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A person with type O blood can donate to individuals with which of the following blood types

A, B, AB, or O

Why might a transfusion of Rh+ blood cells into an Rh- individual be dangerous

An individual with Rh- type blood will produce antibodies against the Rh+ blood cells

When are anti-Rh antibodies developed by the adaptive immune system

Anti-Rh antibodies are produced after exposure to the Rh antigen

blood group B

B antigen on RBC A antibodies present

Jess has A- blood type, has never received a blood transfusion, and never been pregnant. Antibodies against what blood antigens could be present in Jess' blood

B antigens

Immunological attack on the islets of Langerhans resulting in the inability to produce insulin leads to type (I/II/IV) diabetes Mellitus

I

Hemolytic disease of the newborn is a type (I/II/III/IV) hypersensitivity disorder

II

Rheumatoid arthritis is a type (I/II/III/IV) hypersensitivity reaction that results when B cells produce autoantibodies that damage the joints.

III

Contact dermatitis is a type (I/II/III/IV) hypersensitivity disorder

IV

What combination of mother/child blood types might develop into hemolytic disease of the newborn

If the mother is Rh- and the fetus is Rh+, this may lead to hemolytic disease of the newborn

Which of the following immunoglobulins is produced by plasma cells in response to an allergen

IgE

Opportunistic infections typical of AIDS but rare otherwise include

Pneumocystis pneumonia and Kaposi's sarcoma.

Why did the skin turn red and swell up

Redness and swelling are due to the release of histamine during degranulation of mast cells and basophils

Sally decides to go through the desensitization program recommended by her doctor. What is the overall purpose/goal of this process

Repeated exposure to wasp venom antigen will increase the amount of IgG produced by Sally's immune system

Which of the following could result in hemolytic disease of the newborn

Rh-negative mother and Rh-positive father

How does RhoGAM prevent hemolytic disease of the newborn

RhoGAM attaches to Rh antigen, leading to its removal before the mother's immune system mounts an adaptive response

Individuals with which of the following diseases would be expected to have very low antibody titers overall

SCID

The responses observed in type IV hypersensitivities result from the action of

T cells and phagocytes

What is the cause of hemolytic disease of the newborn

The mother produces anti-Rh antibodies which cross the placenta and react with baby's Rh antigens

Which of the following statements concerning allografts is TRUE

They induce strong type IV hypersensitivity reactions and must be treated with immunosuppressive drugs

How should you describe this skin reaction to the bee sting

Type I hypersensitivity reaction

This child has had a moderate reaction to his "first" bee sting. If he were to be stung again, the signs/symptoms could be severe and life-threatening due to constriction of airways. What is this systemic reaction called and what would be the treatment of choice

anaphylaxis; epinephrine

Which of the following OTC medications would provide the best relief of symptoms

antihistamines

Primary immunodeficiency diseases

are detectable close to birth.

Type I diabetes is a(n)

autoimmune disease

Which of the following is a type of blood cell that undergoes degranulation in type I hypersensitivity reactions

basophil

When mast cells degranulate and release histamine, which of the following events may occur?

both bronchial spasms and increased mucus production

Which of the following bind the constant region of IgE?

both eosinophils and mast cells

The release of ________ during a type I hypersensitivity reaction contributes to swelling

both histamines and leukotrienes

The syndrome known as AIDS is characterized

by one or more opportunistic diseases and the presence of HIV.

The tuberculin response is the result of a(n) (antibody-mediated/cell-mediated/immediate hypersensitivity) response

cell-mediated

An individual suddenly experiencing increased stress in his or her life may have a temporary deficiency in which of the following areas of the immune response

cell-mediated immunity

Stress may result in the production of (corticosteroids/leukotrienes/interleukins), which may lead to acquired immunodeficiency disease

corticosteroids

Graft rejection can be treated by preventing T cell responses with (azithroprine/cyclophosphamide/cyclosporine

cyclosporine

Which of the following is/are not associated with a type I hypersensitivity

cytotoxic T cells

What is the underlying problem in most acquired immunodeficiencies

declining cell-mediated immunity

Binding of IgE to the surface of sensitized cells leads to (activation/degranulation/lysis) of the cell, releasing many inflammatory chemicals

degranulation

What is hemolysis

destruction of red blood cells

All autoimmune diseases have a genetic cause

false

If an Rh-positive woman marries an Rh-negative man, their children are at risk for hemolytic disease of the newborn

false

If an anti-A serum is shown in this agglutination test, then the patient's blood type must be A.

false

The tuberculin response is an example of allergic contact dermatitis

false

When immune complexes in the blood become trapped in the kidneys the resulting disease is known as

glomerulonephritis

Transfusion reactions are the result of antibody reaction to

glycolipids and glycoproteins on the surface of red blood cells

HIV causes acquired immunodeficiency by infecting

helper T cells

The destruction of blood cells leads to the release of large amounts of _____, which is then degraded into bilirubin

hemoglobin

Many of the signs and symptoms of inflammation, including redness and itching, are due to the release of (histamines/leukotrienes/proteases) by degranulation of mast cells.

histamines

What is urticaria

hives

The non-leukocyte tissue cells known as ________ activate enzymes which produce leukotrienes and prostaglandins in response to allergen binding

mast cells

The tuberculin response is mediated by

memory T cells

Hypotheses explaining the development of autoimmune disease include

molecular mimicry and genetic factors

Systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE or lupus) is distinct from other autoimmune disorders because

multiple organs and tissues are affected

A patient who is experiencing deficits in vision, speech, and neuromuscular function may be suffering from which of the following autoimmune diseases

multiple sclerosis

Which of the following parts of the body is associated with multiple sclerosis

nervous tissue

blood group AB

no antibodies present A & B antigen on RBC

Which of the following criteria causes Bruton-type agammaglobulinemia to be classified as a primary immunodeficiency disease

occurs in babies

Which of the following groups of individuals is most susceptible, in general, to autoimmune diseases

older women

The mechanism of action of RhoGAM is to (activate/neutralize/prevent) an anti-Rh immune response

prevent

Graft rejection can be reduced by

preventing T cell proliferation

The bronchial spasms which occur during asthma are due to

release of histamines and/or leukotrienes

Of the following events in a type I hypersensitivity reaction, which one would be expected to occur last

release of leukotrienes by eosinophils

Which of the following is both a hypersensitivity disorder and an autoimmune disorder

rheumatoid arthritis

Chronic granulomatous disease is a disorder of the (first/second/third) line of immune defense

second

If a person has a positive result to the Mantoux test, this would indicate __________

the person has been exposed to Mycobacterium tuberculosis or has received the vaccine for tuberculosis

Graves' disease is an autoimmune disease that affects the (lymph/thyroid/adrenal) gland.

thyroid

Children with Bruton-type agammaglobulinemia are highly susceptible to recurrent bacterial infections

true

Depletion of the helper T cell population by HIV results in the development of AIDS.

true

Development of an allergic reaction requires an initial exposure

true

If an anti-A serum is shown in this agglutination test, then the patient's blood contains A antigens

true

Infection with certain viruses may lead to the development of type I diabetes

true

MHC genes are significant genetic factors in predisposition to develop autoimmune disease.

true

Systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) is a type III hypersensitivity disorder

true

A person with type B blood can receive blood from individuals with which of the following blood types

type B or O

A reaction to an allergen is a ________ hypersensitivity

type I

Cytotoxic T cell response the cells of the pancreas may result in

type I diabetes

Hypersensitivity pneumonitis is an example of which of the following types of hypersensitivity

type III

An agricultural worker experiences difficulty breathing which becomes progressively worse. Tests show inflammation and damage of the lung tissue, but IgE antibodies and granulocytes are in the normal ranges. With which disorder of the immune system are these signs and symptoms consistent

type III (immune complex-mediated) hypersensitivity

Antigen-antibody complexes trapped in tissues and triggering complement activation or mast cell degranulation are characteristic of

type III hypersensitivity

Which hypersensitivity disorder is the result of cell-mediated response

type IV

Which of the following is an example of a type I hypersensitivity reaction

watery eyes after exposure to animals

Type I hypersensitivity reactions are also commonly known as (allergies/autoimmunities/inflammation)

allergies

The most common type of transplant involves an (allograft/autograft/isograft

allograft

If a T cell is exposed to a "hidden" antigen, what kind of immune reaction will result

an autoimmune disease

Antibody binding to receptors on the thyroid may result in

Graves' disease

When might Rh antigens from the fetus be introduced into the mother's blood stream

The mother may be exposed during labor or delivery

Which of the following is true regarding systemic anaphylactic reactions

-Systemic reactions can result in a dramatic decrease in blood pressure. -Systemic reactions are commonly associated with injected antigens. -A systemic reaction can be fatal in only a few minutes

Predict which of the following outcomes would result from taking an antihistamine

-decreased permeability of blood vessels -decreased mucus secretions -decreased histamine-based stimulation of cells

Which of the following mediators are involved in anaphylactic reactions

-mast cells -IgE -basophils

blood group O

A & B antibodies present no antigen on RBC

blood group A

A antigen on RBC B antibodies present

What effect might a buildup of bilirubin have on a fetus

A buildup of bilirubin may lead to severe neurological damage or death

A person identified as a universal recipient has ________ blood type

AB

Which of the following is an example of a secondary immunodeficiency disease

AIDS

Which of the following statements concerning rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is TRUE

Accumulations of antibody complexes lead to inflammation in and destruction of joints

Which of the following is a primary immunodeficiency disease characterized by a lack of T cells

DiGeorge syndrome

Which of the following statements concerning the Rh factor is CORRECT

Eighty-five percent of humans are Rh positive

Individuals with AB blood type are called "universal donors" because they do not have antibodies against blood group antigens

False

Which of the following is the mechanism of action of cyclosporine

It blocks the activity of activated Th1 T cells

People identified as "universal donors" have (A/B/AB/O) blood type

O

The IgG molecules that are produced during desensitization function as blocking antibodies. These antibodies are extremely effective in providing protection from a hypersensitivity reaction. Why are blocking IgG antibodies so effective at protecting Sally from another anaphylactic response to wasp venom

The blocking IgG antibodies "outnumber" the IgE antibodies and bind to wasp venom before the IgE antibodies can bind

The condition known as graft-versus-host disease may result after

a bone marrow allograft

When the wasps stung Sally, the injection of venom initiated a type I hypersensitivity reaction called anaphylaxis. Which of the following best describes a hypersensitivity reaction

a reaction that occurs in a sensitized individual resulting in tissue damage rather than immunity

Terry is a Physician Assistant. She is working under the supervision of Dr. Elizabeth Carroll. Terry trusts Dr. Carroll and knows she is an extremely competent and compassionate doctor. They have been a team for about two years, and it works out perfectly because Terry is a morning person and Dr. Carroll is not. Unless there is a difficult case, Terry makes all the early morning rounds of Dr. Carroll's patients at the two local hospitals, and then goes home for an early lunch with her kindergartner son. Later, she sees non-critical care patients at Dr. Carroll's office for a few hours. Unless there is a seriously ill patient, Dr. Carroll will start work a little later in the morning and end her day with the evening rounds at the hospital. This morning, Terry is checking in on a new patient, Mr. Lane, at St. John's Hospital. Mr. Lane has a history of acute myeloid leukemia (AML), and Dr. Carroll admitted him yesterday. According to the chart, Mr. Lane had a blood transfusion yesterday afternoon. Dr. Carroll noted on the chart that Mr. Lane was doing well at 7:00 p.m. However, she noted Mr. Lane may need an additional unit of blood if his blood oxygen values did not return to normal ranges soon. The chart indicates that Mr. Lane had just started receiving an additional unit. Terry enters the room and finds Mr. Lane experiencing chills and shortness of breath. Terry quickly takes the patient's vital signs. She notes that Mr. Lane's heart rate is high, his blood pressure low, and he has a fever. Mr. Lane is alert and complaining that he feels horrible. Terry talks to the floor nurse and finds that she has already stopped the transfusion and alerted the charge nurse, the doctor on call, and Dr. Carroll.The patient is most likely experiencing __________

a transfusion reaction

Multiple sclerosis is

a type IV hypersensitivity disease involving attack on the myelin sheath of neurons

Treatment with glucocorticoids to suppress type IV hypersensitivity may result in

acquired immunodeficiency