Psy !70T final

The development and maintenance of cultural practices rely on

**All Genetics of the species capacity for operant behavior in the members of the species the interaction of members of a species with each other and their environments

Which of the following is part of the behavior analytic approach to culture?

- operant social behavior links biological evolution to cultural evolution - social transmission of learned behavior requires interlocking behavioral contingencies (IBC) - Learned social behavior forms the basis of cultural organization - ALL**

Resistance to selectionism is due to:

-our belief that actions require a specific initiating agent -the grammar of English and other European languages -the cultural tradition of essentialism -All the above

My learned behavior can change the functioning of my immune system. Which two levels are interacting?

2 and 3

My learned behavior can change the functioning of my immune system. which two levels are interacting?

3 and 4

When a culture develops vaccines and individuals go get the vaccinations, which levels are interacting?

3, 4 and 5

When a culture develops vaccines and individuals go get the vaccinations and are unlikely to develop certain diseases, which levels are interacting?

3, 4, and 5

Marvin Harris called his selectionist approach to anthropology:

Cultural Materialism

Researchers who compared selection across various life systems include Sigrid Glenn, Marvin Harris, B.F. Skinner and

Gerald Edelman

Which of the following is NOT a source of cultural variation?

Intolerance of any sub-cultures

When one, then many humans started using fire, it changed what they could eat. This became widespread across groups, and in turn changed our genetics. Which levels of selection are described here?

Levels 1, 3, 4, and 5

When individual humans started using fire, it changed what they could eat. This became widespread across groups, and in turn changed our genetics. Which levels of selection are described here?

Levels 1, 4, and 5 (and probably 2 and 3)

Who wrote: "Cultural materialism...is based on the simple premise that human social life is a response to the practical problems of earthly existence.... In its commitment to the rules of scientific method, cultural materialism opposes strategies that deny the legitimacy of the feasibility of scientific accounts of human behavior."

Marvin Harris

which of the following is the behavior-analytic definition of culture?

Patterns of learned behavior transmitted socially, as well as products of that behavior (objects, technologies, and institutions)

Who developed the 5-term metacontingency?

Romona Houmanfar

Interlocking behavioral contingencies were first outlined by

Sigrid Glenn

With colleagues such as D.L. Hull, __________ has developed the details across selection sciences more clearly.

Sigrid Glenn

In general, methyl groups _____ genetic expression and acetyl groups _____ genetic expression

Suppress/increase

. _______ ________ is interested in evolution-like processes at multiple levels, including embroyonic development, cognitive neuroscience and language. This researcher unraveled the immune system and is also concerned with how the various levels interact.

Terrance Deacon

When chickens have biological drive to mate with roosters with brighter, redder combs but not with roosters with duller, browner combs, which levels are interacting? This phenomenon is called

This is mostly level 1, evolution sexual selection

The premise of the trickster is?

Tricksters, like jesters and comedians, introduce variation to cultures

The relationship between the events that precede behavior, the behavior, and the consequences of the behavior is called

a contingency of reinforcement

The unit of selection at level five (culture) is

a cultural practice

The prerequisites for culture are:

a social species with uncommitted behavior and a susceptibility to operant processes

Complex adaptive systems

are interactive change over time have emergent properties **all of the above

How do behavior analytic and other selections models of culture differ from biological/evolutionary approaches?

biological approaches assume culture is due to the evolutionary structure of the brain

Dynamic systems whose states evolve with time and exhibit dynamics that are highly sensitive to initial conditions are called

chaotic systems

Systems whose states evolve with time and exhibit dynamics that are highly sensitive to initial conditions are called

chaotic systems

Organismic complexity increases with new environmental interactions, so older organisms ordinarily have more

complex epigenetics, immune systems and behavioral repertoires

. An event that precedes an operant, changes its likelihood & sets the occasion for operant to occur is a

discriminative stimulus

When interactions among components of a complex system are intermittent, there are two phases: one in which patterns form or grow, the other in which they are refined or removed. This is called

dual-phase evolution

Selection systems, chaotic systems, and complex systems are subsets of

dynamic systems

____________ deals with the long-term qualitative behavior of complex changing systems, and studies the nature of, and when possible the solutions of ... the behavior of systems that arise in physics, biology, economics and elsewhere.

dynamic systems

Esther Thelen studied

dynamical systems in human development

___________ is a process whereby larger entities, patterns, and regularities arise through interactions among smaller or simpler entities that themselves do not exhibit such properties.

emergence

What is the name of the scientific field that examines inheritable traits not caused by changes in the DNA code?

epigenetics

The cells of the immune system are subject to variation and selection. One source of variation in this system is

exposure of adaptive cells to antigens greatly increases variation in those cells

Variation at the level of behavior comes from

extinction and inexact behavior replication

Variation at the level of behavior comes from

extinction and inexact behavior replication due to nervous system activity and context

In Darwinian theory, the original source of variation is

genetic mutation

We can trace relations among, and the movement of, humans through

genetics differences in populations the Y chromosome mitochondria **all of the above

The retention (or storage) site of new variations in the immune system is

in the newly produced, varied cells in the immune system

The various levels of life-systems we have been discussing

interact within and across systems

A Metacontingency is the product of

multiple people operating in an integrated way

A Macrocontingency is the product of

multiple people operating independently

The unit of selection at level four (behavior) is

operant behavior

Selection that occurs during the life of the individual, that is unique to the individual, and that changes rates of behavior is

operant selection

Parental expenditure (time, energy etc.) that benefits one's offspring at a cost to parents' ability to invest in other components of fitness is the definition of

parental investment theory

Selection sciences attempt to describe units and levels of selection, the contingencies of selection, variation in the units and

replication in the unit

Which of the following fills out the different aspects of a selections system? A unit of selection, variation in the unit, contingencies of selection, and __________

retention site of the unit

Which is NOT one of the five major selection systems covered in this course

robotic systems

According to your instructor, the basic principle that describes and explains how life changes at all levels is

selection by consequences

Under which of the following conditions would it be inadvisable to give a child a tangible reward for playing with blocks at preschool?

she is playing with blocks at a high rate and has varied production

Cultural practices are 'stored' in

the behavior of the members and their behavioral products

Cultural practices are retained in

the behavior of the members and their behavioral products

Recently, it was discovered that

the brain and the immune system are more intricately related than previously thought

Adam Smith's book, On the Wealth of Nations, was

the foundation of modern economics

Which of the following is NOT categorized as part of the immune system?

the gall bladder

Variation in units of selection interact with the environment. Selection occurs when the outcomes of the interactions result in

the replication of particular units and not others

Variations in units of selection at each level interact with the environment. Selection occurs when the outcomes of the interactions result in

the replication of particular units and not others

One parallel between the immune system and the behavioral system is

they each have innate response systems they both employ single-subject designs in applied work each has several sources of variation **all of the above

How do people become nice?

they have a history of being reinforced for nice behavior often enough, even when it doesn't always work

Studies in the field of behavioral epigenetics indicate that

trauma or stress can cause molecules to attach to genes and those can be passed on.

common to all levels of selection is

variation in the unit of selection

When looking at a system dependent on more basic systems,

we benefit from knowing the levels above and below our area of interest, but we can study one area without top expertise in another

One of the advantages of using the 5-Term Metacontingency model to change group practices is

you can intervene at any level of the model

One of the advantages of using the 5-term metacontingency model to change group practices is

you can intervene at any level of the model