Micro exam 2 lecture - practice exam
Parasite
Organism that lives in or on another organism for the purpose of acquiring nutrients
Saprobe
Organism that obtains nutrients from the remnants of dead plants and animals
A mutation has occurred during DNA replication while the cell was preparing to divide. As a result of this, the codon ACU of mRNA has now become ACC. Interestingly, there is no change to the protein being made. Why not? This is a silent mutation. The original amino acid isoleucine was changed to leucine, but they are the same variation of amino acid so no change to the protein. The mutation was fixed, and even though the codon is now ACC the correct amino acid is put into place for the normal protein. This is not a mutation that causes a big change, so there is no change to the protein being made.
This is a silent mutation
True or False:Infections caused by fungi are called mycoses.
True
Protozoan cysts are necessary for transmission to a new host. are produced by binary fission. part of all protozoan life cycles. analogous to bacterial endospores. the primary form of replication.
analogous to bacterial endospores
the term that describes a virus that has a membranous outer covering over its capsid. Naked virus Enveloped virus Encapsulated virus Coated virus Icosahedral virus
enveloped virus
Phenotype
expression of genotype that creates certain structures or functions- physical traits
Which of the following is not a type of bacterial DNA recombination? Multiple Choice Transformation Conjugation Mitosis Transduction
mitosis
If the wild type DNA sequence reads THE CAT ATE THE BIG RAT, what type of mutation would change the sequence to THE CAT ATE THE BAG RAT? Point Nonsense Insertion Deletion Silent
point
Amoeba utilize what structures for motility? Multiple Choice Cilia Flagella Pseudopods Axial filaments
pseudopods
The host cells that viruses can infect are determined by the Multiple Choice proximity of host cells. DNA in host cells. concentration of host cells in vicinity. receptors on the host cells .
receptors on the host cells.
the term that best describes any organism that contains and expresses genes that originated in another organism. Genetically modified Polymerized Synthetic Recombinant
recombinant
Bacteriophages serve as a mechanism for genetic transfer in the process called replication. transduction conjugation. transfection.
transduction
Yeasts are _________blank fungi, and molds are _________blank fungi. Multiple Choice motile; nonmotile water; terrestrial unicellular; filamentous macroscopic; microscopic
unicellular; filamentous
Genetics
The study of inheritance or heredity that explores
Genotype
The sum of all types of genes consulting an organism's distinctive GENETIC MAKE UP
Genome
The sum total of genetic material of an organism Most exist in the form of chromosomes Some may appear in nonchromosomal forms : PLASMIDS:tiny extra pieces of dna , organelles:mitochondria and choloroplst
GENETIC LIFE CYCLE - APUSAR (CORRECT ORDER )
1. Absorption:The virus attaches to its host cell by specific binding of its spikes to cell receptors. 2.Penetration: The virus is engulfed into a vesicle. 3.Uncoating: The viral envelope is shed thereby freeing the viral RNA into the cell cytoplasm. 4.Synthesis (Replication and Protein Production): Under the control of viral genes, the cell synthesizes the basic components of new viruses: RNA molecules, capsomers, spikes. 5.Assembly: Viral spike proteins are inserted into the cell membrane for the viral envelope; nucleocapsid is formed from RNA and capsomers. 6.Release: Envelope viruses bud off of the membrane, carrying away an envelope with the spikes. This complete virus or virion is ready to infect another cell.
Chromosome
A discrete cellular structure, composed of an neatly package DNA molecule
Analyze the statements below, and select those that correctly apply to the unique characteristics of viruses. Check All That Apply Viruses have a nucleic acid genome; however, it may be either DNA or RNA and the nucleic acids may be single or double stranded.Viruses have a nucleic acid genome; however, it may be either DNA or RNA and the nucleic acids may be single or double stranded. Correct Viruses are considered living because they can direct their own multiplication as well as the behavior of living cells.Viruses are considered living because they can direct their own multiplication as well as the behavior of living cells. Correct Viruses are species-specific and infect cells from all five kingdoms.Viruses are species-specific and infect cells from all five kingdoms. Correct Some viruses are parasitic, but others carry ribosomes in their capsid allowing them to translate their own proteins.Some viruses are parasitic, but others carry ribosomes in their capsid allowing them to translate their own proteins. Correct While viruses are not considered living because they cannot direct their own multiplication, they are more than simply an aggregate of macromolecules since they can direct t
ALL
Select the infectious agents that are noncellular. Check All That Apply BacteriaBacteria Correct PrionsPrions Correct Satellite virusesSatellite viruses Correct ProtozoaProtozoa Correct Viroids
ALL
Select all of the facts that support the concept that viruses are nonliving agents. Viruses can direct life processes within a cell.Viruses can direct life processes within a cell. Correct Viruses are not able to reproduce outside of a host cell.Viruses are not able to reproduce outside of a host cell. Correct Viruses have DNA or RNA, but not both.Viruses have DNA or RNA, but not both. Correct Viruses are unable to carry out metabolic processes to generate ATP.Viruses are unable to carry out metabolic processes to generate ATP. Correct Viruses have genetic material that determines their traits.Viruses have genetic material that determines their traits. Correct Viruses can reproduce provided they have a host cell.Viruses can reproduce provided they have a host cell. Correct Viruses can evolve.Viruses can evolve. Correct Viruses do not have a cellular structure.Viruses do not have a cellular structure. Correct
ALL CORRECT
Heterotrophic
Acquisition of nutrients from organic materials (substrates)
A screening system called the _________blank test is used for detecting chemicals with carcinogenic potential. Koch Ames mutation cancer Iowa
Ames
True or False?A viral infection in which the virus can remain latent in the host cell for weeks to years is described as a transforming infection.
False
the answer that illustrates the correct way to write the name of the family to which herpesviruses belong. Simplexvirus Herpes Herpesvirus Herpesviridae Herpes
Herpesviridae
Helminth
Multicellular animals
Filamentous fungi
Multicellular, cell walls of chitin, absorb nutrients, produce hyphae
Is the chromosome level the simplest level of dna ?
No the simplest level is the gene level
A/An _________blank is a group of bacterial genes in a linear arrangement that will be transcribed together. centromere operon variable region repressor
Operon
Levels of genetic study
Organism level , cell level , chromosome level , molecular level
Which term most accurately describes a fungus growing on live human skin? Multiple Choice Parasite Saprobe Autotroph Heterotroph
Parasite
Mad cow disease is caused by a noncellular infectious agent called a Multiple Choice viroid. prion. satellite virus. scrapie.
Prion
Which of the following pairs is mismatched? Multiple Choice Fungi; multicellular Protozoa; multicellular Protozoa; unicellular Algae; multicellular Helminths; multicellular Fungi; unicellular
Protozoa; multicellular
Cilia are similar in structure to flagella and are commonly found on which microbial cells? Multiple Choice Archaea Protozoans Bacteria Fungi
Protozoans
Choose the phrase that best describes the role of viral surface proteins or spikes. Multiple Choice Enable replication of the viral nucleic acid Inject viral nucleic acid into host cell Provide means for viruses to exchange nucleic acid Provide means of attachment to host cell surface Allow viruses to bind to each other
Provide means of attachment to host cell surface
In the condition called athlete's foot, the fungus Trichophyton consumes the keratin protein found in hair, nails, and dead skin. Which of the following descriptors does not apply to Trichophyton? Multiple Choice Parasite Heterotroph Eukaryote Saprobe
Saprobe
Genes
Segment of dna that codes for the production of a protein
Fungi produce which structures for reproduction and multiplication? Multiple Choice Cysts Endospores Spores Eggs
Spores
Genomics
The study of an organism's entire genome
The transfer of DNA fragments from a dead cell to a live, competent recipient cell that results in a changed recipient cell is termed Multiple Choice transduction. conjugation. transformation. transmission. mitosis.
Transformation
The motile, feeding stage of protozoa is called the Multiple Choice food vacuole. trophozoite. oocyst. cyst. sporozoite.
Trophozoite
Algae
Unicellular or multicellular photosynthetic protists
Yeast
Unicellular, cell walls of chitin
Protozoa
Unicellular, heterotrophic protists
Bacterial chromosomes
Usually single, circular, double - stranded chromosome, although many bacteria, have multiple, circular chromosomes and some have linear chromosomes
Select all of the facts that support the concept that viruses are living. Check All That Apply Viruses can direct life processes within a cell. . Viruses are not able to reproduce outside of a host cell. Viruses have DNA or RNA, but not both . Viruses are unable to carry out metabolic processes to generate ATP. Viruses do not have a cellular structure. Viruses have genetic material that determines their traits. Viruses can reproduce provided they have a host cell. Viruses can evolve.
Viruses are not able to reproduce outside of a host cell. Viruses are unable to carry out metabolic processes to generate ATP. Viruses do not have a cellular structure Viruses have genetic material that determines their traits. Viruses can reproduce provided they have a host cell. Viruses can evolve.
Bacterial conjugation involves Multiple Choice a bacteriophage carrying donor DNA to the recipient cell. a donor cell with a plasmid that synthesizes a pilus. naked DNA fragments from a lysed donor cell taken up by a recipient cell. new progeny cells with genes from two parent bacterial cells.
a donor cell with a plasmid that synthesizes a pilus.
A saprobe differs from a parasite in that Multiple Choice a saprobe has the ability to undergo meiosis to produce sexual spores, but a parasite can only perform mitosis to produce asexual spores. a saprobe derives nutrients from dead plants and animals, but a parasite derives nutrients from living plants and animals. a saprobe has a pseudohyphae morphology, but a parasite has true hyphae. a saprobe is a fungus, but a parasite is a protozoan.
a saprobe derives nutrients from dead plants and animals, but a parasite derives nutrients from living plants and animals.
Protists include Multiple Choice bacteria. helminths. yeasts and molds. algae and protozoa. viruses.
algae and protozoa.
When environmental conditions become unfavorable, many protozoa produce Multiple Choice spores. endospores. eggs. cysts.
cysts.
The nature of genetic material
genome Genomics
The sum total of the genetic material of a cell is its Multiple Choice transcriptome. genome. genes. proteose.
genome.
The genetic makeup of an organism is referred to as its _________blank whereas the observable traits due to gene expression are referred to as its _________blank. Multiple Choice haplotype; phenotype genotype; phenotype phenotype; genotype genotype; proteotype
genotype; phenotype
Which of the following is not true of conjugation? Involves direct contact between cells Transfers genes for drug resistance Transfers genes for enzymes and adherence molecules Involves the action of bacteriophage The donor retains a copy of the transferred genes
involves the action of bacteriophage
The lac operon is usually in the _________blank position and is activated by a/an _________blank molecule. Multiple Choice off; repressor off; inducer on; repressor on; inducer
off; inducer
GENETICS EXPLORES
the transmission of biological properties (traits) from parents to off spring , how those traits are expressed , the structure and function of the genetic material
