micro 18
A person with type O blood can donate to individuals with which of the following blood types
A, B, AB, or O
Why might a transfusion of Rh+ blood cells into an Rh- individual be dangerous
An individual with Rh- type blood will produce antibodies against the Rh+ blood cells
When are anti-Rh antibodies developed by the adaptive immune system
Anti-Rh antibodies are produced after exposure to the Rh antigen
blood group B
B antigen on RBC A antibodies present
Jess has A- blood type, has never received a blood transfusion, and never been pregnant. Antibodies against what blood antigens could be present in Jess' blood
B antigens
Immunological attack on the islets of Langerhans resulting in the inability to produce insulin leads to type (I/II/IV) diabetes Mellitus
I
Hemolytic disease of the newborn is a type (I/II/III/IV) hypersensitivity disorder
II
Rheumatoid arthritis is a type (I/II/III/IV) hypersensitivity reaction that results when B cells produce autoantibodies that damage the joints.
III
Contact dermatitis is a type (I/II/III/IV) hypersensitivity disorder
IV
What combination of mother/child blood types might develop into hemolytic disease of the newborn
If the mother is Rh- and the fetus is Rh+, this may lead to hemolytic disease of the newborn
Which of the following immunoglobulins is produced by plasma cells in response to an allergen
IgE
Opportunistic infections typical of AIDS but rare otherwise include
Pneumocystis pneumonia and Kaposi's sarcoma.
Why did the skin turn red and swell up
Redness and swelling are due to the release of histamine during degranulation of mast cells and basophils
Sally decides to go through the desensitization program recommended by her doctor. What is the overall purpose/goal of this process
Repeated exposure to wasp venom antigen will increase the amount of IgG produced by Sally's immune system
Which of the following could result in hemolytic disease of the newborn
Rh-negative mother and Rh-positive father
How does RhoGAM prevent hemolytic disease of the newborn
RhoGAM attaches to Rh antigen, leading to its removal before the mother's immune system mounts an adaptive response
Individuals with which of the following diseases would be expected to have very low antibody titers overall
SCID
The responses observed in type IV hypersensitivities result from the action of
T cells and phagocytes
What is the cause of hemolytic disease of the newborn
The mother produces anti-Rh antibodies which cross the placenta and react with baby's Rh antigens
Which of the following statements concerning allografts is TRUE
They induce strong type IV hypersensitivity reactions and must be treated with immunosuppressive drugs
How should you describe this skin reaction to the bee sting
Type I hypersensitivity reaction
This child has had a moderate reaction to his "first" bee sting. If he were to be stung again, the signs/symptoms could be severe and life-threatening due to constriction of airways. What is this systemic reaction called and what would be the treatment of choice
anaphylaxis; epinephrine
Which of the following OTC medications would provide the best relief of symptoms
antihistamines
Primary immunodeficiency diseases
are detectable close to birth.
Type I diabetes is a(n)
autoimmune disease
Which of the following is a type of blood cell that undergoes degranulation in type I hypersensitivity reactions
basophil
When mast cells degranulate and release histamine, which of the following events may occur?
both bronchial spasms and increased mucus production
Which of the following bind the constant region of IgE?
both eosinophils and mast cells
The release of ________ during a type I hypersensitivity reaction contributes to swelling
both histamines and leukotrienes
The syndrome known as AIDS is characterized
by one or more opportunistic diseases and the presence of HIV.
The tuberculin response is the result of a(n) (antibody-mediated/cell-mediated/immediate hypersensitivity) response
cell-mediated
An individual suddenly experiencing increased stress in his or her life may have a temporary deficiency in which of the following areas of the immune response
cell-mediated immunity
Stress may result in the production of (corticosteroids/leukotrienes/interleukins), which may lead to acquired immunodeficiency disease
corticosteroids
Graft rejection can be treated by preventing T cell responses with (azithroprine/cyclophosphamide/cyclosporine
cyclosporine
Which of the following is/are not associated with a type I hypersensitivity
cytotoxic T cells
What is the underlying problem in most acquired immunodeficiencies
declining cell-mediated immunity
Binding of IgE to the surface of sensitized cells leads to (activation/degranulation/lysis) of the cell, releasing many inflammatory chemicals
degranulation
What is hemolysis
destruction of red blood cells
All autoimmune diseases have a genetic cause
false
If an Rh-positive woman marries an Rh-negative man, their children are at risk for hemolytic disease of the newborn
false
If an anti-A serum is shown in this agglutination test, then the patient's blood type must be A.
false
The tuberculin response is an example of allergic contact dermatitis
false
When immune complexes in the blood become trapped in the kidneys the resulting disease is known as
glomerulonephritis
Transfusion reactions are the result of antibody reaction to
glycolipids and glycoproteins on the surface of red blood cells
HIV causes acquired immunodeficiency by infecting
helper T cells
The destruction of blood cells leads to the release of large amounts of _____, which is then degraded into bilirubin
hemoglobin
Many of the signs and symptoms of inflammation, including redness and itching, are due to the release of (histamines/leukotrienes/proteases) by degranulation of mast cells.
histamines
What is urticaria
hives
The non-leukocyte tissue cells known as ________ activate enzymes which produce leukotrienes and prostaglandins in response to allergen binding
mast cells
The tuberculin response is mediated by
memory T cells
Hypotheses explaining the development of autoimmune disease include
molecular mimicry and genetic factors
Systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE or lupus) is distinct from other autoimmune disorders because
multiple organs and tissues are affected
A patient who is experiencing deficits in vision, speech, and neuromuscular function may be suffering from which of the following autoimmune diseases
multiple sclerosis
Which of the following parts of the body is associated with multiple sclerosis
nervous tissue
blood group AB
no antibodies present A & B antigen on RBC
Which of the following criteria causes Bruton-type agammaglobulinemia to be classified as a primary immunodeficiency disease
occurs in babies
Which of the following groups of individuals is most susceptible, in general, to autoimmune diseases
older women
The mechanism of action of RhoGAM is to (activate/neutralize/prevent) an anti-Rh immune response
prevent
Graft rejection can be reduced by
preventing T cell proliferation
The bronchial spasms which occur during asthma are due to
release of histamines and/or leukotrienes
Of the following events in a type I hypersensitivity reaction, which one would be expected to occur last
release of leukotrienes by eosinophils
Which of the following is both a hypersensitivity disorder and an autoimmune disorder
rheumatoid arthritis
Chronic granulomatous disease is a disorder of the (first/second/third) line of immune defense
second
If a person has a positive result to the Mantoux test, this would indicate __________
the person has been exposed to Mycobacterium tuberculosis or has received the vaccine for tuberculosis
Graves' disease is an autoimmune disease that affects the (lymph/thyroid/adrenal) gland.
thyroid
Children with Bruton-type agammaglobulinemia are highly susceptible to recurrent bacterial infections
true
Depletion of the helper T cell population by HIV results in the development of AIDS.
true
Development of an allergic reaction requires an initial exposure
true
If an anti-A serum is shown in this agglutination test, then the patient's blood contains A antigens
true
Infection with certain viruses may lead to the development of type I diabetes
true
MHC genes are significant genetic factors in predisposition to develop autoimmune disease.
true
Systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) is a type III hypersensitivity disorder
true
A person with type B blood can receive blood from individuals with which of the following blood types
type B or O
A reaction to an allergen is a ________ hypersensitivity
type I
Cytotoxic T cell response the cells of the pancreas may result in
type I diabetes
Hypersensitivity pneumonitis is an example of which of the following types of hypersensitivity
type III
An agricultural worker experiences difficulty breathing which becomes progressively worse. Tests show inflammation and damage of the lung tissue, but IgE antibodies and granulocytes are in the normal ranges. With which disorder of the immune system are these signs and symptoms consistent
type III (immune complex-mediated) hypersensitivity
Antigen-antibody complexes trapped in tissues and triggering complement activation or mast cell degranulation are characteristic of
type III hypersensitivity
Which hypersensitivity disorder is the result of cell-mediated response
type IV
Which of the following is an example of a type I hypersensitivity reaction
watery eyes after exposure to animals
Type I hypersensitivity reactions are also commonly known as (allergies/autoimmunities/inflammation)
allergies
The most common type of transplant involves an (allograft/autograft/isograft
allograft
If a T cell is exposed to a "hidden" antigen, what kind of immune reaction will result
an autoimmune disease
Antibody binding to receptors on the thyroid may result in
Graves' disease
When might Rh antigens from the fetus be introduced into the mother's blood stream
The mother may be exposed during labor or delivery
Which of the following is true regarding systemic anaphylactic reactions
-Systemic reactions can result in a dramatic decrease in blood pressure. -Systemic reactions are commonly associated with injected antigens. -A systemic reaction can be fatal in only a few minutes
Predict which of the following outcomes would result from taking an antihistamine
-decreased permeability of blood vessels -decreased mucus secretions -decreased histamine-based stimulation of cells
Which of the following mediators are involved in anaphylactic reactions
-mast cells -IgE -basophils
blood group O
A & B antibodies present no antigen on RBC
blood group A
A antigen on RBC B antibodies present
What effect might a buildup of bilirubin have on a fetus
A buildup of bilirubin may lead to severe neurological damage or death
A person identified as a universal recipient has ________ blood type
AB
Which of the following is an example of a secondary immunodeficiency disease
AIDS
Which of the following statements concerning rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is TRUE
Accumulations of antibody complexes lead to inflammation in and destruction of joints
Which of the following is a primary immunodeficiency disease characterized by a lack of T cells
DiGeorge syndrome
Which of the following statements concerning the Rh factor is CORRECT
Eighty-five percent of humans are Rh positive
Individuals with AB blood type are called "universal donors" because they do not have antibodies against blood group antigens
False
Which of the following is the mechanism of action of cyclosporine
It blocks the activity of activated Th1 T cells
People identified as "universal donors" have (A/B/AB/O) blood type
O
The IgG molecules that are produced during desensitization function as blocking antibodies. These antibodies are extremely effective in providing protection from a hypersensitivity reaction. Why are blocking IgG antibodies so effective at protecting Sally from another anaphylactic response to wasp venom
The blocking IgG antibodies "outnumber" the IgE antibodies and bind to wasp venom before the IgE antibodies can bind
The condition known as graft-versus-host disease may result after
a bone marrow allograft
When the wasps stung Sally, the injection of venom initiated a type I hypersensitivity reaction called anaphylaxis. Which of the following best describes a hypersensitivity reaction
a reaction that occurs in a sensitized individual resulting in tissue damage rather than immunity
Terry is a Physician Assistant. She is working under the supervision of Dr. Elizabeth Carroll. Terry trusts Dr. Carroll and knows she is an extremely competent and compassionate doctor. They have been a team for about two years, and it works out perfectly because Terry is a morning person and Dr. Carroll is not. Unless there is a difficult case, Terry makes all the early morning rounds of Dr. Carroll's patients at the two local hospitals, and then goes home for an early lunch with her kindergartner son. Later, she sees non-critical care patients at Dr. Carroll's office for a few hours. Unless there is a seriously ill patient, Dr. Carroll will start work a little later in the morning and end her day with the evening rounds at the hospital. This morning, Terry is checking in on a new patient, Mr. Lane, at St. John's Hospital. Mr. Lane has a history of acute myeloid leukemia (AML), and Dr. Carroll admitted him yesterday. According to the chart, Mr. Lane had a blood transfusion yesterday afternoon. Dr. Carroll noted on the chart that Mr. Lane was doing well at 7:00 p.m. However, she noted Mr. Lane may need an additional unit of blood if his blood oxygen values did not return to normal ranges soon. The chart indicates that Mr. Lane had just started receiving an additional unit. Terry enters the room and finds Mr. Lane experiencing chills and shortness of breath. Terry quickly takes the patient's vital signs. She notes that Mr. Lane's heart rate is high, his blood pressure low, and he has a fever. Mr. Lane is alert and complaining that he feels horrible. Terry talks to the floor nurse and finds that she has already stopped the transfusion and alerted the charge nurse, the doctor on call, and Dr. Carroll.The patient is most likely experiencing __________
a transfusion reaction
Multiple sclerosis is
a type IV hypersensitivity disease involving attack on the myelin sheath of neurons
Treatment with glucocorticoids to suppress type IV hypersensitivity may result in
acquired immunodeficiency
