Micro Quiz 8 Ecosystem

Ecological theory states that for every organism there is at LEAST one ________, and the microenvironment where the organism is most successful is called the ________. a. community / population b. niche / prime niche c. prime niche / niche d. population / community

niche / prime niche

Carbon dioxide is the only greenhouse gas produced by anthropogenic activities. True False

FALSE

Due to a vast array of nutrients, microorganisms are often capable of sustaining exponential growth in the environment. True False

FALSE

Limiting nutrients in soils are generally organic compounds. True False

FALSE

Ocean acidification decreases the precipitation of calcium carbonate and thus will probably affect the cycling of Ca and other nutrients in the ocean. True False

FALSE

The Calvin cycle provides autotrophs the ability to convert inorganic carbon into biomass and generate energy during this process. True False

FALSE

An organism living in the bottommost region of a body of water is described as being a. litoral. b. benthic. c. pelagic. d. neritic.

benthic

The calcium cycle is tightly coupled to the a. silica cycle through calcium silicate formation in coastal ocean sediments. b. nitrogen cycle because nitrogenase requires calcium ions. c. phosphorus cycle through calcium phosphate formation in sediments and rocks. d. carbon cycle through calcium carbonate formation in ocean waters.

carbon cycle through calcium carbonate formation in ocean waters.

In the natural carbon cycle, carbon dioxide is returned to the atmosphere by the respiration of animals and chemoorganotrophic microorganisms. True False

TRUE

Many microbial habitats are unsuitable for plants and animals. True False

TRUE

More carbon is present in dead organic material on Earth than in living organisms. True False

TRUE

Nitrous oxide (N2O) is a a. a potent greenhouse gas that is a product of denitrification. b. potent greenhouse gas that is a product of nitrification. c. direct product of ammonification. d. direct product of nitrogen fixation.

a potent greenhouse gas that is a product of denitrification.

Increasing atmospheric carbon dioxide is a. increasing the effect of the biological pump. b. increasing sedimentation of C, Ca, and Si. c. fueling increased primary production in ocean waters. d. acidifying the ocean and decreasing the rate of formation of calcareous shells.

acidifying the ocean and decreasing the rate of formation of calcareous shells.

Phytoplankton include a. larger invertebrates and fish b. all of these listed. c. algae and cyanobacteria d. protozoa and invertebrates

algae and cyanobacteria

A population consists of a. all of the individuals that interact in the same area. b. all of the individuals of one species in the same area. c. all of the individuals of all species in the same area. d. all of the individuals that interact in different areas.

all of the individuals that interact in the same area.

Anammox is an anaerobic process that generates energy from ________ and forms N2. a. ammonia and nitrate b. ammonia c. ammonia and nitrite d. ammonium

ammonia and nitrite

The metabolic process of ammonification ________ ammonia. a. produces b. reduces c. oxidizes d. transforms

produces

The generation time of Escherichia coli in the human intestine is ________ in laboratory culture. a. more optimal than b. faster than c. at about the same rate as d. slower than

slower than

Which metric describes the proportion of EACH species present in a community? a. species evenness b. species diversity c. species abundance d. species richness

species abundance

Some nitrifying prokaryotes carry out metabolic cooperation by a process known as a. antagonism. b. niche partitioning. c. competition. d. syntrophy.

syntrophy.

Alternative autotrophic routes to the Calvin cycle such as the reverse citric acid cycle and the hydroxypropionate pathway are unified in their requirement for a. coenzyme A. b. NAD(P)H. c. organic compound(s) formed. d. CO2.

CO2

________ are the main primary producers in freshwater environments. a. Viral microorganisms b. Heterotrophic microorganisms c. Phototrophic microorganisms d. Chemolithotrophic microorganisms

Phototrophic microorganisms *

How does the concentration of prokaryotic cells at the surface of pelagic water compare with the concentrations at depths below 1000 m? a. There is a steady increase in concentration with increasing depth. b. There is a decrease in concentration from 1 m to 1000 m in depth, then a dramatic increase below 1000 m. c. There is a decrease in concentration with increasing depth. d. There is an increase in concentration at depths below 1000 m.

There is a decrease in concentration with increasing depth

Human interactions with the environment are a. not well understood in relation to infectious disease rates. b. increasing rates of infectious disease. c. unrelated to rates of infectious disease. d. decreasing rates of infectious disease.

increasing rates of infectious disease.

Bacterial oxidation of Fe2+ is commonly studied in chemolithotrophs that thrive under which specific environmental condition? a. low (acidic) pH b. nutrient-replete c. cold temperature d. high sunlight

low (acidic) pH

From the aquatic systems below, where are heterotrophic Bacteria the most abundant? a. deep sea b. deep sea vents c. open ocean d. marine coastal waters

marine coastal waters

Upwelling increases ________________ which can result in red tides (algae blooms). a. stratification of the water column b. nutrient availability c. temperature d. viral load in plankton

nutrient availability

Epsilonproteobacteria are most dominant in hydrothermal vents because they a. oxidize sulfide and sulfur as electron donors. b. reduce nitrogen in symbiosis with plants. c. use oxygen as electron acceptors. d. utilize organic compounds from photoautotrophs.

oxidize sulfide and sulfur as electron donors

Epsilonproteobacteria are most dominant in hydrothermal vents because they utilize organic compounds from photoautotrophs. use oxygen as electron acceptors. reduce nitrogen in symbiosis with plants. oxidize sulfide and sulfur as electron donors.

oxidize sulfide and sulfur as electron donors.

Microenvironments of soil exist where ________ concentrations greatly vary. a. oxygen, nitrate, and sulfur b. oxygen c. nitrate d. sulfur

oxygen, nitrate, and sulfur