Micro Ch 9 Pt 1
Which type of RNA is transcribed from a DNA template?
All types of RNA
What is the central dogma hypothesis of genetics?
DNA encodes RNA which encodes protein
Which DOES NOT occur during translation elongation?
Enzymatic breaking of bond between tRNA and polypeptide chain, formyl methionine is delivered to the ribosome
Adenine and ____ are purines found in DNA.
guanine
____ contains the codons for the polypeptide
mRNA
A(n) ____ operon, such as the lac operon, is usually in the "off" position, but can be turned on when the appropriate substrate is present.
inducible
The three events of translation in the correct order are ____, ____, ____ followed by protein folding and processing.
initiation; elongation; termination
A ____ is the basic unit of DNA structure.
nucleotide
True or false: DNA polymerase converts DNA into the various types of RNA during transcription.
False
Genetic inheritance in microorganisms is best defined by which term?
Heredity
DNA ____ is the enzyme responsible for building strands of DNA.
polymerase
DNA ____ synthesizes DNA strands in the 5' to 3' direction.
polymerase
The genome of a prokaryotic or eukaryotic cell includes DNA found in which sites?
Plasmids, chromosomes, chloroplasts, mitochondria
The specific order of amino acids bound to each other by peptide bonds represents the ____ structure of a protein.
primary
Protein synthesis is more efficient in prokaryotes than in eukaryotes for all of the following reasons EXCEPT:
prokaryotic ribosomes are 70S rather than 80s
The initiation of transcription occurs when RNA polymerase recognizes and binds to a region of DNA called the ____ region.
promoter
The ____ of an operon is the location where RNA polymerase binds, whereas the ____ acts as the on/off switch for transcription of the structural genes.
promoter; operator
This type of RNA forms part of the ribosome:
rRNA
Which type of RNA comprises ribosomal subunits?
rRNA
____ brings the amino acids to the ribosome.
tRNA
The ____ strand of DNA contains the order of nucleotides that are transcribed into RNA.
template
DNA polymerase ____ is the enzyme responsible for building the DNA strand.
three
Any nitrogen-containing molecule found in DNA and RNA that provides the basis for the genetic code is a nitrogenous ____.
base
The entire genetic makeup of an organism is its ____, but the expression of certain genetic traits are known as its ____.
genotype, phenotype
The three types of RNA are _RNA, _RNA, and _RNA.
m; t; r
Chromosomes are located in the ____ of protozoal and fungal cells.
nucleus
Prokaryotic DNA is arranged into systems called ____.
operons
The characteristics resulting from the interaction of the particular genetic makeup of an organism and the environment is the ____ of that organism.
phenotype
During ____ DNA replication, the newly made double helices are composed of one parent template and one newly synthesized strand.
semiconservative
The termination of transcription involves:
separation of RNA from the DNA template
The pyrimidine nitrogenous bases found in DNA are cytosine and ____.
thymine
In DNA, adenine pairs with ____, whereas cytosine pairs with ____.
thymine; guanine
Which is the correct order of events in transcription?
1. Initiation 2. Elongation 3. Termination
A DNA triplet encodes ____ mRNA codon(s) and ____ amino acid(s).
1; 1
Nucleotides can only be added to the ____ end of a growing chain.
3'
Which template DNA sequence encodes the peptide sequence Phenylalanine-Leucine-Aspartic-Acid-Valine?
3'-AAAAACCTACAT-5'
The mRNA chain is built in the ____ direction.
5' to 3'
DNA polymerases are responsible for:
Building the DNA chain, proofread/repair
The nitrogenous bases found in DNA include:
Cytosine, Adenine, Guanine, Thymine
Before a bacterial cell can undergo binary fission, the ____ must be duplicated.
DNA
Eukaryotic chromosomes are composed of ____.
DNA
What determines the order of amino acids in the
DNA sequence of a gene
Which pentose sugar is found in DNA?
Deoxyribose
Which term represents all of the genetic information within a cell?
Genome
Which enzyme unzips the DNA helix prior to the start of replication?
Helicase
The enzyme involved in replicating a new DNA strand is DNA polymerase ____, and DNA polymerase ____ is involved in removing the RNA primer, closing gaps, and repairing mismatched bases.
III, I
Which of the following are parts of a nucleotide in DNA?
Nitrogenous base, Phosphate, Deoxyribose sugar
The DNA blueprint specifies how to make what type of macromolecule?
Proteins
____ are functional biomolecules in cells formed from one or more long chains of amino acids.
Proteins
Which occur during posttranslational modification?
Proteins join with other proteins to form quaternary structures, cofactors are added to proteins destined to become enzymes
The large enzyme complex involved in synthesizing RNA from a DNA template is which of the following?
RNA polymerase
The main enzyme responsible for transcription is:
RNA polymerase
During transcription, RNA polymerase synthesizes ____ from a(n) ____ template.
RNA; DNA
What is the term for the gene that codes for a protein capable of repressing the operon?
Regulator
Which pentose sugar is found in RNA?
Ribose
Which kind of gene encodes a protein?
Structural
Which parts of the lactose operon?
Structural locus, control locus, regulator
Which of the following are functions of RNA polymerase?
Synthesizes an RNA molecule from DNA template; Unwinds the DNA so that transcription can take place
If one strand of DNA reads 5'-AAGCGTTA-3', the complementary sequence would be 5'-____-3'.
TAACGCTT
____ is the process of decoding DNA into messenger RNA.
Transcription
What are the two steps of protein synthesis?
Transcription, translation
During what process is mRNA converted into a protein?
Translation
____, ____, and ____ are the three stop codons within the genetic code.
UAA; UAG; UGA
____ is the nitrogenous base unique to RNA molecules.
Uracil
Transcription elongation involves:
adding of nucleotides to the growing mRNA chain
The purine nitrogenous bases found in DNA are guanine and ____.
adenine
The ____ of tRNA is complementary to the mRNA codon in translation.
anticodon
In DNA, the 2 strands of the helix are arranged in ____ orientation.
antiparallel
A(n) ____ is the specific sequence of 3 mRNA nucleotides that encodes a particular amino acid.
codon
Each mRNA ____ codes for a particular amino acid which is then bonded with other amino acids during translation to form a protein.
codon
The purine guanine pairs with the pyrimidine ____.
cytosine
A nucleotide is oriented 5' or 3' depending on the location of the ____ on the strand of DNA.
deoxyribose carbons
The DNA of a chromosome is ____-stranded
double
Proteins contribute to the phenotype of an organism by functioning as:
enzymes, structural molecules
The replication ____ is the Y-shaped point on a replicating DNA molecule where the DNA polymerase is synthesizing new strands of DNA.
fork
A(n) is a sequence of DNA nucleotides that codes for one functional protein.
gene
The science of heredity is
genetics
The ____ is the genetic makeup of an organism that is ultimately responsible for an organism's expressed characteristics.
genotype
A "stop" codon in mRNA is also known as a ____ codon.
nonsense
The RNA form that contains the transcribed code for a protein from the original DNA strand is ____.
messenger RNA
The ____ of the genetic code results in several codons encoding the same amino acid.
redundancy
During semiconservative ____ the DNA is duplicated prior to binary fission.
replication
The ____ protein is capable of repressing an operon.
repressor
Which are components of an operon in a sequence of DNA?
structural genes, operator, promoter
The RNA type that transfers amino acids to the growing peptide chain in translation is ____.
transfer
The ribosome, composed of rRNA and protein, is involved in the process of ____.
translation
Which occurs during translation elongation?
translocation of ribosome, tRNA delivers amino acid to empty A site
Which term, synonymous with codon, describes a trinucleotide sequence coding an amino acid in mRNA?
triplet
The nitrogenous base thymine is only found in DNA, while ____ is only found in RNA.
uracil
Unlike DNA, RNA contains the nitrogenous base ____.
uracil
