Micro Final

which of the following is not a clinical phase of rabies?

convalescent

which of the following is not an associated antimicrobic effect of heavy metals?

creation of thymine dimers andmisreading of DNA during replication

of the 2 stages in a parasitic protozoan life cycle, which is the dormant stage?

cystic

_____ are secreted by T- cells and act as cellular messengers

cytokines

which of the following is not an example of a virulence factor?

cytoplasm

Saccharides are the monomers of

Carbohydrates

specific substrates bind to their enzymes at a place called the

active site

primase

adds RNA bases

polymerase

adds nucleotides in a 5' - 3' direction

species of myoxococcus are unique from other bacteria because they

aggregate into fruiting bodied for spore dispersal

pyruvate from glycolysis can be utilized by yeast to produce consumable goods during the process of

alcoholic fermentation

agar, diatomaceous earth and carrageenan are natural products of

algae

the majority of the oxygen production in the planet is accomplished by

algae and photosynthetic bacteria

The building blocks of proteins are

amino acids

thermal death time can be best described as

amount of time required to eliminate all microbes at a specific temperature

autotrophic microbes that obtain electrons from sulfur prior to carbohydrate synthesis undergo:

anoxygenic photosynthesis

which of the following is not a typical response following an arm laceration?

antigen-specific antibodies in the dermis -quickly attach to foreign antigens

orthomyxoviruses are difficult to treat due to frequent changing of their glycoprotein components, a process that includes

antigenic shift and drift

which of the following is not a component on inflammation?

dehydration

Nucleotides are the monomers of

deoxyribonucleic acids

some ___ can cause red tides and secrete neurological toxins

dinoflagellates

frameshift

disruption of entire triplet codon sequence

which of the following likely results from a nonsense mutation in an essential gene?

disruption of the function of that gene and death of the organism

Which of the following is not a domain of life?

Monera

which of the following best describes the effect of water on sodium chloride

NaCl crystals completely ionize into cations and anions

which of the following represents electron carrier molecules generated during the kreb's cycle?

FADH2 and NADH

Which of the following is not representative of one of the characteristics of cellular life?

Following infection, a viral genome integrates into the host chromosome

The core of a lipid molecule is composed of:

Glycerol bound to fatty acids

In a reaction where "A" donated an electron to "Z", which of the following statements is accurate?

A is the reducing agent and Z is the oxidizing agent

normal colonizers of the human GI tract include:

Helicobacter sp. and Escherichia coli

____ is not translated to protein

RNA for transporting the amino acid methionine

which of the following is a pre-formed enzyme many viruses carry into the host cell?

RNA replicase

which of the following is not a traditional all-protein enzyme?

Ribosome

Which of the following choices list the correct proposed order of chronological events in the history of earth (oldest to newest)

Appearance of prokaryotic cells, appearance of cells with a nucleus, rise of reptiles, rise of mammals, humans appeared

microbes that survive bext in extreme environments likely belong to domain

Archaea

interaction with free antigens and creation of memory cells are responsibilities of:

B lymphocytes

Which of the following statements is true regarding eukaryotic cells?

They are photogenically more closely related to archaebacteria than bacteria

Which of the following places are typically most affected by emerging and/or reemerging diseases?

Under-developed nations

the cytoskeleton in eukaryotes is:

a flexible intracellular network involved in movement, transport, and structure

The polar nature of water results from which of the following?

a partial positive charge on hydrogens and partial negative charge on oxygen

avoidance of phagocytosis and participation in biofilms by bacteria results from:

a slime layer

A non- polar covalent bond results when:

electrons are shared equally between two atoms

white blood cells produce __, resetting the __, and increasing body __

endogenous pyrogens, hypothalmus, temp.

delicate surgical instruments can be treated with ____ for sterilization purposes

ethylene oxide

hemolysins produced during infection by species of staphylococcus are examples of ____

exotoxins

if a microbe does not require oxygen during growth and metabolism, yet grows just as well or better when utilizing oxygen, the organism is likely

facultative anaerobe

which of the following scenarios would likely result in a nonsocomial infection

failure of a nurse to change gloves between patients after emptying a bed pan

ligase

fills the gaps in DNA

which of the following represents a virulence factor from the enterobacteriacae?

flagellum

where do photosynthetic microbes get the energy to build carbohydrates?

from the ATP and electron carriers made in the light reactions

clostidium perfrigens ferments muscle carbohydrates during infection, leading to

gas gangrene

Which of the following is an example of an organic molecule?

glucose

the highest yield of ATP can be achieved in which of the following pathways?

glycolysis, kreb's cycle and electron transport chain

which of the following is an internal appendage used for storage of materials?

granules

inhalation of spores from soils high in nitrogen content could result in infection by

histoplama capsulatum

Which of the following gives the order of chemical bond strength from weakest to strongest?

hydrogen bond/non-polar covalent/ polar covalent/ ionic

during ___ reactions, water is used to break bonds of compounds

hydrolysis

If a molecule repels water, is it likely to be

hyrdophobic

______ viral capsids contain 20 sides and 12 edges

icosahedral

fungal infections do the most harm in victims that suffer from

immunodeficiency

in which environment would a psycrophile survive and thrive best?

in cold places, with temps averaging below 4c

which of the following is not a possible result from an antibody- antigen interaction?

inactivation of nucleic acids through irreversible cross-linking

As the pH of a solution decreases, its H+

increases

An operon that is transcribed only when a repressor is first removed in classified as:

inducible

______ reasoning seeks to build a general explanation from data gathers during various observations

inductive

HIV is so effective at hiding from a host immunity due to its ability to

integrate into the host chromosome

normal colonization of a human host includes all of the following areas except:

internal organs and tissues

which of the following best describes the method of action of an aldehyde antimicrobic?

it alkylates the membrane proteins and disrupts the barrier's integrity

which of the following is an example of microbial antagonism =to prevent human disease ?

lactobacillus sp. keeps vaginal tissue pH low to inhibit growth of candida

an enotoxin closely associated with gram-negative pathogens is

lipopolysacchride

which of the following would most likely result in development of clostridium difficile- associated disease

long term use and abuse of antibiotics

infection by borrelia burgdorferi results in a bullseye rash, a known symptom of

lyme disease

cytopathic effects of viruses on host cells include:

lysis and disruption of cell cycle

Which of the following represents an agent of a non-specific chemical defense?

lysozymes in tears

presentation of an antigen by infected host cells is accomplished through the use of:

major histocompatibility comple (MHC) protiens

archaea that produce CH4 during their metabolic reactions are classified as

methanogens

the theory of endosymbiosis claims that which 2 organelles likely evolved from accident

mitochondria and chloroplast

missense

mutation that results in change of amino acid

silent

mutation that results in no change in amino acid

nonsense

mutation that results in premature STOP codon

Substitution

mutation that swaps one nucleotide for another

___ results from microbes living in close contact and each benefiting the other

mutualism

a slow growing strict parasitic microbe that causes severe disfigurement and affects the nervous system in particular is

mycobacterium leprae

which of the following bacteria does not have a cell wall?

mycoplasma pneumoniae

the appropriate term for an infectious disease that spreads from fungi is

mycosis

an antibiotic that targets a key metabolic enzyme unique to pseudomonas would be considered a

narrow-spectrum drug

sigma factor

needed for RNA polymerase to find promoter

RNA that must be converted to its complement strand before protein synthesis is

negative-sense RNA

the path a secreted protein takes within a eukaryotic cell is best represented by:

nucleus, rough ER, Golgi apparatus, secretory vesicle, cell membrane

microbes that can survive in moderately high salt environments are considered to be

osmotolerant

___ phosphorylation involves the use of O2 as terminal electron acceptor

oxygenic

important gram-negative rods that can become oppertunistic pathogens, especially in burn victims are

p. aeruginosa

ingestion of raw sushi or pork could lead to potential infection by

parasitic worms

when producing flavorful cheeses, the best method of microbial control to be used is:

pasteurization

Exam 4. Beta-lactamases are used by microbes carrying resistance to:

penicillin

which of the following represents a unique feature of some spirochetes?

periplasmic flagellum

which of the following is more pronounced in gram- negative bacteria than gram positive bacteria

periplasmic space

purple and green sulfur bacteria perform__ by utilizing ___

photosynthesis/ bacteriochlorophyll

loss of selective permeability in the plasma membrane occurs after treatment with _____

polymyxins

which of the following results from activation of interferon during infection?

production of antiviral proteins in target cells

viruses in bacteria can become integrated into the host chromosome as

prophage

exam 3. catalase is used by some microbes to eliminate____ within the cell

reactive oxygen species

A survey of eukaryotes in microbiology would likely include:

red algae, baker's yeasts, and flatworms

RNA viruses encode an enzyme called ___ which allows then to synthesize a DNA copy of their RNA genome

reverse transriptase

In eukaryotes, transcription occurs in the

ribosome

*test 2* Which of the following are common features of all living cells?

ribosomes, plasma membrane, and nucleic acids

typhoid mary was a well known asymptomatic carrier pf which microbe?

salmonella typhi

DNA replication is considered ____ since it results in 2 "half new" strands

semi-conservative

microscopic fungi can reproduce by all of the following except

sex pili

which of the following does not affect the death rate of microbes

shape of the microbial cell

eukaryotic transcription includes all of the following exept:

sigma factors

which of the following states is true?

sigma factors are a diverse group of transcription cofactors for RNA pol.

which of the following is an accurate description of protozoans

single-celled eukaryotes that can be free-living or parasitis

Barophilic microbes exhibit growth requirements pertaining to

specific atmospheric pressure

which of the following is not a mechanism of gene regulation in prokaryotes?

splicing introns selectively out of exons

resistance to high salt, colonization of the skin and facultative anaerobic growth are characteristics of

staphylococci

Many species of bacteria can be subdivided into specific

strains

a major cause of respiratory disease and otitis media is

strep. pneumoniae

scarlet fever is a long-term medical complication caused by

streptococcus pyogens

inhibition of folic acid synthesis can be accomplished with __

sulfonamides

strong immune stimulants of streptococci that cause the release of tumor necrosis factor are called

superantigens

the lagging strand of DNA synthesis is:

synthesized in fragments that must be stitched together

The organization of all living things into groups that indicate evolutionary relatedness and history is known as

taxonomy

uncontrolled contraction of skeletal muscles, often leading to respiratory failure, results from the action of ___ a potent AB produced by

tetanospasmin: clostridium tetoni

inhibition of protein synthesis through direct attachment to the ribosome is accomplished by

tetracycline

for viruses surrounded by an envelope which of the following is true?

the envelope structurally resembles the host cell membrane

which of the following statements below accurately describes the relationship between infectious dose and virulence

the lower the infectious dose,the higher the virulence

in clinical infection generalized signs with non specific symptoms is characterized of

the prodromal stage

why are viruses considered obligate extracellular parasites?

the replication of their genome occurs only with the aid of the host cell materials

Why is the study of Archaebacteria difficult compared to that of other microbes?

these cells do not live apart form one another very easily

fungi and various soil bacteria are saprobic. what does this mean?

these microbes decompose decaying organic matter for nutrient recycling

which of the following is accurate regarding endospores

they are DNA survival bunkers that persist long after the mother host dies

which of the following best describes consitutive enzymes in general?

they are constantly produced from the DNA unless regulated

which of the following is not true of prokaryotic flagella?

they are used as receptors to sample chemical environments

which of the following is true of viruses?

they have influenced the overall evolution of some prokaryotes and eukaryotes

which of the following is true of mitochondria

they possess their own 70s ribosomes and DNA

which of the following is not true of enzymes in general?

they raise the activation energy of a chemical reaction

the likely reason staphylococcus aureus produces coagulase is

to form a fibrin coat and avoid other human host responses

a parasitic infectious agent, moving between the guts of cats and brains of humans is likely

toxoplama gongii

a sexually transmitted spirochete known for causing lesions in the genital area could be

treponema pallidum

the herpes simplex virus can lie dormant in the ____, leading the the reactivation and subsequent reinfection at a later time

trigeminal cranial nerve

the ___ code of mRNA nucletides determines the polypeptide sequence

triplet

helicase

unwinds double-stranded DNA

if a virus is considered oncogenic, what does this mean?

viral infection can lead to a long-term effects such as cancer development

What is the difference in length of a bacterium measuring 1.0 micrometer in relation to a viral particle measuring 1.0 nanometer?

virus is 1000 times smaller

Which of the following are typical products from a reaction between acids and bases?

water and salt

which of the following is not an example of a microorganism

wolf spider

The components of an atom that play a key role in chemical bonding are the:

Electrons

What is the difference in hydrogen ion concentration of a solution when its pH decreases from 7 to 5?

100x

using the equation Nf = (Ni)2n, estimate the number of microbes in a population that originally contained 50 bacteria and doubled every 30 min for 6 hours

204,800 bacteria

A eukaryotic flagellum is composed of microtubules arranged in a ____ symmetry

9X2

Which of the following scientific names is correctly written?

Staphylococcus aureus

a favorite microbe of terrorist that produces spores that can be fatal if inhaled is

bacillus anthracis

toxin genes in E. coli and Vibrio cholerae were obtained following infection by:

bacteriophages

transduction relies on:

bacteriophages packaging and carrying host DNA to their next target cell

if an infectious microbe matures from cystic to vegetative stage in the gut of a mosquito, the mosquito is classified as a

biological vector

Creation of an ionic bond results in the formation of:

cations and ions

which of the following is not representative of an anabolic pathway?

certain lipids can be converted to pyruvate and funneled into the kreb's cycle

when a cell senses and responds during chemotaxis, is it likely responding to:

chemical gradients

cycling between reticulate and elemental bodies during infection is characteristic of

chlamydia trachomatis

secretory diarrhea, or "rice water stool", results from damage to the intestine by

cholera toxin