Micro Learnsmart Ch. 8

In conjugation, a copy of the DNA being transferred is retained by the donor, and this is termed a ___________ process

conservative

Transcription occurs in the ____________ of bacteria and the ____________ of yeast cells

cytoplasm; nucleus

According to the rules of complementary base pairing, the nitrogenous base _____________ forms hydrogen bonds with guanine

cytosine

_______________ is the pentose sugar in DNA

deoxyribose

In eukaryotic genes, introns are interspersed between coding regions called _________, that will be translated into protein

exons

Which two components of a nucleotide are bound to form the backbone of a DNA strand?

Deoxyribose sugar and phosphate

Viral genomes are composed of...

Either DNA or RNA

Which organic molecule is formed from chains of amino acids that are produced in translation?

Protein

Which is the main event of transcription initiation?

RNA polymerase binds the DNA promoter

True or False: Only viruses can have an RNA genome

True

True or false: Ribose is the pentose sugar in RNA

True

The start codon AUG is associated with the tRNA anticodon ______________ and the amino acid ____________

UAC; fMet

Which of the following nitrogenous bases is found in both DNA and RNA?

adenine

tRNA carries a ________ to the ribosome during protein synthesis

amino acid

During translation elongation, peptide bonds form between...

amino acids

In DNA, the two strands of the helix are arranged in a(n) _____________ arrangement.

antiparallel

A(n) ___________ is a sequence of DNA nucleotides that codes for a group of related proteins

gene

The science of heredity is...

genetics

The complete set of chromosomes and genes in an organism is referred to as the...

genome

The term ___________ refers to all the genes constituting an organism's distinctive genetic makeup, the expression of which results in the organism's phenotype

genotype

A sequence of DNA in a eukaryotic gene that does not code for protein is called a(n)

intron

Which type of RNA is a copy of the DNA template corresponding to a protein-encoding gene?

mRNA

During transcription elongation, RNA polymerase synthesizes a strand of ___________ from template ________________

mRNA; DNA

A change in the genetic code that leads to the insertion of a different amino acid in a protein is called a ______________ mutation

missense

A mutation that does not lead to adverse or helpful changes is termed a __________ mutation

neutral

A nitrogen-containing molecule found in DNA and RNA that provides the basis for the genetic code is a(n):

nitrogenous base

In a protozoal or fungal cell, chromosomes are located in the...

nucleus

E. coli and other bacteria typically have ________________ chromosomes

one

What are the three components of a DNA nucleotide?

phosphate, deoxyribose sugar, and nitrogenous base

DNA _________ must occur prior to cell division to ensure that each new cell has a complete genome

replication

Two subunits of the _______________ comprise the site of protein synthesis

ribosome

rRNA composes _____ subunits together with protein

ribosome

The ______________ is an RNA-protein complex that recognizes exon-intron junctions and excises introns from an mRNA transcript in eukaryotes

spliceosome

The three basic categories of genes are regulatory genes that control gene expression, genes that code for the RNA machinery used in protein production, and ______________ genes that code for proteins

structural

Which kind of gene encodes a protein?

structural

Which RNA forms into hairpin loops?

tRNA

The process of transcription ________________ results in the release of a completed RNA transcript

termination

The expression of the genotype creates traits referred to as...

the phenotype

A codon contains how many nucleotides?

three

The assembly of the ribosome and the locating of the AUG start codon are events that initiate the process of...

translation

____________ is the process of decoding the messenger RNA into a polypeptide

translation

What is the complementary DNA sequence to the DNA template 3'-ATACTAAAATTT-5'?

5'-TATGATTTTAAA-3'

The anticodon of the tRNA carrying the codon GUU is ______________

CAA

Genomes of cells are composed of...

DNA

What is the central theme of molecular biology?

DNA encodes RNA which encodes protein

________________ _____________ is the enzyme that transcribes DNA into RNA

DNA polymerase

Junk DNA is...

DNA whose function is not yet understood

RNA polymerase converts _____________ into the various types of _______________

DNA; RNA

How do the chromosomes of bacteria and eukaryotes differ?

Eukaryotes have histones but bacteria have histone-like proteins and Eukaryotes are located in the nucleus but bacteria chromosomes are not in a membrane-bound organelle

True or False: A typical bacterial chromosome consists of several thousand nucleotides

False

True or False: Eukaryotic chromosomes are composed of DNA and RNA

False

What are the differences between eukaryotic and bacterial protein synthesis?

The first amino acid is slightly different and transcription and translation are simultaneous in bacteria but not eukaryotes

When UAA, UAG, or UGA is encountered on the mRNA transcript, translation...

ends

Where are bacterial chromosomes located?

in the nucleoid region of the cytoplasm

____________ and proteins compose ribosome subunits

rRNA

________________ is the process of decoding DNA into messenger RNA

transcription

What are the three major types of RNA

transfer, messenger, and ribosomal

The pyrimidine nitrogenous bases found in RNA are cytosine and _____________

uracil

Unlike DNA, RNA contains the nitrogenous base _______________

uracil