Micro Ch 9 Pt 1

Which type of RNA is transcribed from a DNA template?

All types of RNA

What is the central dogma hypothesis of genetics?

DNA encodes RNA which encodes protein

Which DOES NOT occur during translation elongation?

Enzymatic breaking of bond between tRNA and polypeptide chain, formyl methionine is delivered to the ribosome

Adenine and ____ are purines found in DNA.

guanine

____ contains the codons for the polypeptide

mRNA

A(n) ____ operon, such as the lac operon, is usually in the "off" position, but can be turned on when the appropriate substrate is present.

inducible

The three events of translation in the correct order are ____, ____, ____ followed by protein folding and processing.

initiation; elongation; termination

A ____ is the basic unit of DNA structure.

nucleotide

True or false: DNA polymerase converts DNA into the various types of RNA during transcription.

False

Genetic inheritance in microorganisms is best defined by which term?

Heredity

DNA ____ is the enzyme responsible for building strands of DNA.

polymerase

DNA ____ synthesizes DNA strands in the 5' to 3' direction.

polymerase

The genome of a prokaryotic or eukaryotic cell includes DNA found in which sites?

Plasmids, chromosomes, chloroplasts, mitochondria

The specific order of amino acids bound to each other by peptide bonds represents the ____ structure of a protein.

primary

Protein synthesis is more efficient in prokaryotes than in eukaryotes for all of the following reasons EXCEPT:

prokaryotic ribosomes are 70S rather than 80s

The initiation of transcription occurs when RNA polymerase recognizes and binds to a region of DNA called the ____ region.

promoter

The ____ of an operon is the location where RNA polymerase binds, whereas the ____ acts as the on/off switch for transcription of the structural genes.

promoter; operator

This type of RNA forms part of the ribosome:

rRNA

Which type of RNA comprises ribosomal subunits?

rRNA

____ brings the amino acids to the ribosome.

tRNA

The ____ strand of DNA contains the order of nucleotides that are transcribed into RNA.

template

DNA polymerase ____ is the enzyme responsible for building the DNA strand.

three

Any nitrogen-containing molecule found in DNA and RNA that provides the basis for the genetic code is a nitrogenous ____.

base

The entire genetic makeup of an organism is its ____, but the expression of certain genetic traits are known as its ____.

genotype, phenotype

The three types of RNA are _RNA, _RNA, and _RNA.

m; t; r

Chromosomes are located in the ____ of protozoal and fungal cells.

nucleus

Prokaryotic DNA is arranged into systems called ____.

operons

The characteristics resulting from the interaction of the particular genetic makeup of an organism and the environment is the ____ of that organism.

phenotype

During ____ DNA replication, the newly made double helices are composed of one parent template and one newly synthesized strand.

semiconservative

The termination of transcription involves:

separation of RNA from the DNA template

The pyrimidine nitrogenous bases found in DNA are cytosine and ____.

thymine

In DNA, adenine pairs with ____, whereas cytosine pairs with ____.

thymine; guanine

Which is the correct order of events in transcription?

1. Initiation 2. Elongation 3. Termination

A DNA triplet encodes ____ mRNA codon(s) and ____ amino acid(s).

1; 1

Nucleotides can only be added to the ____ end of a growing chain.

3'

Which template DNA sequence encodes the peptide sequence Phenylalanine-Leucine-Aspartic-Acid-Valine?

3'-AAAAACCTACAT-5'

The mRNA chain is built in the ____ direction.

5' to 3'

DNA polymerases are responsible for:

Building the DNA chain, proofread/repair

The nitrogenous bases found in DNA include:

Cytosine, Adenine, Guanine, Thymine

Before a bacterial cell can undergo binary fission, the ____ must be duplicated.

DNA

Eukaryotic chromosomes are composed of ____.

DNA

What determines the order of amino acids in the

DNA sequence of a gene

Which pentose sugar is found in DNA?

Deoxyribose

Which term represents all of the genetic information within a cell?

Genome

Which enzyme unzips the DNA helix prior to the start of replication?

Helicase

The enzyme involved in replicating a new DNA strand is DNA polymerase ____, and DNA polymerase ____ is involved in removing the RNA primer, closing gaps, and repairing mismatched bases.

III, I

Which of the following are parts of a nucleotide in DNA?

Nitrogenous base, Phosphate, Deoxyribose sugar

The DNA blueprint specifies how to make what type of macromolecule?

Proteins

____ are functional biomolecules in cells formed from one or more long chains of amino acids.

Proteins

Which occur during posttranslational modification?

Proteins join with other proteins to form quaternary structures, cofactors are added to proteins destined to become enzymes

The large enzyme complex involved in synthesizing RNA from a DNA template is which of the following?

RNA polymerase

The main enzyme responsible for transcription is:

RNA polymerase

During transcription, RNA polymerase synthesizes ____ from a(n) ____ template.

RNA; DNA

What is the term for the gene that codes for a protein capable of repressing the operon?

Regulator

Which pentose sugar is found in RNA?

Ribose

Which kind of gene encodes a protein?

Structural

Which parts of the lactose operon?

Structural locus, control locus, regulator

Which of the following are functions of RNA polymerase?

Synthesizes an RNA molecule from DNA template; Unwinds the DNA so that transcription can take place

If one strand of DNA reads 5'-AAGCGTTA-3', the complementary sequence would be 5'-____-3'.

TAACGCTT

____ is the process of decoding DNA into messenger RNA.

Transcription

What are the two steps of protein synthesis?

Transcription, translation

During what process is mRNA converted into a protein?

Translation

____, ____, and ____ are the three stop codons within the genetic code.

UAA; UAG; UGA

____ is the nitrogenous base unique to RNA molecules.

Uracil

Transcription elongation involves:

adding of nucleotides to the growing mRNA chain

The purine nitrogenous bases found in DNA are guanine and ____.

adenine

The ____ of tRNA is complementary to the mRNA codon in translation.

anticodon

In DNA, the 2 strands of the helix are arranged in ____ orientation.

antiparallel

A(n) ____ is the specific sequence of 3 mRNA nucleotides that encodes a particular amino acid.

codon

Each mRNA ____ codes for a particular amino acid which is then bonded with other amino acids during translation to form a protein.

codon

The purine guanine pairs with the pyrimidine ____.

cytosine

A nucleotide is oriented 5' or 3' depending on the location of the ____ on the strand of DNA.

deoxyribose carbons

The DNA of a chromosome is ____-stranded

double

Proteins contribute to the phenotype of an organism by functioning as:

enzymes, structural molecules

The replication ____ is the Y-shaped point on a replicating DNA molecule where the DNA polymerase is synthesizing new strands of DNA.

fork

A(n) is a sequence of DNA nucleotides that codes for one functional protein.

gene

The science of heredity is

genetics

The ____ is the genetic makeup of an organism that is ultimately responsible for an organism's expressed characteristics.

genotype

A "stop" codon in mRNA is also known as a ____ codon.

nonsense

The RNA form that contains the transcribed code for a protein from the original DNA strand is ____.

messenger RNA

The ____ of the genetic code results in several codons encoding the same amino acid.

redundancy

During semiconservative ____ the DNA is duplicated prior to binary fission.

replication

The ____ protein is capable of repressing an operon.

repressor

Which are components of an operon in a sequence of DNA?

structural genes, operator, promoter

The RNA type that transfers amino acids to the growing peptide chain in translation is ____.

transfer

The ribosome, composed of rRNA and protein, is involved in the process of ____.

translation

Which occurs during translation elongation?

translocation of ribosome, tRNA delivers amino acid to empty A site

Which term, synonymous with codon, describes a trinucleotide sequence coding an amino acid in mRNA?

triplet

The nitrogenous base thymine is only found in DNA, while ____ is only found in RNA.

uracil

Unlike DNA, RNA contains the nitrogenous base ____.

uracil