A/P - The Endocrine System (Ch 10)

Cortisol -- Functions: 1) Increases the use of _____ and _____ for energy production. 2) Decreases the use of _____ for energy so that this energy source is available for use by brain cells. 3) Has an _____ effect, which prevents excessive tissue destruction when damage occurs.

1) amino acids, fats 2) glucose 3) anti-inflammatory

Progesterone -- Functions: 1) Increases the growth of _____ and the storage of _____ in the endometrium of the uterus. 2) Promotes the growth of the _____ of the mammary glands.

1) blood vessels; glycogen 2) secretory cells

Parathyroid hormone (PTH) -- Functions: 1) Increases the reabsorbtion of _____ and _____ from bones to the blood. 2) Increases the absorption of calcium and potassium from food in the _____. 3) Increases the reabsorption of _____ by the kidneys. 4) Stimulates the kidneys to activate vitamin _____. As a result of these functions, the blood level of calcium is _____, and the phosphate blood level is _____.

1) calcium, phosphate 2) small intestines 3) calcium 4) D increased decreased

Insulin -- Functions: 1) Causes the liver to change _____ to glycogen to be stored. 2) Glycogen is also stored in _____ muscles. 3) Enables other body cells to take in _____ from the blood to use for _____ production. 4) Increases the intake of _____ and _____ by cells, to be used for the synthesis of _____ and _____. As a result of these functions, the blood glucose level is _____.

1) glucose 2) skeletal 3) glucose, energy 4) amino acids; fatty acids; proteins; fats decreased

Glucagon -- Functions: 1) Causes the liver to convert stored _____ to glucose to be used for energy production. 2) Increases the use of _____ and _____ for energy production. As a result of these functions, the blood glucose level is _____, and all three _____ types may be used to produce ATP.

1) glycogen 2) fats; amino acids increased food

As a result of direct effects of aldosterone functions (indirect or secondary effects): 1) _____ ions are excreted in urine. 2) _____ ions and _____ ions are returned to the blood. 3) _____ is returned to the blood by osmosis following Na+ ion reabsorption.

1) hydrogen 2) sodium, bicarbonate 3) water

Luteinizing hormone (LH) -- Functions in women: 1) Causes _____, which is the release of a mature egg from an ovarian follicle. 2) Causes the ruptured follicle to become the _____ and to secrete the hormone _____, as well as estrogen.

1) ovulation 2) corpus luteum; progesterone

Estrogen -- Functions: 1) Promotes maturation of the _____ in the ovarian follicle. 2) Promotes growth of blood vessels in the _____ of the uterus, to prepare for a fertilized egg. 3) Promotes the development of the female secondary sex characteristics, which include: _____ 4) Stops growth in height by promoting _____ in long bones.

1) ovum 2) endometrium 3) growth of duct system of mammary glands (or) fat deposition 4) closure of the epiphyseal disc

Thyroxine (T4) and triiodothyronine (T3) -- Functions: 1) Increase the synthesis of _____ within cells. 2) Increase the rate of cell respiration of _____, _____, and _____ to produce ATP and heat. 3) These functions are essential for _____ growth and _____ growth.

1) proteins 2) carbs; fats; excess amino acids 3) physical; mental

Testosterone -- Functions: 1) Promotes maturation of _____ in the testes. 2) Promotes the development of the male secondary sex characteristics, which include: _____ 3) Stops growth in height by promoting _____ in long bones.

1) sperm 2) growth of reproductive organs (or) larynx, muscles, facial hair 3) closure of epiphyseal discs

The stimulus secretion of cortisol is _____ from the _____ in situations of physiological stress.

ACTH (adrenocorticotropic hormone) anterior pituitary

Adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) -- The stimulus for secretions of ACTH is _____.

CRH

The stimulus for secretion of estrogen is _____ from the _____.

FSH anterior pituitary

Inhibin (testosterone) -- Function: Decreases the secretion of _____, which helps maintain _____ at a constant rate.

FSH spermatogenesis

Inhibin (progesterone) -- Function: Decreases the secretion of _____ and _____.

FSH (follicle-stimulating hormone) GnRH (gonadotropin-releasing hormone)

The stimulus of GH is inhibited by _____ from the hypothalamus.

GHIH

The stimulus for secretion of GH is _____ from the hypothalamus.

GHRH

Follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) -- The stimulus for secretion of FSH is _____ from the hypothalamus.

GnRH (gonadotropin-releasing hormone)

Luteinizing hormone (LH) -- The stimulus secretion of LH is _____ from the hypothalamus.

GnRH (gonadotropin-releasing hormone)

The stimulus for secretion of progesterone is _____ from the _____.

LH anterior pituitary

The stimulus for secretion of testosterone is _____ from the _____.

LH (luteinizing hormone) anterior pituitary

Thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) -- The stimulus secretions of TSH is _____ from the hypothalamus.

TRH

Thyroxine (T4) and triiodothyronine (T3) -- The stimulus for secretion of thyroxine and T3 is _____ from the _____.

TSH (thyroid-stimulating hormone) anterior pituitary

Adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) -- Its target organ is the _____.

adrenal cortex

The two parts of the adrenal gland are the _____ and the _____.

adrenal cortex adrenal medulla

Hormones may be classified in three groups based on their chemical structure. These groups are _____ , _____ , and _____ .

amines proteins steriods

Growth hormone (GH) -- Increases the transport of _____ into cells and the synthesis of _____.

amino acids protiens

Inhibin (testosterone) -- Its target organ is the _____.

anterior pituitary

Inhibin (progesterone) -- Its target organs are the _____ and _____.

anterior pituitary hypothalamus

The two parts of the pituitary gland are the _____ and the _____.

anterior pituitary posterior pituitary

Aldosterone helps maintain normal blood volume and _____.

blood pressure (ph)

Norepinephrine -- Its primary target organs are _____.

blood vessels

Calcitonin -- Its target organs are the _____.

bones

Parathyroid hormone (PTH) -- Its target organs are the _____, _____, and _____.

bones small intestines kidneys

Calcitonin -- Function: Decreases the reabsorption of _____ and _____ from bones. As a result of this function, the blood levels of calcium and phosphorus are _____.

calcium phosphate decreased

Epinephrine effect on liver: _____

conversion of glycogen to glucose

The adrenal _____ secretes a group of hormones called mineralocorticoids, of which _____ is the most important.

cortex aldosterone

The adrenal _____ secretes a group of hormones called glucocorticoids, of which _____ is the most important.

cortex cortisol

Adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) -- Function: Stimulates the adrenal cortex to secrete _____.

cortisol

Epinephrine effect on intestines: _____

decrease peristalis

The stimulus for secretion of ADH is _____ water within the body.

decreased

Epinephrine effect on bronchioles: _____

dilation

The pancreas is located in the upper abdominal cavity between the _____ and the _____.

duodenum spleen

Follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) -- Functions in women: Initiates the development of _____ in ovarian follicles and increases the secretion of the hormone _____ by the follicle cell.

egg cells estrogen

The term "catecholamines" is a collective term for the hormones _____ and _____, which are secreted by the _____.

epinephrine norepinephrine medulla

Growth hormone (GH) -- Increases the use of _____ for energy, by increasing its removal from adipose tissue.

fats

Alpha cells produce the hormone _____.

glucagon

Luteinizing hormone (LH) -- Both FSH and LH have their effects on the ovaries or testes and may therefore be called _____ hormones.

gonadotropic

The secretions of endocrine glands are called _____, which enter capillaries and circulate the _____.

hormones blood

The stimulus for secretion of calcitonin is _____.

hypercalcemia

The stimulus secretion of insulin is _____.

hyperglycemia

Parathyroid hormone (PTH) -- Secretion of PTH is stimulated by _____, and inhibited by _____.

hypocalcemia hypercalcemia

The stimulus secretion of glucagon is _____.

hypoglycemia

The posterior pituitary gland stores two hormones that are actually produced by the _____.

hypothalamus

The secretion of prolactin is regulated by PRF and PRIF from the _____.

hypothalamus

The stimulus for secretion of oxytocin is nerve impulses from the _____ during labor or when nursing a baby.

hypothalamus

The function of ADH is to _____ reabsorption of _____ by the kidneys. As a result of this function, urinary output _____, and blood volume _____, which helps maintain blood pressure.

increase water decreases increases

Epinephrine effect on the heart: _____

increase rate

The stimulus for secretion of inhibin is _____ testosterone.

increased

Epinephrine effect on use of fats for energy: _____

increases use

Beta cells produce the hormone _____.

insulin

Thyroxine (T4) and triiodothyronine (T3) -- The mineral necessary for the synthesis of thyroxine and T3 is _____.

iodine

The endocrine glands of the pancreas are called _____, which contain alpha cells and beta cells.

islets of Langerhans

Aldosterone -- Its target organs are the _____.

kidneys

The adrenal glands are located on top of the _____.

kidneys

The thyroid gland is on the anterior side of the trachea just below the _____.

larynx

Glucagon -- Its primary target organ is the _____.

liver

In contrast to hormones, whose site of action is often distant from the site of production, prostaglandins usually exert their effects _____.

locally

Prolactin -- Its target organs are the _____.

mammary glands

Prolactin -- Function: Causes production of _____ by the mammary glands.

milk

With respect to the mammary glands, oxytocin causes the release of _____.

milk

Growth hormone (GH) -- Increases the rate of _____, which results in more cells in growing organs.

mitosis

Testosterone -- Its target organs include the _____.

muscles, bones, testes (or) reproductive organs

Luteinizing hormone (LH) -- Its target organs in women are the _____. Its target organs in men are the _____.

ovaries testes

Follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) -- Its target organs in women are the _____. Its target organs in men are _____.

ovaries testes

Prostaglandins are hormone-like substances made by cells from the _____ of their cell membranes.

phospholipids

Melatonin is produced by the _____.

pineal gland

The anterior pituitary gland secretes its hormones in response to _____ hormones (factors) from the _____.

releasing hypothalamus

The testes are located outside the abdominal cavity in the _____.

scrotum

In people, melatonin brings about the onset of _____.

sleep

With respect to the uterus, oxytocin causes contractions of the _____ for delivery of the _____ and the _____.

smooth muscle (myometrium) baby placenta

Aldosterone -- Functions (direct effects): Increases the reabsorption of _____ ions and the excretions of _____ ions by the kidneys.

sodium potassium

The stimuli for secretion of aldosterone are decreased blood level of _____ ions, or increased blood level of _____ ions, or a decrease in _____.

sodium potassium blood pressure

Follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) -- Functions in men: Initiates the production of _____ in the testes.

sperm

The pituitary gland is enclosed and protected by the _____ bone.

sphenoid

Many of the epinephrine effects mimic those of the _____ division of the autonomic nervous system.

sympathetic

The stimulus for secretion of both norepinephrine and epinephrine is _____ impulses from the hypothalamus in _____ situations.

sympathetic stressful

The cells (organ) on which a hormone exerts its specific effects are called its _____ cells (organ). These cells respond t particular hormones because of the presence of _____ for these hormones, often on the cell membrane.

target receptors

Luteinizing hormone (LH) -- Function in men: Causes the testes to secrete the hormone _____.

testosterone

The parathyroid glands are located on the posterior sides of the lobes of the _____.

thyroid gland

Thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) -- Its target organ is the _____.

thyroid gland

Thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) -- Function: Stimulates the thyroid gland to secrete _____ and _____.

thyroxine T3

The ovaries are located in the pelvic cavity on either side of the _____.

uterus

Oxytocin target organs are the _____ and _____.

uterus mammary gland

Progesterone -- Its target organs are the _____ and _____.

uterus mammary glands

Estrogen -- Its target organs include: _____

uterus and mammary glands OR bones and adipose tissue

Epinephrine effect on blood vessels in skin and viscera: _____

vasoconstriction

Norepinephrine -- Function: Causes _____ throughout the body, which raises blood pressure.

vasoconstriction

Epinephrine effect on blood vessels in skeletal muscle: _____

vasodilation

Antidiuretic hormone (ADH) -- May also be called _____, and its target organs are the _____.

vasopressin kidneys