microbial genetics

a permanent inheritable alteration in the DNA sequence of a cell is a(n)

Mutation

____ ______ are areas of the genome containing multiple genes which contribute to a new trait for the organism that increases its ability to cause disease

Pathogenicity islands

which two of the following statements regarding plasmids are true

Plasmids may contain genes that specify resistance to antibiotics Many bacteria carry plasmids in addition to their chromosome.

which term refers to the transfer of gene from donor to recipient microorganisms

Recombination

vertical gene transfer

Transfer of DNA from parent organisms during reproduction

____ are capable of moving from one genomic location to another, including from one site in the chromosome to another site on the same chromosomes

Transposable elements

transposable elements are capable of moving from _______

a plasmid to the chromosome one site in the chromosome to another site in the chromosome the chromosome to a plasmid

the regulator of lac operon is a gene that encodes

a repressor protein

a recombinant is defined as an organism that

contains and expresses genes that originated in another organism

mutations that occur because of exposure to known mutagens are termed

induced

most bacterial plasmids carry an origin of replication and ___ gene

less than 10

an agent that induces changes in DNA is a(n)

mutagen

a ___ is a small circular segment of dna found in the cytoplasm of bacteria that is capable of independent replication and usually contains nonessential genes

plasmid

in ___ transduction, a particular part of the host genome is included in the virus

specialized

a retrotransposon can

transcribe DNA into RNA and then back into DNA for transposition

which of the following are methods of gene transfer in bacteria

Conjugation Transformation Transduction

true or false in bacterial conjugation all F+ donor cells are high frequency recombinant (Hfr) cells

False

most DNA damage is resolved by

enzymes

true or false a cell with an integrated F factor transmits its genes at lower frequency than does a cell with a free plasmid in the cytoplasm

false

true or false the chromosome is a small circular segment of DNA found in the cytoplasm of prokaryotes that is capable of independent replication and usually contain nonessential genes

false

____ mutations are generally most harmful to cells because they cause the greatest change in the amino acid sequence of a protein

frameshift

a mutation that produced neither adverse nor helpful changes is termed a ______ mutation

neutral

which term refers to the transfer of genes from donor to recipient microorganisms

recombination

an insertion sequence is a type of

retrotransposon

Conjugation is a conservative process, meaning that

the donor retains a copy of the genetic material being transferred

the process of introducing foreign genes to a yeast cell by adding the DNA directly to the cell medium is termed

transfection

horizontal gene transfer

transfer of DNA from a source other than the parent organisms

_____ involves the uptake of free DNA by competent bacterial cells

transformation

true or false a phage is a bacterial virus

ture

____ in bacteria refers to horizontal gene exchange via pili

conjugation

donor and recipient bacterial cells are connected by the sex pilus during

conjugation

a spontaneous mutation arises in DNA from

errors in DNA replication

a mutation that affects only a single base pair in DNA is termed

point mutation

mutations that occur because of errors in DNA replication are termed

spontaneous

an organism that has a mutation is called a mutant

strain

jumping genes or ____ are insertion sequences that can lead to change in genotype within a cell or between cells

transposons