MICRO - CH. 16 SB
Type A blood has _____ antigens, whereas type B blood has _____antigens.
A/B
Which immune complex disease results in localized dermal injury due to inflamed blood vessels in the vicinity of an injected antigen?
Arthus reaction
Mast cells and are leukocytes that binds IgE and contains cytoplasmic granules with the mediators of anaphylaxis and atopy.
BASOPHILS
______ antibodies are IgG antibodies that remove allergen from the system before it can bind to IgE.
BLOCKING
Cancer can be a(n) ________ of immune dysfunction
CAUSE OR EFFECT
Which of the following is NOT a common effect of histamine?
Constriction of blood vessels
Which of the following is NOT an example of type III hypersensitivities?
Contact dermatitis
Which of the following is NOT a possible sign or symptom of anaphylaxis?
Fever
Allergens typically enter the body through the skin, ______ tract. and _______ tract.
GASTROINTESTINAL/RESPIRATORY
Which of the following tests are NOT used to avert graft rejection?
Histamine release test
Which of the following does NOT occur in the second encounter with an allergen?
Immunoglobulins bind into mast cell membranes
What is the immediate and intended effect of anti-inflammatory drugs like the corticosteroids?
Inhibit lymphocyte activity resulting in a reduction in IgE
Transplanted tissue from one identical twin to the other is called a(n) .
Isograft
Which of the following conditions is not associated with type I allergic reactions?
LUPUS
Which of the following is NOT a sign/symptom of serum sickness?
Localized inflammation of tissue
______ anaphylaxis is characterized by sudden respiratory and circulatory disruption that can be fatal.
Systemic
Type IV hypersensitivities involve _____________ -lymphocytes
T
True or false: In some cases, type II hypersensitivities are caused by a normally functioning immune system.
TRUE
In some cases, type _______hypersensitivities are caused by a normally functioning immune system.
TWO
2. What role do cytokines play in this allergic reaction?
They stimulate B cells to proliferate.
5. Which of the following transfusions would lead to a hemolytic reaction?
Type B blood given to a patient with Type A blood
Tissue destruction occurs in type III reactions when immune complexes deposit in the ______ ______ of epithelial tissues.
basement/membrane
Children suffering from DeGeorge syndrome are at risk of death from ______.
common, benign childhood infections
The primary cell type responsible for host rejection of a graft is the T cell.
cytotoxic
3. In IgE-mediated hypersensitivity, all of the following are needed EXCEPT
cytotoxic T cells.
The most common secondary immune deficiency is caused by a(n) ______
infection
4. Complement fixation leads to __________ of red blood cells.
lysis
Immune_______ is the process of the immune system looking for, detecting, and destroying nonself and cancer cells.
surveillance
Which of the following is the term used to describe "normal" cells changing to cancer cells?
transform
The transfer of a tissue or an organ from an animal of one species to a recipient of another species is called a(n) .
xenograft
Examine Type 4 hypersensitivities by completing each sentence.
- - -Compared to Type 3 hypersensitivities, Type 4 reactions primarily involve T cell activity. -Type 4 dysfunction is known as delayed hypersensitivity for symptoms arise one to several days following secondary antigen exposure. -One example, infectious allergy, occurs during the tuberculin reaction in persons sensitized by tuberculosis infection. -The most common delayed allergic reaction, however, is contact dermatitis, which occurs after exposure to antigens in plant resins, drugs or personal articles, and involves the production of inflammatory cytokines that cause blistering. -Finally, host rejection of grafted tissue can occur due to MHC 1-mediated reactions, while GVHD occurs when passenger cells in the grafted tissue attack host cells. -Autografts, or tissue used from one's own body, offer the lowest risk of graft rejection; these are followed by isografts (identical twin donor); allografts, which are the most common source of grafts today; and xenografts, which are experimental as genetic engineering works to reduce their antigenicity in humans.
Which modes of allergen entry can be involved in eczema?
-Contact -Ingestion -Inhalation
Which characteristics of mast cells and basophils relate to their role in allergic reactions?
-Located throughout body systems -High affinity for IgE -Tendency to degranulate -Contain granules with cytokines
Which of the following tests are used to avert graft rejection?
-Mixed lymphocyte reaction -HLA tissue typing -ABO blood typing
The ABO antigens on the red blood cells are inherited as a set of ______ alleles with ______ possible types of alleles.
2/3
________ is the immunoglobulin class which is most often associated with histamine release.
IgE
The _____ dose is the initial exposure to an allergen that stimulates an immune response.
SENSITIZING
The initial effective exposure to an antigen or an allergen that stimulates an immune response but generally elicits no symptoms is called a(n) ________.
SENSITIZING DOSE
Sudden respiratory and circulatory disruption that can be fatal is called anaphylaxis.
SYSTEMIC
Type IV hypersensitivities primarily involve ________ cells.
T
Which of the following is NOT a common cause of contact dermatitis?
Vaccines
The name that is given to the skin test that indicates sensitivity to a particular allergen is ______ and _______ .
WHEAL/FLARE
Which of the following is not a source of allergens most often implicated in systemic anaphylaxis?
Wheat and other grains
The treatment for primary B-cell immunodeficiency is ________immunotherapy and continuous _________ therapy.
passive/antibiotic
Serum sickness and the Arthus reaction are different from anaphylaxis in which ways?
-Anaphylaxis involves immediate symptoms. -Anaphylaxis is mediated by IgE antibodies.
Please select all of the correct statements about hemolytic disease of the newborn.
-Another name for hemolytic disease of the newborn is erythroblastosis fetalis. -Hemolytic disease of the newborn may result if an Rh- mother is carrying an Rh+ fetus. -There is not a risk of hemolytic disease of the newborn if both parents are Rh-.
Please select characteristics exhibited by cancers.
-Cancer cells exhibit uncontrolled growth. -Most cancer cells display altered genes. -Cancer cells are abnormal in some way.
Please select the characteristics or components of Type 2 hypersensitivity reactions.
-Complement is involved in lysis of cells. -IgG and/or IgM is involved. -Type 2 reactions may occur if mismatched blood is given as a transfusion.
Which of the following could trigger cancer?
-External signals received by a cell -Interactions between gene products -Interactions between genes
Please select the examples of secondary immunodeficiencies.
-Following chemotherapy for cancer, an individual is very susceptible to infections. -A child with leukemia is experiencing repeated infections due to inadequate production of functioning white blood cells. -An individual infected with HIV has depleted numbers of helper T cells.
Please select statements that apply to Type 1 allergic reactions.
-Ig E is the most significant antibody type contributing to Type I allergies.-Asthma, food allergies, and allergies to bee stings are examples.-Antihistamine may be used to reduce allergy symptoms.
Which of the following are used to treat primary B-cell immunodeficiency?
-Passive immunotherapy -Continuous antibiotics
Which type of recurrent infections are possible in individuals suffering from a primary B-cell immunodeficiency?
-Protozoan -Bacterial -Viral
Please select the correct statements about the Rh blood type and anti-Rh antibodies.
-Rh− individuals begin synthesizing anti-Rh antibodies during fetal development. -Anti-Rh antibodies can develop due to environmental exposure. -Anti-Rh antibodies will not be detected by pre-transfusion testing.
Please select all of the correct answers in this question to test your understanding of Type 4 hypersensitivity.
-Type 4 hypersensitivity is also referred to as delayed hypersensitivity. -Type 4 hypersensitivity is mediated by T cells and the effector cells that they recruit. -Type 4 hypersensitivity is most appropriately treated with antihistamines.
Which of the following can be examples of type III hypersensitivities?
-autoimmune disease -Arthus reaction -serum sickness
Which of the following are means that lead to the development of Rh antibodies?
-blood transfusion -placental sensitization
The four ways in which secondary immune deficiency diseases are acquired are ______.
-chemotherapy -radiation -organic disease -infection
Under normal conditions, Ag-Ab complexes are eliminated by ______.
-complement -neutrophils
SCIDs can be caused by ______.
-dysfunction of T and T cells after differentiation -absence of lymphoid stem cells in the bone marrow
Which of the following are portals through which allergens enter the body?
-gastrointestinal tract -respiratory tract -skin
Which of the following can occur if blood transfusions are mismatched?
-hemolysis -kidney failure -death -fever -systemic shock -jaundice
With respect to hemolytic disease of the newborn, the potential for placental sensitization occurs through which combination of mother and unborn child?
-mother is Rh negative -unborn child is Rh positive
Which of the following are common causes of contact dermatitis?
-personal articles -household articles -poisonous plants
Predominant consequences of immunodeficiencies include ______.
-recurrent infections -opportunistic infections
Which of the following are the signs/symptoms of serum sickness?
-renal dysfunction -painful joints -skin rashes -enlarged lymph nodes
Please select the methods used for treatment of Type I allergies.
-use of oral antihistamines -desensitization shots -epinephrine used to treat systemic anaphylactic reactions
1. Immune function is incompletely suppressed, destroyed, or incompletely developed. 2. overreaction of the immune system to relatively harmless antigens that results in damage to the host 3. immune responses directed against "self" cells and tissues that damages the host 4. stimulate immune responses directed against cells and tissues from a different individual or a different place on the individual that may destroy these cells and tissues
1) Immunodeficiency. 2) Allergy. 3) Autoimmunity. 4) Grafts and transfusions.
1. Individual has very low levels of antibody and often suffers from repeated bacterial infections, beginning several months after birth. 2. Individuals with this disorder will lack cell-mediated responses and will suffer from frequent viral, protozoa, and fungal infections. 3. Lack of adaptive immune response, including both antibody-mediated and cell-mediated immune responses
1. Hypogammaglobulinemia - individuals lack Ab mediated immunity. 2.Thymic dysplasia - individuals will lack cell mediated responses because here thymus function is not proper and as a result T cells are not produced. 3. Severe combined immunodeficiency - individuals lack adaptive immune response.
1. Acute reaction to an allergen mediated by IgE, mast cells, basophils, and histamine 2. A reaction mediated by T cells and the effector cells enlisted by them. Generally, this reaction takes a day or two to develop after exposure to the provoking antigen 3. Mediated by IgG antibody-antigen complexes, which are deposited in basement membranes of some organs and invoke an inflammatory response 4. A reaction involving IgG and IgM antibodies which target cells and activate complement, which in turn lyses host cells
1. Immediate hypersensitivity 2. delayed hypersensitivity 3. immune complex hypersensitivity 4. Antibody-mediated hypersensitivity
Please order the following choices to reflect the mechanism and development of an immediate (Type 1) allergic reaction.
1. Individual is exposed to a sensitizing dose of an allergen. 2. B cells produce IgE directed against the allergen. 3. IgE coats (sensitizes) mast cells and basophils. 4. A provoking exposure to the allergen occurs and mast cells and basophils degranulate, releasing histamine and other allergic 5.Individual experiences allergy symptoms.
1. A respiratory allergic response to airborne allergens that results in coughing, sneezing, increased respiratory mucus production, and red, teary eyes 2. A serious respiratory disease in which physiologic responses occur within the bronchi, including swelling, increased mucus secretion, and bronchospasms that may obstruct breathing 3. Eczema—an itchy inflammatory rash of the skin, often beginning in infancy
1. allergic rhinitis 2. asthma 3. atopic dermatitis
1. a transplant of tissue from a close friend 2. a transplant of tissue from a pig 3. a transplant of tissue from an identical twin 4. a transplant of tissue from a person's back to their own scalp
1. allograft 2. xenograft 3. isograft 4. allograft
In type _________ hypersensitivities the antigens are attached to the surface of cells, whereas in type _______hypersensitivities the antigens are soluble.
2/3
In type __________ hypersensitivities the antigens are attached to the surface of cells, whereas in type _________hypersensitivities the antigens are soluble.
2/3
An individual's ABO blood type is determined by a combination of ________ possible alleles that are inherited in groups of _________.
3/2
________ percent of humans are Rh positive.
85%
Match each blood serum type with the ABO antigen that is present on its red blood cells. Instructions
A - A antigen B - B antigen 0 - No antigen AB - A and B antigens
Match each blood type with the antibodies that they contain.
A - Anti-B B - Anti-A AB - Neither anti-A or anti-B 0 - Both anti-A and anti-B
Type ______ blood contains no anti-A or anti-B antibodies whereas type _____ blood contains both types.
AB/O
Human blood types fall into four distinct groups called the _____ blood groups
ABO
The four distinct types of blood are referred to as the ________ blood groups.
ABO
The most common secondary immune deficiency is ______.
AIDS
is the unusual or exaggerated allergic reaction to antigen that leads to severe respiratory and cardiac complications.
ANAPHYLAXIS
reactive to another blood type may exist in serum even though contact with other blood types has never occurred.
ANTIBODIES
Rh- mothers with possible Rh+ fetuses receive passive immunotherapy treatment with a(n) _________ preparation to prevent hemolytic disease of the newborn.
ANTIBODY
Immune complex diseases are triggered by the formation of free-floating ________- complexes __________ that can deposit in tissues.
ANTIGEN/ANTIBODY
is the general term for a localized type I allergic reaction.
ATOPY
is the absence of antibodies in serum.
Agammaglobulinemia
The exchange of relatively compatible tissue between nonidentical members of the same species is called a(n) _______
Allograft
Please choose the answer that best fills in the blanks of this sentence in the correct order. __________ is a localized acute dermal injury due to a second injection of an antigen (vaccine or drug) at the same site, whereas __________ is a systemic disorder due to the deposition of antigen-antibody complexes in basement membranes at a variety of body sites where they provoke inflammation.
An Arthus reaction; serum sickness
Which of the following is NOT a common gastrointestinal symptoms of food allergy?
Anaphylaxis
Which of the following are involved in immune complex diseases?
Antibody-antigen complexes
________ is a drug that counters the action of histamine and is useful in allergy treatment.
Antihistamine
Which type of recurrent infections, appearing initially at about 6 months of age, are most commonly seen in primary B-cell immunodeficiencies?
Bacterial
Which type of transplant is especially prone to GVHD?
Bone marrow
Which of the following characterizes the negative effects of reactive Rh antibodies?
Can cause hemolysis in an Rh+ child whose mother is Rh-
Which of the following terms are used to describe any cell type which appears to replicate in an uncontrolled manner?
Cancer
Which of the following cell types is primarily responsible for graft rejection?
Cytotoxic T cells
Please choose the statement that best describes current thinking about the origin and development of the anti-A and anti-B blood group antibodies.
Exposure to natural antigens in food and bacteria causes the development of anti-A and anti-B antibodies early in infancy.
disease of the newborn is a condition in which complement-mediated lysis of the red blood cells occurs when antibodies bind to red blood cell antigens.
Hemolytic
What is the name of the inborn disease in which the gamma globulin (antibody) fraction of serum is greatly reduced?
Hypogammaglobulinemia
A(n) ______ ________ or Type III reaction is characterized by the reaction of soluble antigen with antibody and the deposition of the resulting complexes in basement membranes of epithelial tissue.
IMMUNE COMPLEX
1. The antibody involved in Type 1 hypersensitivity is __________.
IgE
2. Which of these describes Type 1 hypersensitivity?
IgE-mediated and involves mast cells, helper T cells, and histamine
Which of the following terminologies is used to describe the process where immune cells detect and eliminate cancer cells?
Immune Surveillance
Which of the following best defines an universal donor?
In blood grouping and transfusion, a group O individual whose erythrocytes bear neither antigen A nor B.
In what way are type II and type III hypersensitivities different?
In type II, the antigens are attached to the surface of cells, whereas in type III, the antigens are soluble.
Which of the following is NOT a likely outcome of a mismatched blood transfusion?
Lymphadenopathy
The majority of type I allergies are ________.
MILD
Why is the first Rh+ child born to an Rh- mother usually unaffected by hemolytic disease of the newborn?
Maternal sensitization is usually not completed before birth.
Blood serum ________ contain preformed antibodies to A and B antigens without prior exposure to the antigens.
May
Which of the following is NOT a predominant consequence of immunodeficiency?
Mental deterioration
In placental sensitization, the mother is Rh ________, , whereas the fetus is Rh _______
NEGATIVE/POSITIVE
Which of the following terms is another word used to describe the disease known as cancer?
Neoplasm
The study of cancer is called ______.
ONCOLOGY
85% of humans are Rh _______ whereas 15% are Rh
POSITIVE/NEGATIVE
To prevent hemolytic disease of the newborn, Rh- mothers with possible Rh+ fetuses receive what treatment?
Passive antibody preparation
Immunodeficiencies that are based on genetic errors and present at birth (congenital) are called ______________ immunodeficiencies.
Primary
Which type of immunodeficiency disease is present at birth?
Primary
Rh factor incompatibility can result in the lysis of _______
RBC
Which of the following structures are targeted in allergic rhinitis?
Respiratory membranes
The _____ _______is an antigen on red blood cells that can trigger hemolytic disease in newborns due to incompatibility between maternal and infant blood components.
Rh FACTOR
Which of the following can trigger hemolytic disease in newborns due to incompatibility between maternal and infant blood components?
Rh FACTOR
Which of the following best describes how RhoGAM works?
RhoGAM binds to Rh+ antigens
______ immunodeficiency diseases are acquired after birth.
Secondary
Which type of immunodeficiency involves serious dysfunction in both T and B lymphocyte systems?
Severe combined immunodeficiency
Please choose the statement that best describes the immunologic basis of organ or tissue rejection after transplantation.
Specific T cell populations recognize non-self MHC molecules on transplanted tissue and mount a cell-mediated immune response damaging the transplant.
A T-cell deficiency is more devastating than a B- cell deficiency because _________ cells are required to assist in most specific immune reactions.
T-helper
Severe combined immunodeficiencies involve serious dysfunction in both -cell and -cell systems.
T/B
A dysfunctional ________ cell line is usually more devastating than a defective ________ cell line.
T;B
Type _______hypersensitivities involve complement-assisted cell lysis by antibodies.
TWO
If the mother does not receive treatment, why is the second Rh+ child born to an Rh- mother usually affected by hemolytic disease of the newborn?
The mother's immune system has been primed for a second contact.
What occurs when T-cells encounter cells displaying foreign MHC molecules?
They recognize and react against the foreign cells based on MHC types.
Please choose the statement that describes the basic difference between Type 3 hypersensitivity reactions and the other types of hypersensitivities.
Type 3 hypersensitivity reactions occur in response to soluble, not cell-associated antigens.
A person with Type O blood has neither A or B antigens on their RBCs and can donate to any other blood type, and therefore would be referred to as a(n) ______ _______
UNIVERSAL DONOR
Molecules that differ among members of the same species that can result in immune responses such as graft rejection are called ________.
alloantigens
Molecules that differ in the same species are referred to as .
alloantigens
Relatively compatible tissue exchange between nonidentical members of the same species is called a(n) ________.
allograft
1. An allergy is best described as __________.
an exaggerated immune response
A severe, life-threatening systemic Type 1 allergic response, occurring most often due to an injected antigen, is known as __________.
anaphylaxis
Serum sickness and the Arthus reaction are different from anaphylaxis in all of the following ways EXCEPT ______.
anaphylaxis does not require sensitization
3. Serum of people with Type AB blood contains which type(s) of antibody?
anti-A antibodies and anti-B antibodies
4. Which of the following stimulates cell-bound IgE molecules, resulting in degranulation of mast cells?
antigen
RhoGAM binds to Rh _______
antigens
A(n) is the specific term for tissue or organ surgically transplanted to another site on the same subject.
autograft
Tissue or organ surgically transplanted to another site on the same subject is called a(n) ________.
autograft
Immune complex deposition in the ________ of epithelial tissues triggers the tissue damage that is characteristic of Type III hypersensitivity reactions.
basement membrane
The type of tissue transplant that is especially prone to GVHD is a(n) _______ ______ transplant.
bone/marrow
The term neoplasm is a synonym for .
cancer
is the name given to any cell type which appears to replicate in an uncontrolled manner.
cancer
Immune complexes recruit various inflammatory components such as ____________ and __________, which would eliminate Ag-Ab complexes as part of the normal immune response.
complement/neutrophils
Type IV hypersensitivities are called cell-mediated or hypersensitivities.
delayed
Type IV hypersensitivity reactions are _____.
delayed
True or false: Cancer can only be triggered by viruses and sunlight.
false
True or false: Most B-cell immunodeficiencies are X-linked traits and therefore, occur most often in girls.
false
True or false: Oncology is the study of autoimmune diseases.
false
4. Generally, it is not possible to have an allergic reaction the __________ time a person is exposed to an antigen.
first
A condition in which T cells in transplanted tissue mount an immune response against the recipient's (host) normal tissues is called ________.
graft vs. host disease
The condition in which T cells in the transplanted tissue mount an immune response against the recipient's normal tissues is called ________versus _______disease.
graft/host
The incompatibility of the Rh factor between mother and fetus resulting in maternal antibodies attacking the fetus and triggering complement-mediated lysis of the fetal erythrocytes is an example of a(n) ________ disease.
hemolytic
5. Histamine released by mast cells leads to all of the following symptoms except
high fever.
A(n) ________ reaction is characterized by the reaction of soluble antigen with antibody, and the deposition of the resulting structures in basement membranes of epithelial tissue.
immune complex
Secondary immune deficiency is acquired through _____ , organic disease, ______ , or ______
infection/chemotherapy/radiation
When cytotoxic T cells of a host recognize foreign class I MHC markers on the surface of grafted cells, they release the cytokine __________ - ___________as part of a generalized immune mobilization.
interleukin(IL)/two
A transplant between identical twins is called a(n) ________.
isograft
The less related individuals are, the ________ likely their MHC genes and markers will be similar.
less
Because most B cell based immunodeficiencies are X-linked traits, the occur more often in ________.
male children
3. IgE molecules attach to __________.
mast cells via their constant region
The healthy immune system detects and destroys _______ cancer cells before tumors can form.
most
2. People with Type O blood have red blood cells that exhibit which antigen(s)?
no antigens
Please choose the answer that best fills in the blanks of this sentence in the correct order. Immunodeficiency diseases that are congenital (present at birth) and genetic in origin are referred to as __________ immunodeficiency diseases, whereas those that are acquired during an individual's lifetime and are not genetic in origin are referred to as __________ immunodeficiency diseases.
primary; secondary
Immunodeficiencies that are acquired after birth are called __________immunodeficiencies..
secondary
Immune deficiency diseases dues to infection, like AIDS (acquired immune deficiency disease), are considered
secondary immunodeficiency diseases.
An individual may develop Rh antibodies following placental _____or blood ______ .
sensitization/transfusion
The immune complex disease causing systemic injury initiated by antigen-antibody complexes that circulate in the blood and settle into membranes at various sites is called ______.
serum sickness
The pathology seen in the common types of SCID is either the result of complete absence of lymphocyte ______ cells in the bone marrow or due to the dysfunction of B cells and _______ cells later in development.
stem/T
"Normal" cells can be into cancer cells by many different stimulants.
transformed
1. True or False: LPS is responsible for the destruction of red blood cells in this reaction.
true
Not all cancer cells have immunogenic properties that our immune system can detect and therefore these cancer cells will flourish which may lead to greater disease and even death.
true
True or false: A child who has DiGeorge syndrome could potentially die due to chicken pox.
true
True or false: Identical twins will have identical MHC genes and therefore, identical cell surface molecules.
true
True or false: Malignant cancers spread systemically to other organs and can cause significant dysfunction in those organs.
true
A person with Type AB blood has neither anti-A or anti-B antibodies and can receive from any other blood type, and therefore would be referred to as a(n)
universal recipient
A(n) ________ can receive blood from any other human blood type.
universal recipient
IgE is associated with the allergic response because the Fc region binds to ________ and _________.
- MAST CELLS - BASOPHILS
Which of the following are leukocytes that bind IgE and contain cytoplasmic granules with the mediators of anaphylaxis and atopy?
- MAST CELLS - BASOPHILS
A second encounter with an allergen would result in which of the following events?
-Allergen binds to IgE on mast cells -Signs/symptoms appear -Mast cells degranulate -Massive amounts of cytokines are released
Besides the gastrointestinal symptoms, which of the following are symptoms of food allergy?
-Anaphylaxis -Rhinitis -Asthma -Rashes -Hives
Which of the following are allergens most often implicated in systemic anaphylaxis?
-Bee venom -Antibiotic injections
Which of the following methods are commonly used to prevent type I allergic reactions?
-Desensitization therapy -Avoiding the allergen -Drug therapy
Which are the three most common gastrointestinal symptoms of food allergy?
-Diarrhea -Vomiting -Abdominal pain
Which of the following commonly involve type I allergies?
-Eczema -Asthma -Drug allergy -Hay fever -Food allergy -Anaphylaxis
Which of the following are common effects of histamine?
-Intense itching -Increased glandular secretions -Wheal-and-flare reaction -Dilation of smooth muscle -Constriction of smooth muscle
Which of the following are potential mild and severe symptoms of anaphylaxis?
-Prostration -Convulsions -Sneezing -Difficulties -breathing -Itching
Which of the following are symptoms seen in asthma?
-Ventilatory rales -Bronchoconstriction -Coughing
Which of the following represent the effects of smooth muscle changes in response to the chemical mediators of allergy?
-blood flow changes -blood pressure changes -changes in respiration
Signs and symptoms of type I allergies include ______.
-itching -rashes -sneezing -redness -rhinitis -diarrhea
Which of the following are systemic targets of the chemical mediators released by mast cells and basophils?
-nervous tissue -mucus glands -smooth muscle
The signs and symptoms of allergies are caused, not by the allergen itself, but by chemical released by basophils and mast cells.
-prostaglandins -serotonin -leukotriene -platelet-activating factor -histamine -bradykinin
A(n) ________ is a foreign substance that provokes an allergic response.
ALLERGEN
Any substance that provokes an allergic response is referred to as a(n) ?
ALLERGEN
A(n) _______ is an exaggerated immune response that is manifested by inflammation.
ALLERGY
The term ______ refers to an exaggerated immune response that is manifested by inflammation.
ALLERGY
Which of the following is the term used to describe a severe allergic reaction that can lead to severe respiratory and cardiac complications?
ANAPHYLAXIS
________ is defined as a localized allergic reaction classified as type I involving IgE antibody; includes symptoms of hay fever, asthma, and skin rash.
ATOPY
What name is given to IgG antibodies that are produced in response to desensitization therapy and remove allergens from the system before degranulation occurs?
Blocking antibodies
Cancer can be both a(n) _______ and a(n) _____ of an immune dysfunction.
CAUSE/EFFECT
Match each allergen type with its mode of entry. Instructions
Contactant: Enter through the skin Inhalant: Enter the respiratory tract Ingestant: Enter the GI tract through the mouth Injectant: Enter through the skin by forced penetration
Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of mast cells and basophils that relates to their role in allergy?
Contain digestive enzymes in cytoplasmic granules
Match each type of anaphylaxis with the correct description Instructions
Cutaneous: Choice, wheal and flare inflammatory reaction to the local infection of allergen wheal and flare inflammatory reaction to the local infection of allergen Systemic: sudden respiratory and circulatory disruption that can be fatal within minutes
The release of the contents of cytoplasmic granules by basophils and mast cells, in response to allergen binding to IgE receptors, is called ________.
DEGRANULATION
When allergens bind to IgE receptors on mast cells, they release the contents of their granules. This is called .
DEGRANULATION
Which of the following is NOT a symptom seen in asthma?
Decreased mucus secretion
Intentional exposure to known allergens in order to build tolerance and eventually prevent allergic reaction is called .
Desensitization
________ is a controlled exposure to known allergens designed to build tolerance and eventually prevent allergic reaction.
Desensitization
Which of the following is NOT a possible symptom of food allergy?
Diuresis
Atopic dermatitis or ______ is an acute or chronic allergy of the skin associated with itchy, red, scaly lesions.
ECZEMA
What causes the signs/symptoms of allergy?
Effects of mast cell mediators on targets
Which of the following is NOT a systemic target of the chemical mediators released by mast cells and basophils?
Epithelial tissue
A recipient has an immune system reaction to foreign tissues and cells of another individual in ____ and _______
GRAFTS AND TRANSFUSIONS
A recipient has an immune system reaction to foreign tissues and cells of another individual in ________ and _________
GRAFTS AND TRANSFUSIONS
Reactions to foreign tissues and cells of another individual occur in
GRAFTS AND TRANSPLANTS
Which of the following is NOT a main chemical mediator of the allergic response?
Glutamine
involves normal immune reactions that are exaggerated or otherwise detrimental.
HYPERSENSITIVIES
involves normal immune reactions that are exaggerated or otherwise detrimental.
HYPERSENSITIVITIES
Although it can be used interchangeably with allergy, experts use the term ________ to refer to a delayed overreaction to an antigen.
HYPERSENSITIVITY
A(n) ____ disease is defined as a state in which immune function is incompletely developed, suppressed or destroyed.
HYPOSENSITIVITY
What name is given to diseases that result from an incompletely developed, suppressed, or destroyed immune system?
IMMUNIDEFICIENCY DISEASE
The study of disease states associated with overreactivity or underreactivity of the immune response is called
IMMUNOPATHOLOGY
________ is the study of disease states associated with overreactivity or underreactivity of the immune response.
IMMUNOPATHOLOGY
Allergens that enter through the mouth are called , _____ while allergens that enter through the respiratory tract are called _____
INGESTANTS/INHALANTS
Which mode of allergen entry is NOT implicated in in eczema?
INJECTION
Allergy medications function by blocking one or more steps of the allergic response pathway at some point between the production of ______ antibodies and the appearance of symptoms.
IgE
The aim of allergy medications is to block the allergic response somewhere along the route between the production of antibodies and the appearance of symptoms.
IgE
The intended effect of oral anti-inflammatory drugs (i.e. corticosteroids) is to inhibit lymphocyte activity resulting in a reduction in the production of .
IgE
Which class of antibodies is associated with Type I allergies?
IgE
Which class of immunoglobulins is typically produced by plasma cells that react with allergens?
IgE
is the class of antibodies associated with type I allergies.
IgE
Although about 30% of the human population are prone to allergies, the symptoms of the majority of type I allergies are relatively .
MILD
IgE is produced by _____ cells.
PLASMA
Which type of macromolecule is most allergenic?
PROTEINS
______are more allergenic than other macromolecules.
PROTEINS
are more allergenic than other macromolecules.
PROTEINS OR POLYPEPTIDES
Subsequent encounters with the same allergen are referred to as doses.
PROVACATIVE
The subsequent exposure to an allergen that triggers an allergic reaction is called a(n) ________.
PROVOCATIVE
Which of the following is NOT an effect of chemical mediators of allergy on smooth muscle tissue targets?
Pain and anxiety
Which of the following describes a "positive" wheal and flare reaction?
Raised and swollen skin
Which of the following is not a method used to prevent type I allergic reactions?
Removal of the thymus gland
Which of the following classification systems is currently used to differentiate hypersensitivity reactions?
Type I to type IV categories
Match each hypersensitivity type with its mechanism of action. Instructions
Type I: Allergy and anaphylaxis Type II: IgG and IgM-mediated tissue destruction Type III: Immune complex reactions Type IV: Cell mediated (delayed) hypersensitivity
A form of atopic allergy marked by seasonal acute inflammation of the conjunctiva and mucous membranes of the respiratory passages is known as _________.
allergic rhinitis
Type II hypersensitivities involve ______.
complement-assisted cell lysis by antibodies
Compared to cutaneous anaphylaxis, the ______ of chemical mediators and the _____ of the response are greatly amplified in systemic anaphylaxis.
concentration/strength
Symptoms of which of the following are prominent in allergic reactions?
inflammation
Hay fever, or allergic rhinitis, is a reaction to inhaled allergens or chemical irritants that typically target membranes.
respiratory or mucous
