Psy !70T final
The development and maintenance of cultural practices rely on
**All Genetics of the species capacity for operant behavior in the members of the species the interaction of members of a species with each other and their environments
Which of the following is part of the behavior analytic approach to culture?
- operant social behavior links biological evolution to cultural evolution - social transmission of learned behavior requires interlocking behavioral contingencies (IBC) - Learned social behavior forms the basis of cultural organization - ALL**
Resistance to selectionism is due to:
-our belief that actions require a specific initiating agent -the grammar of English and other European languages -the cultural tradition of essentialism -All the above
My learned behavior can change the functioning of my immune system. Which two levels are interacting?
2 and 3
My learned behavior can change the functioning of my immune system. which two levels are interacting?
3 and 4
When a culture develops vaccines and individuals go get the vaccinations, which levels are interacting?
3, 4 and 5
When a culture develops vaccines and individuals go get the vaccinations and are unlikely to develop certain diseases, which levels are interacting?
3, 4, and 5
Marvin Harris called his selectionist approach to anthropology:
Cultural Materialism
Researchers who compared selection across various life systems include Sigrid Glenn, Marvin Harris, B.F. Skinner and
Gerald Edelman
Which of the following is NOT a source of cultural variation?
Intolerance of any sub-cultures
When one, then many humans started using fire, it changed what they could eat. This became widespread across groups, and in turn changed our genetics. Which levels of selection are described here?
Levels 1, 3, 4, and 5
When individual humans started using fire, it changed what they could eat. This became widespread across groups, and in turn changed our genetics. Which levels of selection are described here?
Levels 1, 4, and 5 (and probably 2 and 3)
Who wrote: "Cultural materialism...is based on the simple premise that human social life is a response to the practical problems of earthly existence.... In its commitment to the rules of scientific method, cultural materialism opposes strategies that deny the legitimacy of the feasibility of scientific accounts of human behavior."
Marvin Harris
which of the following is the behavior-analytic definition of culture?
Patterns of learned behavior transmitted socially, as well as products of that behavior (objects, technologies, and institutions)
Who developed the 5-term metacontingency?
Romona Houmanfar
Interlocking behavioral contingencies were first outlined by
Sigrid Glenn
With colleagues such as D.L. Hull, __________ has developed the details across selection sciences more clearly.
Sigrid Glenn
In general, methyl groups _____ genetic expression and acetyl groups _____ genetic expression
Suppress/increase
. _______ ________ is interested in evolution-like processes at multiple levels, including embroyonic development, cognitive neuroscience and language. This researcher unraveled the immune system and is also concerned with how the various levels interact.
Terrance Deacon
When chickens have biological drive to mate with roosters with brighter, redder combs but not with roosters with duller, browner combs, which levels are interacting? This phenomenon is called
This is mostly level 1, evolution sexual selection
The premise of the trickster is?
Tricksters, like jesters and comedians, introduce variation to cultures
The relationship between the events that precede behavior, the behavior, and the consequences of the behavior is called
a contingency of reinforcement
The unit of selection at level five (culture) is
a cultural practice
The prerequisites for culture are:
a social species with uncommitted behavior and a susceptibility to operant processes
Complex adaptive systems
are interactive change over time have emergent properties **all of the above
How do behavior analytic and other selections models of culture differ from biological/evolutionary approaches?
biological approaches assume culture is due to the evolutionary structure of the brain
Dynamic systems whose states evolve with time and exhibit dynamics that are highly sensitive to initial conditions are called
chaotic systems
Systems whose states evolve with time and exhibit dynamics that are highly sensitive to initial conditions are called
chaotic systems
Organismic complexity increases with new environmental interactions, so older organisms ordinarily have more
complex epigenetics, immune systems and behavioral repertoires
. An event that precedes an operant, changes its likelihood & sets the occasion for operant to occur is a
discriminative stimulus
When interactions among components of a complex system are intermittent, there are two phases: one in which patterns form or grow, the other in which they are refined or removed. This is called
dual-phase evolution
Selection systems, chaotic systems, and complex systems are subsets of
dynamic systems
____________ deals with the long-term qualitative behavior of complex changing systems, and studies the nature of, and when possible the solutions of ... the behavior of systems that arise in physics, biology, economics and elsewhere.
dynamic systems
Esther Thelen studied
dynamical systems in human development
___________ is a process whereby larger entities, patterns, and regularities arise through interactions among smaller or simpler entities that themselves do not exhibit such properties.
emergence
What is the name of the scientific field that examines inheritable traits not caused by changes in the DNA code?
epigenetics
The cells of the immune system are subject to variation and selection. One source of variation in this system is
exposure of adaptive cells to antigens greatly increases variation in those cells
Variation at the level of behavior comes from
extinction and inexact behavior replication
Variation at the level of behavior comes from
extinction and inexact behavior replication due to nervous system activity and context
In Darwinian theory, the original source of variation is
genetic mutation
We can trace relations among, and the movement of, humans through
genetics differences in populations the Y chromosome mitochondria **all of the above
The retention (or storage) site of new variations in the immune system is
in the newly produced, varied cells in the immune system
The various levels of life-systems we have been discussing
interact within and across systems
A Metacontingency is the product of
multiple people operating in an integrated way
A Macrocontingency is the product of
multiple people operating independently
The unit of selection at level four (behavior) is
operant behavior
Selection that occurs during the life of the individual, that is unique to the individual, and that changes rates of behavior is
operant selection
Parental expenditure (time, energy etc.) that benefits one's offspring at a cost to parents' ability to invest in other components of fitness is the definition of
parental investment theory
Selection sciences attempt to describe units and levels of selection, the contingencies of selection, variation in the units and
replication in the unit
Which of the following fills out the different aspects of a selections system? A unit of selection, variation in the unit, contingencies of selection, and __________
retention site of the unit
Which is NOT one of the five major selection systems covered in this course
robotic systems
According to your instructor, the basic principle that describes and explains how life changes at all levels is
selection by consequences
Under which of the following conditions would it be inadvisable to give a child a tangible reward for playing with blocks at preschool?
she is playing with blocks at a high rate and has varied production
Cultural practices are 'stored' in
the behavior of the members and their behavioral products
Cultural practices are retained in
the behavior of the members and their behavioral products
Recently, it was discovered that
the brain and the immune system are more intricately related than previously thought
Adam Smith's book, On the Wealth of Nations, was
the foundation of modern economics
Which of the following is NOT categorized as part of the immune system?
the gall bladder
Variation in units of selection interact with the environment. Selection occurs when the outcomes of the interactions result in
the replication of particular units and not others
Variations in units of selection at each level interact with the environment. Selection occurs when the outcomes of the interactions result in
the replication of particular units and not others
One parallel between the immune system and the behavioral system is
they each have innate response systems they both employ single-subject designs in applied work each has several sources of variation **all of the above
How do people become nice?
they have a history of being reinforced for nice behavior often enough, even when it doesn't always work
Studies in the field of behavioral epigenetics indicate that
trauma or stress can cause molecules to attach to genes and those can be passed on.
common to all levels of selection is
variation in the unit of selection
When looking at a system dependent on more basic systems,
we benefit from knowing the levels above and below our area of interest, but we can study one area without top expertise in another
One of the advantages of using the 5-Term Metacontingency model to change group practices is
you can intervene at any level of the model
One of the advantages of using the 5-term metacontingency model to change group practices is
you can intervene at any level of the model
