Micro exam 2 lecture - practice exam

Parasite

Organism that lives in or on another organism for the purpose of acquiring nutrients

Saprobe

Organism that obtains nutrients from the remnants of dead plants and animals

A mutation has occurred during DNA replication while the cell was preparing to divide. As a result of this, the codon ACU of mRNA has now become ACC. Interestingly, there is no change to the protein being made. Why not? This is a silent mutation. The original amino acid isoleucine was changed to leucine, but they are the same variation of amino acid so no change to the protein. The mutation was fixed, and even though the codon is now ACC the correct amino acid is put into place for the normal protein. This is not a mutation that causes a big change, so there is no change to the protein being made.

This is a silent mutation

True or False:Infections caused by fungi are called mycoses.

True

Protozoan cysts are necessary for transmission to a new host. are produced by binary fission. part of all protozoan life cycles. analogous to bacterial endospores. the primary form of replication.

analogous to bacterial endospores

the term that describes a virus that has a membranous outer covering over its capsid. Naked virus Enveloped virus Encapsulated virus Coated virus Icosahedral virus

enveloped virus

Phenotype

expression of genotype that creates certain structures or functions- physical traits

Which of the following is not a type of bacterial DNA recombination? Multiple Choice Transformation Conjugation Mitosis Transduction

mitosis

If the wild type DNA sequence reads THE CAT ATE THE BIG RAT, what type of mutation would change the sequence to THE CAT ATE THE BAG RAT? Point Nonsense Insertion Deletion Silent

point

Amoeba utilize what structures for motility? Multiple Choice Cilia Flagella Pseudopods Axial filaments

pseudopods

The host cells that viruses can infect are determined by the Multiple Choice proximity of host cells. DNA in host cells. concentration of host cells in vicinity. receptors on the host cells .

receptors on the host cells.

the term that best describes any organism that contains and expresses genes that originated in another organism. Genetically modified Polymerized Synthetic Recombinant

recombinant

Bacteriophages serve as a mechanism for genetic transfer in the process called replication. transduction conjugation. transfection.

transduction

Yeasts are _________blank fungi, and molds are _________blank fungi. Multiple Choice motile; nonmotile water; terrestrial unicellular; filamentous macroscopic; microscopic

unicellular; filamentous

Genetics

The study of inheritance or heredity that explores

Genotype

The sum of all types of genes consulting an organism's distinctive GENETIC MAKE UP

Genome

The sum total of genetic material of an organism Most exist in the form of chromosomes Some may appear in nonchromosomal forms : PLASMIDS:tiny extra pieces of dna , organelles:mitochondria and choloroplst

GENETIC LIFE CYCLE - APUSAR (CORRECT ORDER )

1. Absorption:The virus attaches to its host cell by specific binding of its spikes to cell receptors. 2.Penetration: The virus is engulfed into a vesicle. 3.Uncoating: The viral envelope is shed thereby freeing the viral RNA into the cell cytoplasm. 4.Synthesis (Replication and Protein Production): Under the control of viral genes, the cell synthesizes the basic components of new viruses: RNA molecules, capsomers, spikes. 5.Assembly: Viral spike proteins are inserted into the cell membrane for the viral envelope; nucleocapsid is formed from RNA and capsomers. 6.Release: Envelope viruses bud off of the membrane, carrying away an envelope with the spikes. This complete virus or virion is ready to infect another cell.

Chromosome

A discrete cellular structure, composed of an neatly package DNA molecule

Analyze the statements below, and select those that correctly apply to the unique characteristics of viruses. Check All That Apply Viruses have a nucleic acid genome; however, it may be either DNA or RNA and the nucleic acids may be single or double stranded.Viruses have a nucleic acid genome; however, it may be either DNA or RNA and the nucleic acids may be single or double stranded. Correct Viruses are considered living because they can direct their own multiplication as well as the behavior of living cells.Viruses are considered living because they can direct their own multiplication as well as the behavior of living cells. Correct Viruses are species-specific and infect cells from all five kingdoms.Viruses are species-specific and infect cells from all five kingdoms. Correct Some viruses are parasitic, but others carry ribosomes in their capsid allowing them to translate their own proteins.Some viruses are parasitic, but others carry ribosomes in their capsid allowing them to translate their own proteins. Correct While viruses are not considered living because they cannot direct their own multiplication, they are more than simply an aggregate of macromolecules since they can direct t

ALL

Select the infectious agents that are noncellular. Check All That Apply BacteriaBacteria Correct PrionsPrions Correct Satellite virusesSatellite viruses Correct ProtozoaProtozoa Correct Viroids

ALL

Select all of the facts that support the concept that viruses are nonliving agents. Viruses can direct life processes within a cell.Viruses can direct life processes within a cell. Correct Viruses are not able to reproduce outside of a host cell.Viruses are not able to reproduce outside of a host cell. Correct Viruses have DNA or RNA, but not both.Viruses have DNA or RNA, but not both. Correct Viruses are unable to carry out metabolic processes to generate ATP.Viruses are unable to carry out metabolic processes to generate ATP. Correct Viruses have genetic material that determines their traits.Viruses have genetic material that determines their traits. Correct Viruses can reproduce provided they have a host cell.Viruses can reproduce provided they have a host cell. Correct Viruses can evolve.Viruses can evolve. Correct Viruses do not have a cellular structure.Viruses do not have a cellular structure. Correct

ALL CORRECT

Heterotrophic

Acquisition of nutrients from organic materials (substrates)

A screening system called the _________blank test is used for detecting chemicals with carcinogenic potential. Koch Ames mutation cancer Iowa

Ames

True or False?A viral infection in which the virus can remain latent in the host cell for weeks to years is described as a transforming infection.

False

the answer that illustrates the correct way to write the name of the family to which herpesviruses belong. Simplexvirus Herpes Herpesvirus Herpesviridae Herpes

Herpesviridae

Helminth

Multicellular animals

Filamentous fungi

Multicellular, cell walls of chitin, absorb nutrients, produce hyphae

Is the chromosome level the simplest level of dna ?

No the simplest level is the gene level

A/An _________blank is a group of bacterial genes in a linear arrangement that will be transcribed together. centromere operon variable region repressor

Operon

Levels of genetic study

Organism level , cell level , chromosome level , molecular level

Which term most accurately describes a fungus growing on live human skin? Multiple Choice Parasite Saprobe Autotroph Heterotroph

Parasite

Mad cow disease is caused by a noncellular infectious agent called a Multiple Choice viroid. prion. satellite virus. scrapie.

Prion

Which of the following pairs is mismatched? Multiple Choice Fungi; multicellular Protozoa; multicellular Protozoa; unicellular Algae; multicellular Helminths; multicellular Fungi; unicellular

Protozoa; multicellular

Cilia are similar in structure to flagella and are commonly found on which microbial cells? Multiple Choice Archaea Protozoans Bacteria Fungi

Protozoans

Choose the phrase that best describes the role of viral surface proteins or spikes. Multiple Choice Enable replication of the viral nucleic acid Inject viral nucleic acid into host cell Provide means for viruses to exchange nucleic acid Provide means of attachment to host cell surface Allow viruses to bind to each other

Provide means of attachment to host cell surface

In the condition called athlete's foot, the fungus Trichophyton consumes the keratin protein found in hair, nails, and dead skin. Which of the following descriptors does not apply to Trichophyton? Multiple Choice Parasite Heterotroph Eukaryote Saprobe

Saprobe

Genes

Segment of dna that codes for the production of a protein

Fungi produce which structures for reproduction and multiplication? Multiple Choice Cysts Endospores Spores Eggs

Spores

Genomics

The study of an organism's entire genome

The transfer of DNA fragments from a dead cell to a live, competent recipient cell that results in a changed recipient cell is termed Multiple Choice transduction. conjugation. transformation. transmission. mitosis.

Transformation

The motile, feeding stage of protozoa is called the Multiple Choice food vacuole. trophozoite. oocyst. cyst. sporozoite.

Trophozoite

Algae

Unicellular or multicellular photosynthetic protists

Yeast

Unicellular, cell walls of chitin

Protozoa

Unicellular, heterotrophic protists

Bacterial chromosomes

Usually single, circular, double - stranded chromosome, although many bacteria, have multiple, circular chromosomes and some have linear chromosomes

Select all of the facts that support the concept that viruses are living. Check All That Apply Viruses can direct life processes within a cell. . Viruses are not able to reproduce outside of a host cell. Viruses have DNA or RNA, but not both . Viruses are unable to carry out metabolic processes to generate ATP. Viruses do not have a cellular structure. Viruses have genetic material that determines their traits. Viruses can reproduce provided they have a host cell. Viruses can evolve.

Viruses are not able to reproduce outside of a host cell. Viruses are unable to carry out metabolic processes to generate ATP. Viruses do not have a cellular structure Viruses have genetic material that determines their traits. Viruses can reproduce provided they have a host cell. Viruses can evolve.

Bacterial conjugation involves Multiple Choice a bacteriophage carrying donor DNA to the recipient cell. a donor cell with a plasmid that synthesizes a pilus. naked DNA fragments from a lysed donor cell taken up by a recipient cell. new progeny cells with genes from two parent bacterial cells.

a donor cell with a plasmid that synthesizes a pilus.

A saprobe differs from a parasite in that Multiple Choice a saprobe has the ability to undergo meiosis to produce sexual spores, but a parasite can only perform mitosis to produce asexual spores. a saprobe derives nutrients from dead plants and animals, but a parasite derives nutrients from living plants and animals. a saprobe has a pseudohyphae morphology, but a parasite has true hyphae. a saprobe is a fungus, but a parasite is a protozoan.

a saprobe derives nutrients from dead plants and animals, but a parasite derives nutrients from living plants and animals.

Protists include Multiple Choice bacteria. helminths. yeasts and molds. algae and protozoa. viruses.

algae and protozoa.

When environmental conditions become unfavorable, many protozoa produce Multiple Choice spores. endospores. eggs. cysts.

cysts.

The nature of genetic material

genome Genomics

The sum total of the genetic material of a cell is its Multiple Choice transcriptome. genome. genes. proteose.

genome.

The genetic makeup of an organism is referred to as its _________blank whereas the observable traits due to gene expression are referred to as its _________blank. Multiple Choice haplotype; phenotype genotype; phenotype phenotype; genotype genotype; proteotype

genotype; phenotype

Which of the following is not true of conjugation? Involves direct contact between cells Transfers genes for drug resistance Transfers genes for enzymes and adherence molecules Involves the action of bacteriophage The donor retains a copy of the transferred genes

involves the action of bacteriophage

The lac operon is usually in the _________blank position and is activated by a/an _________blank molecule. Multiple Choice off; repressor off; inducer on; repressor on; inducer

off; inducer

GENETICS EXPLORES

the transmission of biological properties (traits) from parents to off spring , how those traits are expressed , the structure and function of the genetic material