regarding perception?

Extrinsic rewards tend to reduce intrinsic interest in a task

Which of the following statements is true regarding the cognitive evaluation theory?

The operation of the model is relatively individualistic in nature.

Which of the following statements is true regarding the job characteristics model?

It assumes that an individual is able to identify all relevant options in an unbiased manner.

Which of the following statements is true regarding the rational decision-making model?

Less direct supervision

Which of the following tends to be a major downside of employees telecommuting for managers in an organization?

fundamental attribution error

Which of the following terms best describes the tendency to underestimate the influence of external factors and overestimate the influence of internal factors when making judgments about the behavior of others?

values

Which of the following terms describes basic convictions that "a specific mode of conduct or end-state of existence is personally or socially preferable to an opposite mode of conduct"?

self-fulfilling prophecy

Which of the following terms refers to a situation in which a person inaccurately perceives another person and the resulting expectations cause the other person to behave in ways consistent with the original perception?

decision

Which of the following terms refers to choices made from among two or more alternatives?

heredity

Which of the following terms refers to factors such as one's biological, physiological, and inherent psychological makeup determined at conception?

expectancy theory

Which of the following theories discusses three relationships: effort-performance relationship, performance-reward relationship, and rewards-personal goals relationship?

self-determination theory

Which of the following theories proposes that people prefer to feel they have control over their actions, so anything that makes a previously enjoyed task feel more like an obligation than a freely chosen activity will undermine motivation?

anchoring bias

Which of the following types of biases is most likely to play a significant role during a negotiation?

procedural justice

Which of the following types of justice relates most strongly to job satisfaction, employee trust, withdrawal from the organization, job performance, and citizenship behaviors?

verbal persuasion

Which of the following ways of increasing self-efficacy is generally used by motivational speakers?

The company can enhance productivity of existing employees in various areas for different projects.

Which of the following, if true, would strengthen the argument in favor of adopting job rotation?

The company is now entering its busiest business season with multiple project deadlines.

Which of the following, if true, would weaken the argument of adopting job rotation?

Interpersonal justice or injustice is intimately tied to the conveyer of the information.

Why do people who perceive themselves as victims of interactional injustice often blame their immediate supervisor rather than the organization at large?

There is little evidence that needs are structured or operate in the way it describes

Why is Maslow's theory criticized?

halo effect

William Davies, a guest relations executive at a five star deluxe hotel, regularly interacts with bureaucrats, politicians, celebrities, and other prosperous individuals. He feels that all rich people are kind, hardworking, and friendly. Which of the following best characterizes Davies' perception?

enterprising

With reference to John Holland's personality-job fit theory, people belonging to the ________ type prefer verbal activities in which there are opportunities to influence others and attain powers.

activities that involve thinking, organizing, and understanding

With reference to John Holland's personality-job fit theory, people belonging to the investigating type prefer ________.

mechanic

With reference to John Holland's personality-job fit theory, people belonging to the realistic type will be most suitable for the job of a(n) ________.

seeking solutions that are satisfactory and sufficient

With reference to decision making, which of the following does satisficing involve?

Highly agreeable people tend to do better in interpersonally oriented jobs than less agreeable people.

With reference to the Big Five Model, which of the following is a difference between highly agreeable and less agreeable people?

distinctiveness

With reference to the attribution theory, which of the following terms indicates the extent to which an individual displays different behaviors in different situations?

An employee works hard in order to be relocated to the Paris office but instead is transferred to Beijing

With reference to the expectancy theory, which of the following examples indicates a weak rewards-personal goals relationship?

because someone convinces you that you have the skills necessary to be successful

With reference to the four sources of self-efficacy as proposed by Albert Bandura, verbal persuasion involves becoming more confident ________.

the degree to which a job requires a variety of different activities tapping different abilities

With reference to the job characteristics model, which of the following defines skill variety?

the degree to which a job requires completion of a whole and identifiable piece of work

With reference to the job characteristics model, which of the following defines task identity?

true

Women are more likely than men to overanalyze problems before making a decision and to rehash a decision once made. True or False?

FALSE

Workers around the world prefer rewards based on seniority over rewards based on performance and skills. True or False?

selective perception

You are more likely to notice a car like your own due to ________.

Joe

You manage a department of five employees. You have identified that Joe has a high need for achievement, Mary has a high need for power, and Tim has a high need for affiliation. Sarah scored high on the need for power and low on the need for affiliation. Doug scored low on both need for power and need for affiliation. Which of these five employees is most likely to be suitable for a new assignment that involves a high degree of personal responsibility and feedback?

Sarah

You manage a department of five employees. You have identified that Joe has a high need for achievement, Mary has a high need for power, and Tim has a high need for affiliation. Sarah scored high on the need for power and low on the need for affiliation. Doug scored low on both need for power and need for affiliation. Which of these five employees is most suitable for handling your responsibilities when you are on vacation?

Works councils

________ are groups of nominated or elected employees who must be consulted when management makes decisions about employees.

Operant conditioning theory

________ argues that people learn to behave to get something they want or to avoid something they don't want.

Variable-pay program

________ bases a portion of an employee's pay on some individual and/or organizational measure of performance.

Self-serving

________ bias indicates the tendency of an individual to attribute his or her own successes to internal factors while putting the blame for failures on external factors.

Anchoring

________ bias is a tendency to fixate on initial information and fail to adequately adjust for subsequent information.

Availability

________ bias refers to the tendency for people to base their judgments on information that is easily accessible.

Attribution theory

________ explains the ways in which we judge people differently, depending on the meaning we assign to a given behavior.

Relational job design

________ has a focus on prosocial motivation and is especially salient for organizations with corporate social responsibility.

Conscientiousness

________ has been found to be more important than other traits in the success of CEOs of private equity companies.

Employee involvement

________ is a participative process that uses employees' input to increase their commitment to the organization's success.

Intuitive decision making

________ is an unconscious process created from distilled experience.

Motivation

________ is defined as the processes that account for an individual's intensity, direction, and persistence of effort toward attaining a goal.

Decreased work/life balance

________ is not a benefit of flextime.

Personality

________ is the sum total of ways in which an individual reacts to and interacts with others.

Self-efficacy

________ refers to an individual's belief that he or she is capable of performing a task.

Core self-evaluation

________ refers to bottom-line conclusions individuals have about their capabilities, competence, and worth as a person.

Escalation of commitment

________ refers to staying with a decision even when there is clear evidence it's wrong.

Contrast effect

________ refers to the evaluation of a person's characteristics that is affected by comparisons with other people recently encountered who rank higher or lower on the same characteristics.

Halo effect

________ refers to the tendency of people to draw a general impression about an individual on the basis of a single characteristic.

anchoring bias

is a tendency to fixate on initial information and fail to adequately adjust for subsequent information. It occurs because our mind appears to give a disproportionate amount of emphasis to the first information it receives. Anchors are widely used by people in professions in which persuasion skills are important—advertising, management, politics, real estate, and law.

Perception

is the process by which individuals organize and interpret their sensory impressions in order to give meaning to their environment