MGT 305 exam 3 - Chapters 7,8,9,10,16

Ch. 10: Organizational Change & Innovation Amazon Case Study: Basis of case

- Amazon has used the ever changing market to its advantage - Built for transformation from the very beginning - Market-changing customer value proposed, encourages finding ways to serve existing or new customers in any way possible, PERFECTED a culture of change - Focus on delivering value above all - CEO = Jeff Bezos - Amazon's innovation has secured it a top spot as a growing and successful company - Consistent release of new innovations has labeled the company as a disrupter in the retail industry.

_______ is an example of a reactive change.

- Giving compensation to a customer who complained of receiving bad service

Amazon Case Study: What three things does Bezos claim make the biggest difference in building a successful innovative culture?

- hiring people with a creative track record - decentralizing the work of coming up with new products so much that all employees feel it is expected of them - encouraging experiments with new innovations

Which super trend facing the future of business is Amazon directly escaping by continuing a culture of innovation and creating new products and services before competitors?

- some companies are unable to survive disruptive innovation by creating disruptive products and services before competitors, Amazon is able to prepare for and adapt to the changes made by these products and services more quickly. The company's culture of innovation creates an adaptable environment that enables survival through disruptive innovations.

The Organizational Development Process:

1. Diagnosis 2. Intervention 3. Evaluation 4. Feedback

OD process, what questions are being asked?

1. What is the problem? 2. What shall we do about it? 3. How well has the intervention worked? 4. How can the diagnosis be further refined?

The Performance Management System: (four steps)

1. defining performance 2. monitoring and evaluating performance 3. reviewing performance 4. providing consequences

Union Shop

A company in which new employees must join a union within a stated time period.

Reactive versus Proactive changes

A reactive change is making changes in response to problems or opportunities as they arise. A proactive change is a planned change, involving making carefully thought-out changes in anticipation of possible or expected problems or opportunities.

PDCA Cycle Examples: - Steve looks over the data for performance so far this year

Act

Seth's company will not allow him to receive an extension of health insurance benefits after his termination.

COBRA

PDCA Cycle Examples: - Chester gathers some data shortly after implementing some new methods

Check

Chapter 8: Organizational Culture, Structure, and Design What are the four types of organizational cultures?

Clan Adhocracy Hierarchy Market

Four major organizational elements identified by Edgar Schein:

Common purpose Coordinated effort Division of labor Hierarchy of authority

Control Process Steps: - Emily is the supervisor of the quality control department. She compares the number of returned products to the desires amount of returned products.

Compare Performance to Standard

Control Process Steps: - Adam is head of the parts department. He measures the actual number of defective parts to the standard number of defective parts.

Compare Performance to Standards

Hindrances to Rational Decision Making: - The problems that need solving are often exceedingly complex, beyond understanding.

Complex

Decision Making Styles EXAMPLES: - Peyton has a high tolerance or ambiguity and tends to focus on the social aspects of a situation. She is willing to take risks and is good at finding creative solutions to problems.

Conceptual

COBRA

Consolidated Omnibus Budget Reconciliation Act. Mandates an insurance program which gives some employees the ability to continue health insurance coverage after leaving employment.

Rules for Brainstorming:

Defer Build Encourage Quantity Visual Converse

Rita and Juan claimed that Carlos did not "get to them in time" before they decided the issues were insurmountable. Based on organizational development theory, Rita and Juan would most likely agree that Carlos failed at which step of the process?

Diagnosis Carlos should have attempted to see what the problem was, and what may be the cause or causes.

Hindrances to Rational Decision Making: - Managers aren't all built the same way, of course, and all have personal limitations and biases that affect their judgement.

Differences

Decision Making Styles EXAMPLES: - Colin has a low tolerance for ambiguity. He is efficient, logical, practical, and systematic in his approach to solving problems.

Directive

Which decision making style focuses on facts to be decisive and action-oriented?

Directive

Based on the ten reasons employees resist change, why might Rita and Juan want to leave the organization after the merger?

Disruption of group relationships Here, Rita and Juan have enjoyed their working relationship with Carlos, and dislike now working for two individuals from the merger company. The disruption of their prior group relationship may be a cause for resistance to change.

PDCA Cycle Examples: - Diego gathers a group of his top employees to try out some new methods he would like to use

Do

Control Process Steps: - Irina is head of the production department. She determines the number of products to be produced monthly and quarterly.

Establish Standards

Control Process Steps: - JD is head of the customer service department. He establishes the acceptable level of performance for his staff.

Establish Standards

Hindrances to Rational Decision Making: - Other managers, including colleagues, have conflicting goals.

Goals

Areas of control: - Jane hires a consultant to complete an employee engagement survey.

Human

Fair Minimum Wage Act

Increased federal minimum wage to $7.25 per hour on July 24, 2009

Decision Making Biases: - Hindsight Bias

Kathy - A new company offering office supplies opened up an Kathy decided to try the new vendor, not knowing if their service would be any good. After a few months of good service, Kathy looked back and felt she knew she had picked a winner all along.

Control Process Steps: - Maddie is head of the accounting department. She evaluates the cost management of divisional inventory by examining the cost per item purchased.

Measure Performance

Decision Making Styles: - Behavioral

People with this style are the most people-oriented of the four styles. People with this style work well with others and enjoy social interactions in which opinions are openly exchanged.

Decision Making Styles: - Conceptual

People with this style have a high tolerance for ambiguity and tend to focus on the people or social aspects of a work situation.

Decision Making Styles: - Analytical

People with this style have a much higher tolerance for ambiguity and are characterized by the tendency to overanalyze situations.

Areas of control: - Paul's primary responsibility is to make sure computer equipment is not being used for personal business and socializing. He gets a report whenever there is excessive use of sites like Facebook and Twitter by any one computer.

Physical

PDCA Cycle Examples: - Mike reviews last year's reports in order to work on ideas for new techniques and methods

Plan

What are the steps of the PDCA Cycle?

Plan Do Check Act

Ch. 16: Controlling is monitoring performance and making something happen the way it was planned, with four functions. The __________ function of controlling for productivity is best illustrated by the statement in the video, "But how does even a simple apple make it to people who are too poor to buy it but still need to eat?"

Planning The planning step of controlling for productivity is best illustrated by that statement.

Hindrances to Rational Decision Making: - Some data are considered more important, so certain facts are ignored.

Priorities

Which of the following is not a way that Amazon encourages innovation?

Providing specific solutions Providing the right organizational culture, the right people or human capital, the appropriate resources, and the correct reward system are all listed in the book as a way to encourage innovation and implied in the article. Providing specific solutions to problems would likely hinder innovation, not encourage it.

Duncan is fired from his job because he informed the Securities and Exchange Commission of possible fraud committed by his company's executives.

Sarbanes-Oxley Act

Additionally elements (to Schein's) researchers agree on:

Span of control Authority, responsibility, and delegation Centralization vs. decentralization

Rules for Brainstorming: - Converse

The ground rules are that no one interrupts another person, no dismissing of someone's ideas, and no disrespect or rudeness.

Compensation and Benefits: - Base pay

This part of compensation is given to employees in exchange for doing their jobs

Working in a group to make a decision is beneficial in that it can provide an opportunity for:

a better understanding of decision rationale.

Open Shop

a company whose workers are hired without regard to their membership in a labor union

Closed Shop

a place of work where membership in a union is a condition for being hired and for continued employment.

What are Benefits?

additional nonmonetary forms of compensation designed to enrich the lives of all employees in the organization, which are paid all or in part by the organization.

Nine fundamental biases that impact how people process information when making decisions:

availability representativeness confirmation sunk cost anchoring and adjustment overconfidence hindsight framing escalation of commitment

Ch. 7: Advantages and Disadvantages of Group Decision Making How do managers decide whether to make decisions themselves or involve a group?

based on weighing the advantages and disadvantages to using group decision making.

J&J's credo appears to embody the __________ of its organizational culture, which are the core values of the organization that go beyond simply acting in certain ways; these are taken for granted and are very difficult to change.

basic assumptions

Subsidized daycare and free onsite recreation options are examples of

benefits

Which scenario fits under Daniel Kahnman's System 2 of thinking? a. detecting hostility in a voice b. evaluating the distance of an object c. filling out a tax form d. reacting to a loud noise e. realizing that a crying girl is upet

c. filling out a tax form

Though her team wants immediate answers from Samantha on their requests, she advises them that she will need to check with higher-ups before getting back to them. This most likely means that Quantum Gaming has __________ authority.

centralized

The J&J credo helps to reinforce the set of values that the organization believes in to create a(n) _________ culture, in which communication, people development, and commitment are important.

clan a clan culture has an internal focus and values flexibility rather than stability and control.

All employees are required to participate in J&J credo training, which serves as a ________, to give everyone an understanding of the organization's reason for being.

common purpose All employees are required to participates in J&J credo training, which serves as a common purpose, to give everyone an understanding of the organization's reason for being.

Agency Shop

company in which employees are not required to join the union, but must pay union dues

Johnson and Johnson is consistently named as one of the top 10 places to work due to its ________, which focusses on service and social responsibility.

corporate culture

According to Kee Meng Yeo of J&J eUniversity, the strength of the organization lies in its _______ structure, in which each functional group operates on its own.

decentralized authority

Katelyn and her supervisor discuss how the market is looking and how much of an increase in sales she believes is realistic and attainable for this year

define performance

Ch. 9: Which performance management step is the "clear explanation of expectations" of new employees considered?

defining performance Defining performance is setting goals and communicating performance expectations.

Decision Making Styles: 4 Styles

directive analytical conceptual behavioral

Samantha's team seems to be based on a certain customer or customers. This means that Quantum Gaming most likely has a __________ organizational structure that groups activities around common customers or clients.

divisional

As employees complete J&J credo and leadership training, they begin to demonstrate the values of the credo. The demonstration of the values and norms exhibited by the organization is known as...

enacted values.

Four main steps of the control process:

establish standards measure performance compare performance to standards take corrective action

Johnson and Johnson is a ________ organization with products such as baby oil and bandages, as well as less identifiable medical and pharmaceutical products.

for-profit

ADEA (Age Discrimination in Employment Act)

forbids discrimination against any person aged 40 or older in hiring, firing, promotion, or other aspect of employment.

The J&J credo, which states, "We believe our first responsibility is to doctors, nurses, and patients," is an example of a

formal statement. The first way to embed preferred culture is through the use of formal statements of organizational philosophy, mission, vision, values, as well as materials used for recruiting, selecting, and socializing employees.

For-profit organizations

formed to make money, or profits, by offering products or services.

Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act

health care reform law passed in 2010 that includes incentives and penalties for employers providing health insurance as a benefit

Because J&J is a family company, Robert Wood Johnson, affectionately known as "the General," is considered a(n) ________, as he embodies the values of the organization.

hero

Keeping employees by moving them to new or better jobs within the company is one way that SAS maintains its rich source of __________, or the economic or productive potential of employee knowledge, experience, and actions.

human capital

The article emphasizes that organizations must invest substantially in __________, which consists of the activities managers perform to plan for, attract, develop, and retain an effective workforce.

human resource management

Schein's Elements: - coordinated effort

individuals do make a difference, but they cannot do everything themselves

To take advantage of supply and demand opportunities, the Greater Chicago Food Depository likely uses the _____________ perspective to examine how they can contribute to improve and create value.

innovation and learning

An organization's culture...

is a unique system of shared beliefs and values that develops within an organization and guides the behavior of its members. It can vary considerably with different organizations having different emphasis on risk taking, treatment of employees, teamwork, rules and regulations, conflict and criticism, and rewards.

Advantages to group decision making?

knowledge perspectives intellect understanding commitment

Equal Pay Act

made it illegal for employers to pay female workers less than men for the same job

Tyler has a discussion with his supervisor about how sales are going and whether or not it looks like he will make this year's budgeted sales figures

monitor and evaluate performance

According to Jeff Chambers, applicants with the ________________ don't fit with SAS's collaborative culture.

need to do their own thing

As illustrated by the potato example, the Greater Chicago Food Depository has a distribution time of a few days to a few hours to satisfy its internal goal of _____________ to provide lower cost, higher quality, and greater speed at delivering food.

operational improvements The internal goal of operational improvements was met to provide lower cost, higher quality, and greater speed at delivering food.

The warehouse that the Greater Chicago Food Depository currently operates from represents the _________ area of organizational control.

physical The warehouse represents the physical area of organizational control.

Nancy received her bonus check when she beat her sales goal by 10%

provide consequences

Changes that label Amazon as a disrupter in the industry are considered __________ changes.

radically innovative These involve introducing a practice that is new to the industry.

Peter Cappelli's argument about the skills gap stresses that companies should restructure the way they think about the __________ step of the strategic human resource management process.

recruiting and selecting people Cappelli claims that a skills gap certainly does not exist, and the difficulties companies are facing in finding talent is a result of their own skewed expectations.

While Patricia's sales are strong, they do not appear to be in line with what she and her supervisor anticipated, so they are meeting to discuss how she can boost her sales in time to meet her goals

review performance

Disadvantages to group decision making?

satisfaction dominating perspectives groupthink displacement

Three fundamental types of organizational design

simple, functional, and divisional

As stated in the case, organizations must begin hiring skilled candidates with the expectation that new employees will need ample training and time to adjust to the company standards. The text supports this idea with the statement that the first ____________ on a job can be critical to how one performs over the long haul, because that's when the psychological patterns are established.

six months

Groupthink

the practice of thinking or making decisions as a group in a way that discourages creativity or individual responsibility. "there's always a danger of groupthink when two leaders are alike."

Schein's Elements: - division of labor

this results in greater efficiency

In order to increase efficiency and minimize food spoiling from receiving through shipping, the Greater Chicago Food Depository focuses on a streamlined operation that depends on the ________________ characteristic of a successful control system.

timely and accurate The Greater Chicago Food Depository focuses on the timely, accurate, and objective characteristics of a successful control system.

The redistribution of the apple pie from the four-star restaurant to a hungry Chicagoan represents which of the following reasons why control is needed?

to detect opportunities This represents the detection of opportunities as a reason why control is needed.

Sam has been an employee of a large company for over 10 years and recently celebrated his 60th birthday. His boss tells him that he is not going to be interviewed for a promotion because he doesn't have enough "good years" left in him to warrant the investment in training.

ADEA

Decision Making Biases: - Framing Bias

Allison - When she was looking at leasing a new car, Allison noticed that the salesman focused more on the monthly payment than on the overall cost of the lease versus buying it outright.

Decision Making Biases: - Availability Bias

Amber - When she traveled to Australia on business recently, Amber assumed the weather would be the same as her home in NY. She soon found out that instead of the summer season like it was at home, it was winter in Australia.

Decision Making Styles EXAMPLES: - Arti has a high tolerance for ambiguity but focuses on on technical aspects more than social. She is a careful decision maker, taking longer to make decisions but acting well in new situations.

Analytical

According to the text, what is an advantage of recruiting externally, such as posting job openings on internet sites, as SAS often does?

Applicants may have fresh viewpoints

OSHA (Occupational Safety and Health Administration)

Assure safe and healthful working conditions for working men and women by setting and enforcing standards and by providing training, outreach, education, and assistance.

Basic assumptions of an organization

Basic assumptions of an organization's culture are not observable, representing the core values of an organization's culture. They are so deeply engrained that they are taken for granted and, as a result, are difficult to change.

Decision Making Styles EXAMPLES: - Herb is very people-oriented. When making decisions, he enjoys social interactions in which opinions are openly exchanged. He is receptive to suggestions and tends to avoid conflicts.

Behavioral

Decision Making Biases: - Overconfidence Bias

Bill - After a couple of weeks in his class in corporate finance, Bill decided that he should be able to do just as good a job at making investment decisions as his broker was.

Hindrances to Rational Decision Making: - There is not enough time or money to gather all relevant information.

Constraints

Areas of control: - Dave starts his new job and learns that his colleagues have higher quality and performance expectations of each other than the company has of them!

Cultural

By encouraging employees to experiment with new innovations that are of interest to them, Bezos is supporting which of Scott Berkun's seeds of innovation?

Curiosity

Rules for Brainstorming: - Defer

Don't criticize during the initial stage of idea generation. Phrases such as "we've never done it that way," "it won't work," and "it's too expensive" should not be used

Compensation and Benefits: - Incentives

Doug works really hard and is a top salesman in his firm. Doug enjoys his paycheck every other week, but really looks forward to the healthy commission checks he gets that are based on his sales.

Rules for Brainstorming: - Encourage

Encourage out of the box thinking. The wilder and more outrageous the ideas, the better.

Sarbanes-Oxley Act

Federal legislation passed in 2002 that sets higher ethical standards for public corporations and accounting firms. Key provisions limit conflict-of-interest issues and require financial officers and CEOs to certify the validity of their financial statements.

Organic Organizations

Few rules and procedures, many teams or task forces, decentralized hierarchy of authority, flatter structure, informal communication, wider span of control, shared tasks

The Produce People Share program, which provides six million pounds of fresh fruits and vegetables to the impoverished poor, has a(n) _________ orientation, a principle under total quality management (TQM) in which the organization is focussed on delivering value to customers.

People This program operates under the following assumptions: delivering customer value is most important, people will focus on quality if given empowerment, and TQM requires training, teamwork, and cross-functional efforts.

What part of the rational model of decision-making does the former business executive "Elliott" have a problem completing?

Selecting a solution The video states that Elliott became pathologically indecisive. He was able to identify the problem or opportunity, think up alternate solutions, and evaluate these alternatives, but he was not able to select a specific solution.

Which outside force for change is causing the issue at MediaWorld?

Shareholder, customer, and market. The outside force for change causing the issues at MediaWorld is the merger, which fall under shareholder, customer, and market changes.

Areas of control: - Tony believes very much in self managed teams and gives a tremendous amount of authority to a team when he assigns them a project.

Structural

Decision Making Biases: - Anchoring and Adjustment Bias

Sue - Sue was looking at buying a new car. After looking at the sticker prices on really expensive models the lower cost models looked even more attractive.

Daniel Kahnman's System 1

System 1 is the brain's fast, automative, intuitive approach. Influential and guiding. Logical and useful.

Compensation and Benefits: - Incentives

This part of compensation is given to employees to encourage them to be more productive, or to attract or retain top performers.

Compensation and Benefits: - Benefits

This part of compensation is nonmonetary and is given to enrich the lives of employees.

Four Types of Organizational Culture? - Market

This type of Org. Culture has a strong external focus and values stability and control; productivity and profits take precedence over employee development.

SAS's new performance evaluation system implemented by Jeff Chambers focuses on helping people see where they fit and creating alignment throughout the organization by communicating performance expectations. This focus is a part of which step of performance management?

defining performance By helping people see where they fit and creating alignment throughout the organization, Jeff Chambers is defining what is expected of employees. They are then evaluated and told what it is they are doing well and areas of improvement.

Family and Medical Leave Act (FMLA)

designed to assist families and manage family issues by permitting families to take leave without pay

A company searching for a candidate based mainly on skills and abilities would be most likely to use __________ in evaluating a candidate's fit to a specific job.

performance tests performance tests or skills tests measure performance on actual job tasks -- so called job try outs. A company searching for a candidate based mainly on skills and abilities would be most interested in testing on actual job tasks.

The Greater Chicago Food Depository serves 300,000 individuals a year through its food pantry and warehouses. The ability to perform this delivered service dependably, accurately, and consistently can be measures using the RATER scale, particularly in the ___________ dimension.

reliability The ability to perform this service can be measured using the RATER scale, particularly in the reliability dimension.

What are the three parts of compensation?

wages or salaries incentives benefits

Brainstorming

A very useful technique intended to help groups generate creative and novel ideas for solving problems. If done properly, it can be very effective, but if the process is stifled, the results will not be produced.

Rules for Brainstorming: - Build

Encourage participants to extent others' ideas by avoiding "buts" and using "ands"

Mary and her brother work in construction and perform similar jobs. Her brother makes $25 an hour, while Mary only makes $20 an hour.

Equal Pay Act

_______ is not one of the ineffective responses to a decision situation.

Evaluating the importance of the situation. Ineffective reactions to decision situations include relaxed avoidance, relaxed change, defensive avoidance, and panic.

Hindrances to Rational Decision Making: - There is too much information for one person to process.

Excess

Bill distributes fliers and coupons for a local restaurant. Although the minimum wage is $7.25 per hour, Bill's boss only pays him $5.75 per hour.

Fair Minimum Wage Act

What are the six areas of control in an organization that if not monitored, can foil even the best laid plans?

Human Cultural Financial Physical Structural Informational

Hindrances to Rational Decision Making: - Managers have imperfect, fragmentary information about the alternatives and their consequences.

Information

Areas of control: - Tim regularly has to talk to the press to report on events taking place at his company.

Informational

Decision Making Biases: - Sunk-Cost Bias

Katrina - Katrina took her old car to a mechanic and had her transmission rebuilt (a somewhat costly repair). The next week, her brakes quit working. Instead of trading the car, since she had already fixed the transmission, she put in new brakes as well.

When Caroline's office was being refurbished, it was discovered that the floor tiles contained asbestos, a carcinogenic fiber substance. The company had to call in a hazmat contractor to get rid of it and Caroline couldn't get back in to her office for weeks!

OSHA

As an organization with 115,000 employees worldwide, J&J is characterized as a(n) _________ organization, with its 200 functional units, many teams or task forces, wider span of control, and decentralized hierarchy of authority.

organic

Labor unions

organizations of employees formed to protect and advance their members' interests by bargaining with management over job related issues.

Schein's Elements: - hierarchy of authority

without the right to direct the work of others, there is no coordination of effort

Schein's Elements: - common purpose

without this, the organization begins to drift and become disorganized

Susan's father has been diagnosed with a terminal disease. She asks her employer for 12 weeks of unpaid leave to care for her father.

Family and Medical Leave Act

Areas of control: - Since the economic downturn, Joe worries just as much about whether he will be able to pay the payroll each week as he worries about paying his own bills at home!

Financial

Decision Making Biases: - Representativeness Bias

Logan - Logan tried a new sales technique with a new client. It worked! Logan now assumes that this technique will also work with all of his current clients.

Quantum Gaming has an external focus and values stability and control. Customers, productivity, and profits take precedence over employee development and satisfaction. Which competing values framework culture is this?

Market

Control Process Steps: - Samuel is the manager of the finance department. He determines the actual sales revenue by analyzing the number of products sold.

Measure Performance

Decision Making Biases: - Confirmation Bias

Mike - After finally deciding on what new car to buy, Mike told his friends and colleagues about it, but disregarded the things that were said by those who didn't like the model he had chosen.

Compensation and Benefits: - Base pay

Mike gets a large paycheck compared to his colleagues because of the dangers associated with his particular job.

Nina is the head of a large software company. She refuses to provide health insurance benefits to her employees.

Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act

Decision Making Biases: - Escalation of Commitment Bias

Patrick - Much to the dismay of his friends and colleagues, Patrick decided to change cellphone carriers. He wasn't happy with the new service, but continued to use them rather than switch back to the carrier all of his friends wanted him to use.

Compensation and Benefits: - Benefits

Paul has worked many years for his company. A few more years and he can look forward to collecting his monthly pension check.

Decision Making Styles: - Directive

People with this style have low tolerance for ambiguity and are oriented toward task and technical concerns when making decisions.

Daniel Kahnman's System 2

System 2 is the mind's slower, analytical mode where reason dominates. System 1 steers System 2 to a large extent. Conscious and deliberate, but can produce poor results.

Control Process Steps: - As an executive manager of the international sales division, Jeremy examines the product sales reports and decides to take corrective action for negative performance.

Take Corrective Action

What two dimensions are the four styles of decision making based on?

- Value orientation - Tolerance for ambiguity

Mechanistic Organizations

Narrow span of control, specialized tasks, many rules and procedures, taller structure, centralized hierarchy of authority, formalized communication, few teams or task forces

If Quantum Gaming is operating in an unstable environment that requires constant adjustment, it may benefit them to develop what kind of environment?

Organic In an organic organization, authority is decentralized, there are fewer rules and procedures, and networks of employees are encouraged to cooperate and respond quickly to unexpected tasks.

Rules for Brainstorming: - Quantity

Participants should try to generate and write down as many new ideas as possible. Focusing on quantity encourages people to think beyond their favorite ideas.

Formed originally from a group of volunteers in 1978, the Greater Chicago Food Depository is a food bank that focuses on the controlling function of ____________ in which tasks, people, and other resources are arranged to feed the urban poor of Chicago.

Organizing The Greater Chicago Food Depository focuses on the function of organizing, in which tasks, people, and other resources are arranged to feed the urban poor of Chicago.

Control Process Steps: - As the vice president of Marketing, Mark examines the latest advertising forecasts and determines that no changes are necessary to reach the desired outcome

Take Corrective Action

Four Types of Organizational Culture? - Adhocracy

This type of Org. Culture has an external focus and values flexibility; it also responds quickly to changes in the marketplace.

Four Types of Organizational Culture? - Clan

This type of Org. Culture has an internal focus and values flexibility rather than stability and control; it encourages collaboration among employees.

Four Types of Organizational Culture? - Hierarchy

This type of Org. Culture has an internal focus and values stability and control over flexibility; it has a formalized and structured work environment aimed at achieving effectiveness.

Rules for Brainstorming: - Visual

Use different colored pens (red, purple, blue, etc.) to write on big sheets of flip-chart paper, whiteboards, or poster boards that are put on the wall.