MGT 300 CH 7

A _____ is a choice made from available alternatives. decision rationale consensus feasibility

Decision

Which of these is another term for hindsight bias? The "I-knew-it-all-along" effect The "Easy-come-easy-go" principle The "Any-time-any-day" principle The "I-never-would-have-guessed-that" effect

The "I-knew-it-all-along" effect

Which of these are reasons for the increase in ethical violations among business leaders in the 21st century? It has become customary for business leaders to self-report unethical behavior. The 24/7 news cycle places more scrutiny on unethical behavior. Digital communications are more susceptible to hackers and whistleblowers. Globalization allows businesses to operate in regions where ethical risks are greater.

The 24/7 news cycle places more scrutiny on unethical behavior. Digital communications are more susceptible to hackers and whistleblowers. Globalization allows businesses to operate in regions where ethical risks are greater.

A person's decision-making style is a combination of how a person perceives something as well as _____. the time it takes to reach a perception a reflection of how others feel when they verbalize it how they respond to it

how they respond to it

Choose a key benefit of using intuition in decision making. It speeds up the process when deadlines are tight. It is a well thought out process that rationally considers all options. It makes it easier to convince others that the decision makes sense. It slows the process and allows for all opinions to be considered.

It speeds up the process when deadlines are tight.

Which of these are examples of the "curse of knowledge"? Professional bankers taking excessive risks Engineers designing remotes with too many buttons Beverage producers simplifying the list of ingredients used in their products Musicians playing their most popular songs at concerts

Professional bankers taking excessive risks Engineers designing remotes with too many buttons

Which personality dimension indicates the extent to which a person has a high need for structure or control in his or her life? Bounded rationality Ethical foundation Tolerance for ambiguity Value orientation

Tolerance for ambiguity

Decision-making styles vary along which two dimensions? Risk multiplication Tolerance for ambiguity Value orientation Defensive avoidance

Tolerance for ambiguity Value orientation

The results of rational decision making should be evaluated because things may occur that were not foreseen, a "law" in economics known as the Law of _____ Consequences. Unavailable Intentional Unintended Available

Unintended

Samantha had never traveled to New York City before, but she had been on a recent business trip to Houston. When she learned that the hotel room she wanted in New York City cost $300 per night, she was shocked, because she thought the hotel rooms would be priced similarly to those in Houston. This is an example of the _____ bias. cognitive dissonance anchoring and adjustment escalation of commitment sunk-cost

anchoring and adjustment

An AI application that learns from human inputs in order to assist humans in making better decisions is known as

augmented

Rather than holding formal meetings in the board room, Kevin prefers meeting with his group over lunch at a restaurant. He feels that his group opens up more during these lunches and opinions are openly exchanged. Which style of decision making does Kevin use? analytical directive conceptual behavioral

behavioral

Bob was unsure how his boss was going to react to his proposal, so he was careful to put an upbeat "spin" on the situation to emphasize the positive aspects rather than the negative aspects. Bob's method of presenting the situation demonstrates the ___ bias. framing sunk-cost representativeness hindsight

framing

The tendency of decision makers to be influenced by the way a situation or problem is presented to them is referred to as the

framing

When rivals are focused on winning an argument rather than the goal of a meeting and the topics of the meeting are not discussed, it is an example of _____. commitment bias groupthink satisficing goal displacement

goal displacement

The tendency of people to view events as being more predictable than they really are is referred to as

hindsight

During which of the following is positive team spirit and striving for unanimity most likely to lead to poor decision making? Goal displacement Groupthink Satisficing Brainstorming

Groupthink

For who of the following would Big Data analytics be the most useful? A professor who is preparing the syllabus to an introductory-level physics course A physician performing a routine physical A market researcher who is studying consumer behavior An author who is writing an autobiography

A market researcher who is studying consumer behavior

When one of Serena's employees raises the concern that some of the bakery's products may have been contaminated during a cleaning product spill, Serena is overcome with a feeling of worry that customers could become ill if they consume her pastries. Based on these feelings, Serena makes a snap decision to close the store for several hours to allow time for baking a new batch of pastries. Which type of intuition does this represent? Holistic hunch Automated experience Satisficing Logical conclusion

Automated experience

Successful implementation of major decisions requires which of the following? Careful planning Ignoring ethical dilemmas Reliance on the easy way out of the problem Sensitivity to those affected by the decision

Careful planning Sensitivity to those affected by the decision

Which one of the following best describes the decisions made by a person with an analytical style? Frequently rely on intuition and good at finding creative solutions Autocratic, action oriented, and decisive Carefully considers lots information and alternatives Supportive of others and receptive to suggestions

Carefully considers lots information and alternatives

Which decision-making style is characterized by a high tolerance for ambiguity and the consideration of many options together with a willingness to take risks? Directive Conceptual Analytical Behavioral

Conceptual

When making decisions for her department, Ellie tends to take a long time because she takes into consideration a large amount of information. What type of decision-making style does Ellie demonstrate? Analytical Conceptual Directive Behavioral

Analytical

What is the fundamental concern shared among all critics of artificial intelligence? Artificial intelligence will amplify the negative effects of climate change. Artificial intelligence has the capacity to exceed human capabilities, leaving us under its control. Artificial intelligence will make us less likely to interact with each other on a personal level. Artificial intelligence threatens to eliminate the incentive for humans to work hard.

Artificial intelligence has the capacity to exceed human capabilities, leaving us under its control.

What are appropriate actions for a manager to take if a decision is not working as intended? Change it slightly. Give it more time. Deny there is anything wrong. Start over. Blame others. Try another alternative.

Change it slightly. Give it more time. Start over. Try another alternative.

According to psychologist Daniel Kahneman, which of the following characteristics describe System 2 thinking? Unconscious Deliberate Intuitive Conscious Analytical

Conscious Analytical Deliberate

What is the third stage of the rational model of decision making? Identify the problem or opportunity. Implement and evaluate the chosen solution. Develop alternative solutions. Evaluate alternatives and select a solution.

Evaluate alternatives and select a solution.

______ are strategies such as "rules of thumb" that simplify decision making. Biases Heuristics Rationalizations Data mining practices

Heuristics

An individual with a high tolerance for ambiguity would most likely be attracted to which style of decision making? Concrete Directive Behavioral Analytical

Analytical

Turbine Manufacturing uses artificial intelligence in its factories to automate basic tasks, freeing human employees to perform more high-level finishing and quality assurance tasks. Which area of artificial intelligence does this illustrate? Assisted intelligence Applied intelligence Augmented intelligence Autonomous intelligence

Assisted intelligence

As businesses continue to incorporate artificial intelligence into the decision-making process, what will become even more important for humans to do? Display good judgment Collect and compile data from fewer sources Generate alternative simulations of past behavior Monitor statistics manually for hidden patterns

Display good judgment

Consulting firm Accenture predicts that by 2035 artificial intelligence will have which economic effect? Economic growth will double. Economic growth will stay roughly the same. Economic growth will fall by half. Economic growth will increase by 2 or 3 percent.

Economic growth will double.

What is the most valuable competitive resource for a manager who needs alternative solutions to a problem? Facilities with open space Money from investors Customers of competitors Employees with ideas

Employees with ideas

What is the third stage of the rational model of decision making? Develop alternative solutions. Evaluate alternatives and select a solution. Implement and evaluate the chosen solution. Identify the problem or opportunity.

Evaluate alternatives and select a solution

Jai is a member of a tight-knit team at work that avoids any kind of disagreement.Team members, therefore, avoid considering new ideas. What behavior is Jai's team exhibiting? Groupthink Goal displacement Burnout Overconfidence

Groupthink

What is the best way to develop a ready-made solution? Borrow the approaches that worked best for other individuals or organizations whom you admire. Identify best practices and turn them into standard operating procedure. Conduct a survey of preferred approaches to a problem and implement the most common responses. Conduct a cost-benefit analysis and pursue the cheapest options.

Identify best practices and turn them into standard operating procedure.

Which of these are part of the seven implementation principles of evidence-based decision making? If all else fails, slow the spread of bad practice. Treat your organization as an unfinished prototype. Like everything else, you still have to sell it. Don't worry about what outsiders think.

If all else fails, slow the spread of bad practice. Treat your organization as an unfinished prototype. Like everything else, you still have to sell it.

Which of the following questions is NOT one of the questions used in Bagley's ethical decision tree? Does the proposed action maximize shareholder value? Is the proposed action ethical? Would it be ethical not to take the proposed action? Is the proposed action legal? Is the proposed action a benefit to our competitors?

Is the proposed action a benefit to our competitors?

Identify the drawbacks to using intuition in the decision-making process. Check all that apply. It is ineffectual when decision making deadlines are tight. It can be difficult to convince others about the validity of your hunch. It generally takes longer than rational decision-making. It is subject to the same decision-making biases as rational decision making.

It can be difficult to convince others about the validity of your hunch. It is subject to the same decision-making biases as rational decision making.

Identify the benefits of using intuition in the decision-making process. Check all that apply. It can speed up decision making. It is always more reliable than rational decision making. It is not subject to the biases that affect rational decision making. It can be helpful to managers when resources are limited.

It can be helpful to managers when resources are limited. It can speed up decision making.

Knowledge of decision-making styles can assist managers in many ways except for which one of the following? It increases their ability to influence others by catering to their style. It increases the biases of the manager toward their favorite style. It facilitates the potential for self-improvement in making decisions It helps to identify a manager's own strengths and weaknesses in making decisions.

It increases the biases of the manager toward their favorite style.

Which examples illustrate prosocial lying? Martin inflates the sales figures on a quarterly report to make his boss look better. Irma claims some of her personal expenditures as business expenses. Jody approves a loan for a couple even though they are unlikely to be able to afford their payments. Devin accuses a coworker of leaking top-secret information to competitors without evidence.

Jody approves a loan for a couple even though they are unlikely to be able to afford their payments. Martin inflates the sales figures on a quarterly report to make his boss look better.

As expertise grows, experts can be less able to see their products from an outsider's view and may make decisions that are no longer intuitive to users. This process has been called the curse of _____. design knowledge specialization degrees

Knowledge

Which of these characteristics are associated with someone with a high tolerance for ambiguity? Lacking a strong need for control Desiring a high degree of structure Thriving in uncertain situations Feeling stressed or anxious in strange situations

Lacking a strong need for control Thriving in uncertain situations

Evidence-based management attempts to introduce which factor into the decision-making process? Speed Idealism Rationality Self-interest

Rationality

Which are examples of the application of Big Data analytics? Reviewing social media posts to predict the revenue a new movie will generate Reporting current weather conditions in major U.S. cities. Using information about current employees to sort through large volumes of job applications Studying nationwide medical information to inform health policy decisions

Reviewing social media posts to predict the revenue a new movie will generate Using information about current employees to sort through large volumes of job applications Studying nationwide medical information to inform health policy decisions

"Close enough is good enough" best characterizes which model of decision making? Rational Intuition Satisficing Predictive

Satisficing

Which model of decision making emphasizes choosing the first solution that meets the criteria, rather than the optimal choice? Intuition Irrational Behavioral Satisficing

Satisficing

Which of the following are examples of Big Data? Social network communications Web-browsing data trails Unrecorded customer interactions Data in corporate databases Surveillance data

Social network communications Web-browsing data trails Data in corporate databases Surveillance data

Apex Enterprises spent a large amount of money to customize a pumping system it bought many years ago. A supplier is now offering a new pumping system that will save the company money in the long term. However, Apex decides to keep the older system because it has already spent so much money on the older system. What type of bias is this an example of? Sunk-cost Availability Representative Confirmation

Sunk-cost

Which model of decision making acknowledges that uncertainty and risk make it difficult for managers to make optimal decisions? The statistical model The nonrational model The rational model The brainstorming model

The nonrational model

When Kendra's manager asked the team to come up with new ideas for attracting people to their trade show booth, Kendra suggested installing a video game in the booth. Which part of the rational decision making process does Kendra's idea exemplify? Implement the solution. Evaluate alternatives. Identify the problem. Think up alternative solutions.

Think up alternative solutions.

In a study done at Babson College's Working Knowledge Research Center, researchers identified what three key attributes of organizations committed to quantitative, fact-based analysis? Use of modeling Support from top management Multiple applications Employee agreement Domination of the competition

Use of modeling Support from top management Multiple applications

Decision-making styles vary along which two dimensions? Defensive avoidance Tolerance for ambiguity Risk multiplication Value orientation

Value orientation Tolerance for ambiguity

The concept that suggests that the ability of decision makers to be rational is limited by constraints such as complexity, skills, time and money is known as ___ rationality.

bounded

"Don't tell me the truth; just tell me what I want to hear" is an example of the _______ bias. confirmation representative availability sunk-cost

confirmation

The _____ bias occurs when people seek data to support their point of view and disregard information that does not support it. sunk-cost anchoring representativeness confirmation

confirmation

Conducting a(n) _____ involves analyzing the underlying causes of a problem or opportunity. predictive model diagnosis value orientation benchmark

diagnosis

Ronnie's company uses large numbers of snow blowers. After several failed, Ronnie determined that the failures were due to defective motors and decided that the company would use a different vendor for future purchases. In this situation, Ronnie is making a(n) _____. matrix forecast goal diagnosis

diagnosis

Goal _____ occurs when the primary goal is subsumed by a secondary goal. bias commitment stimulation displacement

displacement

Which of the following is an advantage of group decision making? goal displacement satisficing intellectual stimulation groupthink

intellectual stimulation

When a few members of a group publicly oppose the beliefs, ideas, policies or procedures assumed by the majority of the group, it is referred to as _____. minority assent groupthink minority dissent majority opposition

minority dissent

Analytics are best used to help companies track _____ applications. simple multiple difficult single

multiple

As a manager, Colin realizes that there is no single formula for making easy decisions. In reality, business decisions he has to make involve uncertainty and risk. This describes the _____ model of decision making. prescriptive complacent rational nonrational

nonrational

Evidence-based decision relies on ______. observations about what actually works personal beliefs about what should work a leader's authority to make a final choice polls to determine the most popular approach

observations about what actually works

Situations that present possibilities for exceeding existing goals are known as _____. opportunities behaviors decisions problems

opportunities

Ryan learns that distribution problems caused a competitor's sales to fall in his region. He decides to take advantage of the situation by adding a salesperson to capture some of the competitor's lost business. Ryan is demonstrating how a(n) ______ affects decision making. schematic threat diagnosis opportunity

opportunity

The _____ bias occurs when people's positive feelings about their own decision-making ability is greater than their objective accuracy. overconfidence escalation hindsight framing

overconfidence

You fall prey to the overconfidence bias when you ______ your knowledge or expertise in a decision situation. accurately estimate ignore underestimate overestimate

overestimate

In order to develop the best customer base it can, Harrison's Gourmet Foods sends out different types of promotional items to see which one garners the best response in terms of customers who will buy once and come back to order again. The information Harrison's receives provides the basis for _____ modeling. biased avoidance intentional predictive

predictive

The rational model of decision-making is considered _____ in that it describes how managers should make decisions, rather than how they actually make them. unconventional predictive prescriptive unethical

prescriptive

What are the four general styles of decision making associated with a person's value orientation and tolerance for ambiguity? Formative Collaborative Behavioral Conceptual Directive Analytical

Behavioral Conceptual Directive Analytical

Stores of data that are so large or complex that it is difficult to process them using traditional data base management applications are known as ______. data mining cloud computing Big Data proscriptive analytics

Big Data

The process of examining large amounts of data in a variety of types to uncover hidden patterns, unknown correlations, and other useful information is known as _____. database normalization Big Data analytics cloud computing proscriptive modeling

Big Data analytics

Artificial intelligence aids human decision making by exhibiting superior performance in which of the following activities? Interpreting human emotions to identify the mind-set of key stakeholders Initiating and facilitating relationships between key human stakeholders Composing simple yet powerful written explanations of complex ideas Building and analyzing models and simulations to make predictions

Building and analyzing models and simulations to make predictions

In what way is artificial intelligence expected to make business and personal data safer? By monitoring and deflecting the activities of hackers By giving every human a secret identification number that will replace social security and bank account numbers By eliminating the need for online transactions By translating all information shared online into a language that is impossible for humans to interpret

By monitoring and deflecting the activities of hackers

Which one of the following best describes the decisions made by a person with an analytical style? Frequently rely on intuition and good at finding creative solutions Supportive of others and receptive to suggestions Carefully considers lots information and alternatives Autocratic, action oriented, and decisive

Carefully considers lots information and alternatives

What is the main difference between critical thinking and the moment-to-moment thinking that we use in our everyday lives? Critical thinking relies on emotion and instinct, whereas moment-to-moment thinking requires logic and reason. Critical thinking is used for reflecting on past events, whereas moment-to-moment thinking focuses on planning for the future. Critical thinking requires deliberate mental processes, whereas moment-to-moment thinking is automatic and prone to bias. Critical thinking involves negative thoughts, whereas moment-to-moment thinking focuses on positivity and being present.

Critical thinking requires deliberate mental processes, whereas moment-to-moment thinking is automatic and prone to bias.

Which of the following are ways in which artificial intelligence is expected to improve the interactions between businesses and employees or consumers? Eliminating human bias from human resources decisions Reducing work demands and freeing up more time for family or leisure Tailoring products to the personal needs and preferences of individual consumers Eliminating the hierarchy of authority in favor of a "flat" organizational structure

Eliminating human bias from human resources decisions Reducing work demands and freeing up more time for family or leisure Tailoring products to the personal needs and preferences of individual consumers

In general, managers are most likely to tolerate unethical behavior among which of the following groups of employees? Young and inexperienced marketing interns High-performing salespeople Poor-performing production assistants Entry-level analysts

High-performing salespeople

What is the name for an intuitive decision based on a person's years of experience with similar situations? Holistic hunch Logical conclusion Automated experience Rational analysis

Holistic hunch

Which of the following questions would you use to evaluate alternatives in the third stage of the rational model of decision making. Is it creative? Is it ultimately effective? Is it feasible? Is it profitable? Is it ethical?

Is it ultimately effective? Is it feasible? Is it ethical?

Which of these describe how knowledge of decision-making styles affects managers' work? It reduces managers' ability to predict future challenges. It allows managers to better identify personal strengths and weaknesses. It enables managers to more accurately blame others for problems. It gives managers an understanding of how different people reach different conclusions.

It gives managers an understanding of how different people reach different conclusions. It allows managers to better identify personal strengths and weaknesses.

What are common results of groupthink? Loss of new ideas Infighting and conflict Failure to consider new information Ideas that are too ambitious or unorthodox

Loss of new ideas Failure to consider new information

Which of these assumptions are made in the rational model of decision making? Managers will always select the course of action that they know will most benefit the organization. Managers have complete, error-free information about alternative courses of action and their consequences. Managers will be influenced by their own self-interest when choosing among alternative courses of action. Managers are able to make logical decisions without prejudice or emotional blind spots. Managers will not be limited by time or money constraints when implementing the chosen solution.

Managers will always select the course of action that they know will most benefit the organization. Managers have complete, error-free information about alternative courses of action and their consequences. Managers are able to make logical decisions without prejudice or emotional blind spots.

One method of reducing the escalation of commitment is to measure performance against which metric? Industry leader performance Next-closest-competitor performance Minimum performance targets Ideal performance targets

Minimum performance targets

Which models are characteristic nonrational models of decision making? Models that describe how managers should make decisions Models that train managers how to make ethical decisions Models that try to predict future behaviors and consequences Models that describe how managers actually make decisions

Models that describe how managers actually make decisions

Which of the following are examples of what can function as the first stage in rational decision making by managers? Low staff turnover Poor product quality Customer complaints Sales shortfalls

Poor product quality Customer complaints Sales shortfalls

People with a conceptual decision-making style are likely to do which of the following? Rely on intuition Find creative solutions Take risks Act autocratically Focus on the facts

Rely on intuition Find creative solutions Take risks

Which techniques are effective ways to reduce the escalation of commitment? Set minimum performance targets and compare performance results. Encourage managers to become ego-involved with their projects. Make decision makers aware of the costs of persistence. Rotate managers in key positions during a project.

Set minimum performance targets and compare performance results. Make decision makers aware of the costs of persistence. Rotate managers in key positions during a project.

Which of the following is an accurate description of decision making? The act of implementing a plan that has already been conceived The procedure of explaining a choice that has been made The process of analyzing the underlying causes of a situation The process of identifying and choosing alternative courses of action

The process of identifying and choosing alternative courses of action

Which model of decision making explains how managers should use logic to determine the optimal means of furthering the organization's best interests? The optimal model The limited model The analytical model The rational model

The rational model

Select the reasons it can be difficult to make evidence based decisions. Objective data is often misleading. There is too much evidence. There is not enough good evidence. People are trying to mislead you. Clear statistics are readily available.

There is too much evidence. There is not enough good evidence. People are trying to mislead you.

Which of these are examples of business analytics? Advertising campaigns Time-series forecast Marketing plans Portfolio analysis Groupthink

Time-series forecast Portfolio analysis

Which of the following approaches to using analytics is most likely to create a competitive advantage? Using a single application to support a single part of the business Using a single application to support multiple parts of the business Using multiple applications to support multiple parts of the business Using multiple applications to support a single part of the business

Using multiple applications to support multiple parts of the business

Which of the following is the best diagnostic question for an organization practicing evidence-based decision according to Jeffrey Pfeffer and Robert Sutton? What is the likelihood of failure? Is the proposed action feasible? What happens when people fail? How much will this cost?

What happens when people fail?

When are directors, managers, and employees most likely to engage in unethical behavior? When the company has no major competitors When they prioritize their personal ethics ahead of the company's well-being When they feel compelled to put company interests ahead of their own sense of right and wrong When company leadership is exceptionally demanding of its employees

When they feel compelled to put company interests ahead of their own sense of right and wrong

According to Ed Catmull of Pixar and Disney Animation, what is the absolute minimum that should be accomplished in a project post-mortem? Simulate what would have happened if you would have chosen a different strategy. Write down five things you would do again and five things you wouldn't. Give everyone two minutes to criticize the project leader. Rank each team member in order of the importance of their contributions.

Write down five things you would do again and five things you wouldn't.

An online retailer uses complex data-mining software to evaluate the preferences and buying habits of its customers and makes decisions based on these findings. This is an example of the use of ______ in the decision-making process. intuition satisficing analytics ethics

analytics

Tonya decided to purchase a piece of equipment from a domestic company instead of an overseas company despite the domestic company's higher cost and lower quality. Her decision was based on uncertainty that the foreign shipment would meet her production deadline. According to Herbert Simon, Tonya was feeling the effects of _____. relaxed avoidance bounded rationality intuition benchmarking

bounded rationality

A graph of decisions and their possible consequences used to create a plan is known as a(n) ______. rational model decision tree business analytic incremental model

decision tree

Jackson likes to hear the facts of a situation and make a quick decision based on these facts. His employees say he likes to focus on the here and now and doesn't consider future repercussions of his decisions. What type of decision-making style does Jackson use? behavioral conceptual analytical directive

directive

People with a(n) _______ decision-making style have a low tolerance for ambiguity and are task oriented. They are efficient, logical, and practical in their approach to solving problems and making decision. Which style do they use? conceptual analytical directive behavioral incremental

directive

The rise of artificial intelligence in the 21st century is expected to ______ the need for human decision makers. eliminate enhance reduce relocate

enhance

"Throwing good money after bad" characterizes the _____ bias. confirmation anchoring and adjustment framing escalation of commitment

escalation of commitment

The first stage in the rational decision-making process involves _____. identifying the problem implementing the solution evaluating alternative solutions coming up with possible solutions

identifying the problem

In the fourth stage of rational decision making, managers will _____. evaluate the alternatives and select a solution develop alternative solutions to the problem or opportunity identify the problem or opportunity implement and evaluate the chosen solution

implement and evaluate the chosen solution

"Going with your gut," or _____, is making a choice without the use of conscious thought or logical inference. risk propensity analytics intuition satisficing

intuition

According to psychologist Daniel Kahneman, System 1 thinking is _____. rational and subconscious intuitive and largely unconscious nonrational and conscious analytical and conscious

intuitive and largely unconscious

A manager that hires all applicants that have graduated from a certain college because a particularly good employee came from that same college is an example of _____. representativeness bias escalation of commitment bias anchoring and adjustment bias confirmation bias

representativeness bias

Heuristics are strategies that ______ the process of making decisions. categorize initiate simplify complicate

simplify

All of the following are advantages to group decision making EXCEPT _____. different perspectives greater pool of knowledge deeper commitment to the decision superiors can dominate or intimidate the group

superiors can dominate or intimidate the group

Eileen had provided the weekly inventory report to the management team every Friday for the past four months, but she wasn't able to generate the report last week because she was attending a seminar learning how to use the new inventory software. Her boss sent her an e-mail reminding her of the importance of the report and asking her to be sure and submit it every Friday. This is an example of _____. the availability bias predictive modeling the sunk-cost bias the Delphi technique

the availability bias

Kendall is frustrated with her co-worker Jill. She feels that Jill doesn't care that their manager seems to be showing favoritism toward the two other members of their team. Jill just focuses on the work she is supposed to do, which demonstrates her _____. people concerns SWOT analysis benchmarking value orientation

value orientation