Micro Final
which of the following is not a clinical phase of rabies?
convalescent
which of the following is not an associated antimicrobic effect of heavy metals?
creation of thymine dimers andmisreading of DNA during replication
of the 2 stages in a parasitic protozoan life cycle, which is the dormant stage?
cystic
_____ are secreted by T- cells and act as cellular messengers
cytokines
which of the following is not an example of a virulence factor?
cytoplasm
Saccharides are the monomers of
Carbohydrates
specific substrates bind to their enzymes at a place called the
active site
primase
adds RNA bases
polymerase
adds nucleotides in a 5' - 3' direction
species of myoxococcus are unique from other bacteria because they
aggregate into fruiting bodied for spore dispersal
pyruvate from glycolysis can be utilized by yeast to produce consumable goods during the process of
alcoholic fermentation
agar, diatomaceous earth and carrageenan are natural products of
algae
the majority of the oxygen production in the planet is accomplished by
algae and photosynthetic bacteria
The building blocks of proteins are
amino acids
thermal death time can be best described as
amount of time required to eliminate all microbes at a specific temperature
autotrophic microbes that obtain electrons from sulfur prior to carbohydrate synthesis undergo:
anoxygenic photosynthesis
which of the following is not a typical response following an arm laceration?
antigen-specific antibodies in the dermis -quickly attach to foreign antigens
orthomyxoviruses are difficult to treat due to frequent changing of their glycoprotein components, a process that includes
antigenic shift and drift
which of the following is not a component on inflammation?
dehydration
Nucleotides are the monomers of
deoxyribonucleic acids
some ___ can cause red tides and secrete neurological toxins
dinoflagellates
frameshift
disruption of entire triplet codon sequence
which of the following likely results from a nonsense mutation in an essential gene?
disruption of the function of that gene and death of the organism
Which of the following is not a domain of life?
Monera
which of the following best describes the effect of water on sodium chloride
NaCl crystals completely ionize into cations and anions
which of the following represents electron carrier molecules generated during the kreb's cycle?
FADH2 and NADH
Which of the following is not representative of one of the characteristics of cellular life?
Following infection, a viral genome integrates into the host chromosome
The core of a lipid molecule is composed of:
Glycerol bound to fatty acids
In a reaction where "A" donated an electron to "Z", which of the following statements is accurate?
A is the reducing agent and Z is the oxidizing agent
normal colonizers of the human GI tract include:
Helicobacter sp. and Escherichia coli
____ is not translated to protein
RNA for transporting the amino acid methionine
which of the following is a pre-formed enzyme many viruses carry into the host cell?
RNA replicase
which of the following is not a traditional all-protein enzyme?
Ribosome
Which of the following choices list the correct proposed order of chronological events in the history of earth (oldest to newest)
Appearance of prokaryotic cells, appearance of cells with a nucleus, rise of reptiles, rise of mammals, humans appeared
microbes that survive bext in extreme environments likely belong to domain
Archaea
interaction with free antigens and creation of memory cells are responsibilities of:
B lymphocytes
Which of the following statements is true regarding eukaryotic cells?
They are photogenically more closely related to archaebacteria than bacteria
Which of the following places are typically most affected by emerging and/or reemerging diseases?
Under-developed nations
the cytoskeleton in eukaryotes is:
a flexible intracellular network involved in movement, transport, and structure
The polar nature of water results from which of the following?
a partial positive charge on hydrogens and partial negative charge on oxygen
avoidance of phagocytosis and participation in biofilms by bacteria results from:
a slime layer
A non- polar covalent bond results when:
electrons are shared equally between two atoms
white blood cells produce __, resetting the __, and increasing body __
endogenous pyrogens, hypothalmus, temp.
delicate surgical instruments can be treated with ____ for sterilization purposes
ethylene oxide
hemolysins produced during infection by species of staphylococcus are examples of ____
exotoxins
if a microbe does not require oxygen during growth and metabolism, yet grows just as well or better when utilizing oxygen, the organism is likely
facultative anaerobe
which of the following scenarios would likely result in a nonsocomial infection
failure of a nurse to change gloves between patients after emptying a bed pan
ligase
fills the gaps in DNA
which of the following represents a virulence factor from the enterobacteriacae?
flagellum
where do photosynthetic microbes get the energy to build carbohydrates?
from the ATP and electron carriers made in the light reactions
clostidium perfrigens ferments muscle carbohydrates during infection, leading to
gas gangrene
Which of the following is an example of an organic molecule?
glucose
the highest yield of ATP can be achieved in which of the following pathways?
glycolysis, kreb's cycle and electron transport chain
which of the following is an internal appendage used for storage of materials?
granules
inhalation of spores from soils high in nitrogen content could result in infection by
histoplama capsulatum
Which of the following gives the order of chemical bond strength from weakest to strongest?
hydrogen bond/non-polar covalent/ polar covalent/ ionic
during ___ reactions, water is used to break bonds of compounds
hydrolysis
If a molecule repels water, is it likely to be
hyrdophobic
______ viral capsids contain 20 sides and 12 edges
icosahedral
fungal infections do the most harm in victims that suffer from
immunodeficiency
in which environment would a psycrophile survive and thrive best?
in cold places, with temps averaging below 4c
which of the following is not a possible result from an antibody- antigen interaction?
inactivation of nucleic acids through irreversible cross-linking
As the pH of a solution decreases, its H+
increases
An operon that is transcribed only when a repressor is first removed in classified as:
inducible
______ reasoning seeks to build a general explanation from data gathers during various observations
inductive
HIV is so effective at hiding from a host immunity due to its ability to
integrate into the host chromosome
normal colonization of a human host includes all of the following areas except:
internal organs and tissues
which of the following best describes the method of action of an aldehyde antimicrobic?
it alkylates the membrane proteins and disrupts the barrier's integrity
which of the following is an example of microbial antagonism =to prevent human disease ?
lactobacillus sp. keeps vaginal tissue pH low to inhibit growth of candida
an enotoxin closely associated with gram-negative pathogens is
lipopolysacchride
which of the following would most likely result in development of clostridium difficile- associated disease
long term use and abuse of antibiotics
infection by borrelia burgdorferi results in a bullseye rash, a known symptom of
lyme disease
cytopathic effects of viruses on host cells include:
lysis and disruption of cell cycle
Which of the following represents an agent of a non-specific chemical defense?
lysozymes in tears
presentation of an antigen by infected host cells is accomplished through the use of:
major histocompatibility comple (MHC) protiens
archaea that produce CH4 during their metabolic reactions are classified as
methanogens
the theory of endosymbiosis claims that which 2 organelles likely evolved from accident
mitochondria and chloroplast
missense
mutation that results in change of amino acid
silent
mutation that results in no change in amino acid
nonsense
mutation that results in premature STOP codon
Substitution
mutation that swaps one nucleotide for another
___ results from microbes living in close contact and each benefiting the other
mutualism
a slow growing strict parasitic microbe that causes severe disfigurement and affects the nervous system in particular is
mycobacterium leprae
which of the following bacteria does not have a cell wall?
mycoplasma pneumoniae
the appropriate term for an infectious disease that spreads from fungi is
mycosis
an antibiotic that targets a key metabolic enzyme unique to pseudomonas would be considered a
narrow-spectrum drug
sigma factor
needed for RNA polymerase to find promoter
RNA that must be converted to its complement strand before protein synthesis is
negative-sense RNA
the path a secreted protein takes within a eukaryotic cell is best represented by:
nucleus, rough ER, Golgi apparatus, secretory vesicle, cell membrane
microbes that can survive in moderately high salt environments are considered to be
osmotolerant
___ phosphorylation involves the use of O2 as terminal electron acceptor
oxygenic
important gram-negative rods that can become oppertunistic pathogens, especially in burn victims are
p. aeruginosa
ingestion of raw sushi or pork could lead to potential infection by
parasitic worms
when producing flavorful cheeses, the best method of microbial control to be used is:
pasteurization
Exam 4. Beta-lactamases are used by microbes carrying resistance to:
penicillin
which of the following represents a unique feature of some spirochetes?
periplasmic flagellum
which of the following is more pronounced in gram- negative bacteria than gram positive bacteria
periplasmic space
purple and green sulfur bacteria perform__ by utilizing ___
photosynthesis/ bacteriochlorophyll
loss of selective permeability in the plasma membrane occurs after treatment with _____
polymyxins
which of the following results from activation of interferon during infection?
production of antiviral proteins in target cells
viruses in bacteria can become integrated into the host chromosome as
prophage
exam 3. catalase is used by some microbes to eliminate____ within the cell
reactive oxygen species
A survey of eukaryotes in microbiology would likely include:
red algae, baker's yeasts, and flatworms
RNA viruses encode an enzyme called ___ which allows then to synthesize a DNA copy of their RNA genome
reverse transriptase
In eukaryotes, transcription occurs in the
ribosome
*test 2* Which of the following are common features of all living cells?
ribosomes, plasma membrane, and nucleic acids
typhoid mary was a well known asymptomatic carrier pf which microbe?
salmonella typhi
DNA replication is considered ____ since it results in 2 "half new" strands
semi-conservative
microscopic fungi can reproduce by all of the following except
sex pili
which of the following does not affect the death rate of microbes
shape of the microbial cell
eukaryotic transcription includes all of the following exept:
sigma factors
which of the following states is true?
sigma factors are a diverse group of transcription cofactors for RNA pol.
which of the following is an accurate description of protozoans
single-celled eukaryotes that can be free-living or parasitis
Barophilic microbes exhibit growth requirements pertaining to
specific atmospheric pressure
which of the following is not a mechanism of gene regulation in prokaryotes?
splicing introns selectively out of exons
resistance to high salt, colonization of the skin and facultative anaerobic growth are characteristics of
staphylococci
Many species of bacteria can be subdivided into specific
strains
a major cause of respiratory disease and otitis media is
strep. pneumoniae
scarlet fever is a long-term medical complication caused by
streptococcus pyogens
inhibition of folic acid synthesis can be accomplished with __
sulfonamides
strong immune stimulants of streptococci that cause the release of tumor necrosis factor are called
superantigens
the lagging strand of DNA synthesis is:
synthesized in fragments that must be stitched together
The organization of all living things into groups that indicate evolutionary relatedness and history is known as
taxonomy
uncontrolled contraction of skeletal muscles, often leading to respiratory failure, results from the action of ___ a potent AB produced by
tetanospasmin: clostridium tetoni
inhibition of protein synthesis through direct attachment to the ribosome is accomplished by
tetracycline
for viruses surrounded by an envelope which of the following is true?
the envelope structurally resembles the host cell membrane
which of the following statements below accurately describes the relationship between infectious dose and virulence
the lower the infectious dose,the higher the virulence
in clinical infection generalized signs with non specific symptoms is characterized of
the prodromal stage
why are viruses considered obligate extracellular parasites?
the replication of their genome occurs only with the aid of the host cell materials
Why is the study of Archaebacteria difficult compared to that of other microbes?
these cells do not live apart form one another very easily
fungi and various soil bacteria are saprobic. what does this mean?
these microbes decompose decaying organic matter for nutrient recycling
which of the following is accurate regarding endospores
they are DNA survival bunkers that persist long after the mother host dies
which of the following best describes consitutive enzymes in general?
they are constantly produced from the DNA unless regulated
which of the following is not true of prokaryotic flagella?
they are used as receptors to sample chemical environments
which of the following is true of viruses?
they have influenced the overall evolution of some prokaryotes and eukaryotes
which of the following is true of mitochondria
they possess their own 70s ribosomes and DNA
which of the following is not true of enzymes in general?
they raise the activation energy of a chemical reaction
the likely reason staphylococcus aureus produces coagulase is
to form a fibrin coat and avoid other human host responses
a parasitic infectious agent, moving between the guts of cats and brains of humans is likely
toxoplama gongii
a sexually transmitted spirochete known for causing lesions in the genital area could be
treponema pallidum
the herpes simplex virus can lie dormant in the ____, leading the the reactivation and subsequent reinfection at a later time
trigeminal cranial nerve
the ___ code of mRNA nucletides determines the polypeptide sequence
triplet
helicase
unwinds double-stranded DNA
if a virus is considered oncogenic, what does this mean?
viral infection can lead to a long-term effects such as cancer development
What is the difference in length of a bacterium measuring 1.0 micrometer in relation to a viral particle measuring 1.0 nanometer?
virus is 1000 times smaller
Which of the following are typical products from a reaction between acids and bases?
water and salt
which of the following is not an example of a microorganism
wolf spider
The components of an atom that play a key role in chemical bonding are the:
Electrons
What is the difference in hydrogen ion concentration of a solution when its pH decreases from 7 to 5?
100x
using the equation Nf = (Ni)2n, estimate the number of microbes in a population that originally contained 50 bacteria and doubled every 30 min for 6 hours
204,800 bacteria
A eukaryotic flagellum is composed of microtubules arranged in a ____ symmetry
9X2
Which of the following scientific names is correctly written?
Staphylococcus aureus
a favorite microbe of terrorist that produces spores that can be fatal if inhaled is
bacillus anthracis
toxin genes in E. coli and Vibrio cholerae were obtained following infection by:
bacteriophages
transduction relies on:
bacteriophages packaging and carrying host DNA to their next target cell
if an infectious microbe matures from cystic to vegetative stage in the gut of a mosquito, the mosquito is classified as a
biological vector
Creation of an ionic bond results in the formation of:
cations and ions
which of the following is not representative of an anabolic pathway?
certain lipids can be converted to pyruvate and funneled into the kreb's cycle
when a cell senses and responds during chemotaxis, is it likely responding to:
chemical gradients
cycling between reticulate and elemental bodies during infection is characteristic of
chlamydia trachomatis
secretory diarrhea, or "rice water stool", results from damage to the intestine by
cholera toxin