A/P - The Endocrine System (Ch 10)
Cortisol -- Functions: 1) Increases the use of _____ and _____ for energy production. 2) Decreases the use of _____ for energy so that this energy source is available for use by brain cells. 3) Has an _____ effect, which prevents excessive tissue destruction when damage occurs.
1) amino acids, fats 2) glucose 3) anti-inflammatory
Progesterone -- Functions: 1) Increases the growth of _____ and the storage of _____ in the endometrium of the uterus. 2) Promotes the growth of the _____ of the mammary glands.
1) blood vessels; glycogen 2) secretory cells
Parathyroid hormone (PTH) -- Functions: 1) Increases the reabsorbtion of _____ and _____ from bones to the blood. 2) Increases the absorption of calcium and potassium from food in the _____. 3) Increases the reabsorption of _____ by the kidneys. 4) Stimulates the kidneys to activate vitamin _____. As a result of these functions, the blood level of calcium is _____, and the phosphate blood level is _____.
1) calcium, phosphate 2) small intestines 3) calcium 4) D increased decreased
Insulin -- Functions: 1) Causes the liver to change _____ to glycogen to be stored. 2) Glycogen is also stored in _____ muscles. 3) Enables other body cells to take in _____ from the blood to use for _____ production. 4) Increases the intake of _____ and _____ by cells, to be used for the synthesis of _____ and _____. As a result of these functions, the blood glucose level is _____.
1) glucose 2) skeletal 3) glucose, energy 4) amino acids; fatty acids; proteins; fats decreased
Glucagon -- Functions: 1) Causes the liver to convert stored _____ to glucose to be used for energy production. 2) Increases the use of _____ and _____ for energy production. As a result of these functions, the blood glucose level is _____, and all three _____ types may be used to produce ATP.
1) glycogen 2) fats; amino acids increased food
As a result of direct effects of aldosterone functions (indirect or secondary effects): 1) _____ ions are excreted in urine. 2) _____ ions and _____ ions are returned to the blood. 3) _____ is returned to the blood by osmosis following Na+ ion reabsorption.
1) hydrogen 2) sodium, bicarbonate 3) water
Luteinizing hormone (LH) -- Functions in women: 1) Causes _____, which is the release of a mature egg from an ovarian follicle. 2) Causes the ruptured follicle to become the _____ and to secrete the hormone _____, as well as estrogen.
1) ovulation 2) corpus luteum; progesterone
Estrogen -- Functions: 1) Promotes maturation of the _____ in the ovarian follicle. 2) Promotes growth of blood vessels in the _____ of the uterus, to prepare for a fertilized egg. 3) Promotes the development of the female secondary sex characteristics, which include: _____ 4) Stops growth in height by promoting _____ in long bones.
1) ovum 2) endometrium 3) growth of duct system of mammary glands (or) fat deposition 4) closure of the epiphyseal disc
Thyroxine (T4) and triiodothyronine (T3) -- Functions: 1) Increase the synthesis of _____ within cells. 2) Increase the rate of cell respiration of _____, _____, and _____ to produce ATP and heat. 3) These functions are essential for _____ growth and _____ growth.
1) proteins 2) carbs; fats; excess amino acids 3) physical; mental
Testosterone -- Functions: 1) Promotes maturation of _____ in the testes. 2) Promotes the development of the male secondary sex characteristics, which include: _____ 3) Stops growth in height by promoting _____ in long bones.
1) sperm 2) growth of reproductive organs (or) larynx, muscles, facial hair 3) closure of epiphyseal discs
The stimulus secretion of cortisol is _____ from the _____ in situations of physiological stress.
ACTH (adrenocorticotropic hormone) anterior pituitary
Adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) -- The stimulus for secretions of ACTH is _____.
CRH
The stimulus for secretion of estrogen is _____ from the _____.
FSH anterior pituitary
Inhibin (testosterone) -- Function: Decreases the secretion of _____, which helps maintain _____ at a constant rate.
FSH spermatogenesis
Inhibin (progesterone) -- Function: Decreases the secretion of _____ and _____.
FSH (follicle-stimulating hormone) GnRH (gonadotropin-releasing hormone)
The stimulus of GH is inhibited by _____ from the hypothalamus.
GHIH
The stimulus for secretion of GH is _____ from the hypothalamus.
GHRH
Follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) -- The stimulus for secretion of FSH is _____ from the hypothalamus.
GnRH (gonadotropin-releasing hormone)
Luteinizing hormone (LH) -- The stimulus secretion of LH is _____ from the hypothalamus.
GnRH (gonadotropin-releasing hormone)
The stimulus for secretion of progesterone is _____ from the _____.
LH anterior pituitary
The stimulus for secretion of testosterone is _____ from the _____.
LH (luteinizing hormone) anterior pituitary
Thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) -- The stimulus secretions of TSH is _____ from the hypothalamus.
TRH
Thyroxine (T4) and triiodothyronine (T3) -- The stimulus for secretion of thyroxine and T3 is _____ from the _____.
TSH (thyroid-stimulating hormone) anterior pituitary
Adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) -- Its target organ is the _____.
adrenal cortex
The two parts of the adrenal gland are the _____ and the _____.
adrenal cortex adrenal medulla
Hormones may be classified in three groups based on their chemical structure. These groups are _____ , _____ , and _____ .
amines proteins steriods
Growth hormone (GH) -- Increases the transport of _____ into cells and the synthesis of _____.
amino acids protiens
Inhibin (testosterone) -- Its target organ is the _____.
anterior pituitary
Inhibin (progesterone) -- Its target organs are the _____ and _____.
anterior pituitary hypothalamus
The two parts of the pituitary gland are the _____ and the _____.
anterior pituitary posterior pituitary
Aldosterone helps maintain normal blood volume and _____.
blood pressure (ph)
Norepinephrine -- Its primary target organs are _____.
blood vessels
Calcitonin -- Its target organs are the _____.
bones
Parathyroid hormone (PTH) -- Its target organs are the _____, _____, and _____.
bones small intestines kidneys
Calcitonin -- Function: Decreases the reabsorption of _____ and _____ from bones. As a result of this function, the blood levels of calcium and phosphorus are _____.
calcium phosphate decreased
Epinephrine effect on liver: _____
conversion of glycogen to glucose
The adrenal _____ secretes a group of hormones called mineralocorticoids, of which _____ is the most important.
cortex aldosterone
The adrenal _____ secretes a group of hormones called glucocorticoids, of which _____ is the most important.
cortex cortisol
Adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) -- Function: Stimulates the adrenal cortex to secrete _____.
cortisol
Epinephrine effect on intestines: _____
decrease peristalis
The stimulus for secretion of ADH is _____ water within the body.
decreased
Epinephrine effect on bronchioles: _____
dilation
The pancreas is located in the upper abdominal cavity between the _____ and the _____.
duodenum spleen
Follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) -- Functions in women: Initiates the development of _____ in ovarian follicles and increases the secretion of the hormone _____ by the follicle cell.
egg cells estrogen
The term "catecholamines" is a collective term for the hormones _____ and _____, which are secreted by the _____.
epinephrine norepinephrine medulla
Growth hormone (GH) -- Increases the use of _____ for energy, by increasing its removal from adipose tissue.
fats
Alpha cells produce the hormone _____.
glucagon
Luteinizing hormone (LH) -- Both FSH and LH have their effects on the ovaries or testes and may therefore be called _____ hormones.
gonadotropic
The secretions of endocrine glands are called _____, which enter capillaries and circulate the _____.
hormones blood
The stimulus for secretion of calcitonin is _____.
hypercalcemia
The stimulus secretion of insulin is _____.
hyperglycemia
Parathyroid hormone (PTH) -- Secretion of PTH is stimulated by _____, and inhibited by _____.
hypocalcemia hypercalcemia
The stimulus secretion of glucagon is _____.
hypoglycemia
The posterior pituitary gland stores two hormones that are actually produced by the _____.
hypothalamus
The secretion of prolactin is regulated by PRF and PRIF from the _____.
hypothalamus
The stimulus for secretion of oxytocin is nerve impulses from the _____ during labor or when nursing a baby.
hypothalamus
The function of ADH is to _____ reabsorption of _____ by the kidneys. As a result of this function, urinary output _____, and blood volume _____, which helps maintain blood pressure.
increase water decreases increases
Epinephrine effect on the heart: _____
increase rate
The stimulus for secretion of inhibin is _____ testosterone.
increased
Epinephrine effect on use of fats for energy: _____
increases use
Beta cells produce the hormone _____.
insulin
Thyroxine (T4) and triiodothyronine (T3) -- The mineral necessary for the synthesis of thyroxine and T3 is _____.
iodine
The endocrine glands of the pancreas are called _____, which contain alpha cells and beta cells.
islets of Langerhans
Aldosterone -- Its target organs are the _____.
kidneys
The adrenal glands are located on top of the _____.
kidneys
The thyroid gland is on the anterior side of the trachea just below the _____.
larynx
Glucagon -- Its primary target organ is the _____.
liver
In contrast to hormones, whose site of action is often distant from the site of production, prostaglandins usually exert their effects _____.
locally
Prolactin -- Its target organs are the _____.
mammary glands
Prolactin -- Function: Causes production of _____ by the mammary glands.
milk
With respect to the mammary glands, oxytocin causes the release of _____.
milk
Growth hormone (GH) -- Increases the rate of _____, which results in more cells in growing organs.
mitosis
Testosterone -- Its target organs include the _____.
muscles, bones, testes (or) reproductive organs
Luteinizing hormone (LH) -- Its target organs in women are the _____. Its target organs in men are the _____.
ovaries testes
Follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) -- Its target organs in women are the _____. Its target organs in men are _____.
ovaries testes
Prostaglandins are hormone-like substances made by cells from the _____ of their cell membranes.
phospholipids
Melatonin is produced by the _____.
pineal gland
The anterior pituitary gland secretes its hormones in response to _____ hormones (factors) from the _____.
releasing hypothalamus
The testes are located outside the abdominal cavity in the _____.
scrotum
In people, melatonin brings about the onset of _____.
sleep
With respect to the uterus, oxytocin causes contractions of the _____ for delivery of the _____ and the _____.
smooth muscle (myometrium) baby placenta
Aldosterone -- Functions (direct effects): Increases the reabsorption of _____ ions and the excretions of _____ ions by the kidneys.
sodium potassium
The stimuli for secretion of aldosterone are decreased blood level of _____ ions, or increased blood level of _____ ions, or a decrease in _____.
sodium potassium blood pressure
Follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) -- Functions in men: Initiates the production of _____ in the testes.
sperm
The pituitary gland is enclosed and protected by the _____ bone.
sphenoid
Many of the epinephrine effects mimic those of the _____ division of the autonomic nervous system.
sympathetic
The stimulus for secretion of both norepinephrine and epinephrine is _____ impulses from the hypothalamus in _____ situations.
sympathetic stressful
The cells (organ) on which a hormone exerts its specific effects are called its _____ cells (organ). These cells respond t particular hormones because of the presence of _____ for these hormones, often on the cell membrane.
target receptors
Luteinizing hormone (LH) -- Function in men: Causes the testes to secrete the hormone _____.
testosterone
The parathyroid glands are located on the posterior sides of the lobes of the _____.
thyroid gland
Thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) -- Its target organ is the _____.
thyroid gland
Thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) -- Function: Stimulates the thyroid gland to secrete _____ and _____.
thyroxine T3
The ovaries are located in the pelvic cavity on either side of the _____.
uterus
Oxytocin target organs are the _____ and _____.
uterus mammary gland
Progesterone -- Its target organs are the _____ and _____.
uterus mammary glands
Estrogen -- Its target organs include: _____
uterus and mammary glands OR bones and adipose tissue
Epinephrine effect on blood vessels in skin and viscera: _____
vasoconstriction
Norepinephrine -- Function: Causes _____ throughout the body, which raises blood pressure.
vasoconstriction
Epinephrine effect on blood vessels in skeletal muscle: _____
vasodilation
Antidiuretic hormone (ADH) -- May also be called _____, and its target organs are the _____.
vasopressin kidneys
