Microbiology 4
Middle segments are called
Mature proglottids
Dioecious
The male and female reproductive organs are separate
NK cells kill
Tumor cells and virus infected cells
Structural components of an antibody
Two identical light chains and two identical heavy chains held together with disulfide bonds
Once a B cell is activated, it undergoes
Undergoes cell divisions and differentiates
The shape of roundworms
Unsegmented, cylindrical and elongated, tapered at each end
Total WBC count is used to
Used to evaluate a patient for the diagnosis or prognosis of an abnormal condition
Histamines causes
Vasodilation and increased permeability
Three major events of inflammation
Vasodilation, Capillary permeability, Influx of phagocytes
Agranulocytes
WBC that do not have specific staining granules
Development of the miracidium is influenced by
Water temperature. Below 10-no development. Between 10 to 26 - increasing rate of development. Above 26- development takes 2 to 4 weeks
A fluke's life cycle includes
Water, mollusks (snails and clams)
Platelets adhere to the endothelial lining of damaged blood vessels where they
Where they help to repair breaks and aid in blood clotting
Do roundworms have a complete digestive system
Yes
Does capillary permeability increase during inflammation
Yes
Is innate immunity present in all in all individuals
Yes
Is iron required for bacterial growth
Yes
Are WBC migratory
Yes. The blood moves them to where they are needed
Can stem cells self renew
Yes. They are able to self renew
Phagocytosis
Internalization of particulate matter by neutrophils and macrophages
Two types of roundworms
Intestinal roundworms, blood and tissue roundworms
Many helminths reside in the (5)
Intestinal tract, liver, blood, subcutaneous tissue, and brain
Transferrins
Iron binding proteins in the blood that inhibit bacterial growth
The B cells receptor is
Is a membrane bound immunoglobulin molecule
The first immediate host for the fluke is
Is the snail
Three ways WBC are classified
1. Shape fo the nucleus 2.Presence or absence of cytoplasmic granules 3.Type of defense function
Two ways lymphoid tissue and organs are classified
1. The level of participation in the maturation of lymphocytes 2. providing a suitable environment for interaction between foreign antigen and T and B lymphocytes
pH of gastric juice is
1.2 to 3
In the secondary response, antibody levels are consequently ___ to ___ higher
100x to 1000x higher
There is one stem cell per ____ bone marrow cells
10^4 bone marrow cells
How many antibody molecules are present on a B cell
10^5 antibody molecules
Half life of eosinophils
12 days
Plasma cells secrete ____ molecules of antibody per second
2,000 molecules
Some helminths lack a
Lack a digestive system
NK cells lack
Lack an antigen receptor
Sebum consists of
Lactic acid and fatty acids
Neutrophils contain ____ that hords iron and prevents bacteria from accessing it
Lactoferrin
Margination (pavementing)
Adhesion of cells to the endothelial wall of the inflamed tissue which controls the emigration of phagocytes
Edema is associated with the presence of (parasitically)
Adult Filaria in the lymphatic system
Microvasculature consists of
Afferent arterioles, Capillary networks, Efferent venules
Eosinophilia is associated with
Allergic reactions and certain parasitic infections
Increase capillary permeablity allows for
Allows plasma, plasma proteins, and phagocytes to reach the site of infections
Monocytosis
An increased number of monocytes in peripheral blood
The life cycle of helminths includes (2)
An intermediate host for the completion of each larval stage AND a definitive host for the adult parasite
Sporocyst
An undifferentiated mass of germ cells
Helminth respiration is predominately ___ but larvel forms may require ____
Anaerobic; oxygen
Components of innate immunity (3)
Anatomic barriers, physiological barriers, and inflammation and phagocytosis
Plasma proteins secreted by plasma cells in respsonse to antigenic stimulation of naïve B cells
Antibodies
IgG
Antibody
Function of B lymphocytes
Antibody response
When the ____ is eliminated, the immune response stops
Antigen
B and T lymphocytes recognize
Antigenic determinants or epitopes
Four characteristics of adaptive immunity
Antigenic specificity, diversity, immunological memory, self/nonself recognition
What is the initiator and driving force for all adaptive immune responses
Antigens
NK cells appear as
Appear as large granular lymphocytes (LGLs)
Segments near the scolex are ____ and ______
Are young and sexually immature
The rate at which neutrophils move from the blood to the tissue depends on
Depends on the need for neutrophils in the tissue
Functions of eosinophils (3)
Destroy helminth parasites, modulate allergic inflammatory responses, Secrete many things
Bladderworm
Develops in the cyst and is passively transferred to the final host when the latter ingests the infected intermediate host
Chemotactic agents diffuse
Diffuse to the site of inflammation and adhere to the walls (hound dog on scent of prisoner)
Neutrophil granules contain
Digestive enzymes
What body systems do helminths possess
Digestive, Nervous, Excretory, and Reproductive
Helminths can also be (3 -reproductive)
Dioecious, monoecious, or hermaphroditic
Chemotaxis
Directional migration of cells up concentration gradients of chemotactic molecules
Polyvalent antigen
Diverse epitopes
Schistosomes do not have an
Do not have an operculum
Helminth eggs _____ mature into adult worms in the host
Do not mature
Helminths ____ multiply within their hosts
Do not multiply
The shape of platyhelminthes is
Dorso-ventrally flattened
Newborns have gastic juice that is ____
Less acidic than adults
Plasma cells live for
Less than a week
Opsonization
Like butter on bread. Make susceptible for destruction by the immune system
The worms of Filarioidae reproductively produce ____ young
Live young (Viviparous)
Memory B cells live ___ than the cells from which they come from
Longer than
Anemia
Low percent of RBCs
Respond to lymph-borne antigens
Lymph nodes
Natural killer cells (NK cells) are a type of
Lymphocyte
Neutrophil granules contain
Lysosomal enzymes that aid in killing microorganisms that have been engulfed
The phagosome is then combind with ____ that form ___
Lysosomes that form phagolysosome
Once they leave the blood stream, monocytes mature into
Macrophages
Blockage of the lymph flow can cause
Edema or elephantiasis
Oviparous
Egg laying
Ascaridae (type of roundworm)
Eggs develop outside the host, but hatch inside the host. The infective larva are passive
If a roundworm needs an intermediate host
Eggs hatch or larvae can enter the intermediate host then the intermediate host is eaten by the definitive host
Hookworms (type of roundworm)
Eggs hatch outside the host and the infective larva are active. They penetrate through the host's skin or via the host's mouth
Functions of antibodies (5)
Elimination of extracellular pathogens, neutralization of bacteril exotoxins, clumping of bacteria, complement activation, neutralization of microbes
Once a neutrophil binds to a microbe, it is internalized via
Endocytosis
Are helminths eukaryotes or prokaryotes
Eukaryotes
Function of Basophils
Inflammatory response
Functions of macrophages (4)
Ingest foreign substances (phagocytosis), wound healing, activate T lymphocytes, secrete many things
Fever is the body's response that inhibits
Inhibits growth of some bacteria
NK cells are a part of the ____ response
Innate immune response
Organs that regulate the production and maturation of lymphocytes from lymphoid stem cells
Central lymphoid organs
The peripheral blood has two compartments called
Central pool and marginal pool
Monocytopenia
Decreased number of monocytes in peripheral blood
Eosinopenia
Decreased numbers of eosinophils in peripheral blood
Innate immunity occurs ___ after the infection and adaptive immunity occurs ____ after the infection
Hours; days
Neutrophils are the most numerous WBC in what animal
Humans and domestic animals EXCEPT pigs and cattle
Gastric juice contains
Hydrochloric acid, enzymes, and mucus
Lysozymes
Hydrolytic enzymes that cleave the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell wall making them susceptible to osmotic lysis
Antibody that is predominant in secretions
IgA
Five classes of antibodies
IgA, IgG, IgM, IgE, IgD
Antibody that functions as B cell receptor on naïve B cells
IgD
Antibody associated with anaphylactic reactions and immunity to parasites
IgE
Antibody that is made when the animal has been exposed for a long time or exposed for the second time
IgG
Antibody made during the first exposure to an antigen
IgM
What is the first antibody made by newborns
IgM
Ig_ and Ig_ function as antigen receptors on naïve B cells
IgM and IgD
Monocytes develop in ___ hours
In 24 to 36 hours
Examples of central lymphoid organs
In mammals - bone marrow and thymus, In avians - bursa of fabricius, thymus
IgA plays an important role in
In preventing diseases that have entered through mucosal surfaces
Eggs of flukes are excreted in the ____ and must reach
In the feces of the definitive host; Must reach water
Helminths store nutrients in the form of
In the form of glycogen
Adult flukes can be found (4)
In the intestines, liver, blood, and lungs
The central pool is located in the
In the lumen of the blood vessels
Leukocytosis
Increase in the number of circulating WBC
Neutophilia
Increase in the number of circulating neutrophils
Eosinophilia
Increased level of eosinophils in peripheral blood
Function of Eosinophils
Plays a role in allergic inflammation reactions, destroys some parasites, phagocytosis
Edema
Accumulation of exudate (plasma and plasma proteins and phagocytes) causes tissue swelling
Eosinophils pick up a _____ stain and appear ___
Acidic stain; Red
Secondary response takes ___ days and are stronger and last longer than primary response
1 to 3 days
Steps in phagocytosis (7)
1. Chemotaxis and adherence of microbe to phagocyte 2. Ingestion of microbe by phagocyte 3. Formation of phagosome 4. Fusion of phagosome with lysosome, forming a phagolysosome 5.Digestion of microbe 6. Formation of residual body with indigestible material 7.Discharge of waste material
Primary repsonse take ____ days to begin and peak around ___ days
5 to 7 days; 14 days
Monocytes make up ____% of circulating WBC
5% to 6%
Bone marrow contains a ___ day supply of neutrophils
A 5 day supply
What could cause a breach in the skin
A break or a biting arthropod
All blood cells are generated from
A common stem cell in the bone marrow called the pluripotential stem cell
Pluripotential stem cell
A common stem cell in the bone marrow from which all blood cells come from
A __ response is stronger and more rapid than a ___ response
A secondary response; primary response
In the fluke's intermediate hosts, the fluke reproduces
Asexually
Leave the bone marrow expressing unique antigen binding receptor on their cell membrane
B lymphocytes
Immature neutrophils are called
Band neutrophils
Basophils pick up a _____ stain and appear ____
Basici stain; Blue
Histamine is released from ___ and ____ cells
Basophils and mast cells
Viviparous
Bearing live young
Elements of the immune system include
Cell-cell communication via cytokines, cell-cell interaction, which causes the activation and control of defense mechanisms
Granulocytes
Cells that contain numerous lysosomes and granules
pH of the skin
Between 3 and 5
Function of interferons
Bind to neighboring cells and induce a generalized antiviral state
Infarction
Blockage of blood vessels
Icterus
Blockage of the bile duct (jaundice)
B lymphocytes mature in the
Bone marrow
Reservoir for eosinophils
Bone marrow
Most helminths give birth by ____ or _____
By laying eggs or giving birth to live young
Filarioidae are spread by
By mosquitoes or biting flies
When are complements activated
Can be activated by a variety of mechanisms
Because it lacks an antigen receptor, NK cells cannot
Cannot be activted by a specific antigen
Function of T lymphocytes
Cell mediated immunity, lymphokine production
Polymorphonuclear
Cell that have a lobed or segmented nucleus which are connected by thin filaments of chromatin
Histamine
Chemical mediator that is released in response of tissue injury
Monocytosis is associated with
Chronic inflammatory disease
Adaptive immune repsonses are generated by
Clonal selection of lymphocytes
Normal flora compete with
Compete with pathogens for attachment sites on the epithelial cells
Example of helminth competition for food
Competition for B12 may cause anemia
C3b
Complement protein
Opsonization uses ____ proteins or ____
Complement proteins or antibody
Antigenic Determinent (epitope)
Consists of a few amino acids or monosaccharide residues
Helminths have a protective external layer called
Cuticle or Tegument
Helminths are found ___ in infected hosts
Extracellularly
Shape of adult tapeworms
Falt, ribbonlike, and are divided into segments
Cercaria
Final larval stage
Increased levels of band neutrophils indicate what
Indicate an increased demand for neutrophils beyond what the bone marrow can supply in mature neutrophils
If neutropenia is seen, it indicates
Indicates that the patient is losing the battle
The shape of flukes
Flat, fleshy, leaf-shaped bodies
Types of Platyhelminthes (2)
Flukes, tapeworms
Monocytes circulate in the blood for ___ hours
For 10 to 20 hours
Neutrophils live for ___ days
For 4 to 5 days
A neutrophil circulates for _____ hours
For 4 to 8 hours
Hematopoiesis
Formation and development of red and white cells from pluripotent stem cells in the bone marrow
Miracidium
Forms within the egg and is a small ciliated larva
Blood samples are contained from the ____ pool
From the central pool
Tapeworms absorb food from
From the small intestine though the soft body wall of the worm
Fifth sign of inflammation
Functio laesa - loss of funciton
Complement
Group of blood proteins that circulate in an inactive proenzyme state
Inside the lysosome molecules such as
H2O2, Superoxide, hypochlorite, and lysosomal hydrolases
Basophils have ____ lobed nucleus
Have 2 to 3 lobed nucleus
Band neutrophils have a ____ nucleus
Have a horseshoe nucleus without segmentation
Platyhelminthes have ____ digestive tract
Have no digestive tract
During inflammation, blood vessels headed to the site _____ and the blood vessels headed away ____
Headed toward increase in size; Headed away constrict
Example of Nematodes
Heartworm
Calor
Heat
B cell antibodies have a ___ chain and a ____ chain
Heavy chain and a light chain
Heparin helps to
Helps to keep blood flowing to an injured area by acting as a localized anticoagulant
In terms of their reproduction, platyhelminthes are
Hemaphroditic
In terms of reproduction, tapeworms are
Hermaphroditic
Monoecious
Hermaphroditic. One parasite has both male and female reproductive organs.
In terms of reprodictions, flukes are ____ except for _____
Hermaphroditic; Except for schistosomes
The oncosphere consists of
Hexacanth embryo and two protective embryonic membranes
Polycythemia
High percent of RBCs
Basophil granules contain
Histamine and heparin
Basophil granules contain
Histamine that helps to mediate the inflammatory response
Intermediate host
Host that harbors the larval or asexual stage of the parasite
Definitive host
Host that harbours the adult, sexually mature form of the parasite
Cells that express membrane bound antibody with the same specificity as the original B cell
Memory B cells
Secondary response reflects the
Memory B cells
After entering the host, nematodes migrate
Migrate through the body causing damage
Steps in fluke life cycle (8)
Miracidium in water, Snail and penetration with enzymes, Becomes sporocyst, Migrates to snail liver, Forms germ cell germinal ball, Forms redia, Forms cercaria, Escapes through birth pore
Types of agranulocytes (2)
Monocytes (macrophages) and lymphocytes
In later stages of inflammation, ____ and ____ are predominant
Monocytes and Lymphocytes
Redia
More differentiated larva that possess a mouth and simple digestive tract
Leukocyte Extravasation
Movement of leukocytes to the site of infection (towards chemotactic mediators). Move through gaps in endothelial membrane
Protects the mucosal surfaces
Mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue (MALT)
Where can lysozymes can be found
Mucous membranes, tears, nasal secretions, and blood
Goblet cells in the mucous membrane secrete
Mucus
Are helminths single or multi cellular
Multicellular
Multivalent antigen
Multiple copies of same epitopes
After escaping the birth pore, the cercaria must
Must reach the definitive host in order to complete its life cycle
Can a neutrophil return to circulate after entering a tissue
NO. It does not return to the circulatory system
In early stages of inflammation, ____ are predominant
Neutrophils
WBC that are polymorphnuclear (3)
Neutrophils, Basophils, Eosinophils
Three classes of Granulocytes
Neutrophils, Eosinophils, Basophils
Do tapeworms have a digestive tract
No
Does innate immunity discriminate against pathogens
No
Does innate immunity increase with exposure
No
Do eosinophils reenter the blood stream once they leave
No. They DO NOT reenter
Do neutrophils pick up a stain
No. They remain colorless
Cuticle
Non-living outer covering that a fluke will absorb food though
If a helminth lacks a digestive tract, then nutrients can be
Nutrients can be passively absorbed from intestinal contents and surrounding fluids or by active ingestion of of the host's tissue and/or fluids
The number of worms in an animal increases when
ONLY through repeated exposure
The marginal pool is composed of
Of neutrophils that line the wall of the small blood vessels
Sebum
Oil secreted by the sebaceous glands of the skin
The normal range of neutrophils in the peripheral blood is based on
On the neutrophils in the central pool
Flukes have an ___ sucker and a ____ sucker
Oral; ventral
Where does histamine bind to
Receptors on capillaries and venules
Dolor
Pain
Filarioidae
Parasite of lymph, blood, subcutaneous and connective tissues.
Organs that provide the environment where mature lymphocyte responses to foreign antigens are initated and develop
Peripheral lymphoid organs
Function of Neutrophils
Phagocytosis
Function of Monocytes
Phagocytosis, Antigen response
Once the neutrophil has engulfed the microbe it is called
Phagosome
Cells that produce antibody in a form that can be secreted
Plasma cell
A B cell differentiates into ____ and ____
Plasma cell and memory cells
Substances secreted by eosinophils (3)
Platelet-activating factor, leukotrienes, prostaglandins
Blood also contains _____ which are not entire cells, but are small detached fragments
Platelets (thrombocytes)
Most primitive helminthes
Platyhelminthes
The presence of oxygen can prevent
Prevent the growth of obligate anaerobes (lungs)
Initial encounter of a naïve immunocompetent B lymphocyte with its antigen induces a
Primary response
_____ are continually produced by the neck region of the scolex
Proglottids
Segments are called ______ and chains of segments are called ____
Proglottids; Strobila
Cilia
Propel inhaled dust and microorganisms that have become entrapped in mucus upward toward the throat to be swallowed
Other inflammatory response mediators (4)
Prostaglandins, complement proteins, Bradykinin, Lipopolysaccharide (LPS)
Large body cavity in a roundworm
Pseudocoelom
Blood cells are classified as
Red blood cells or White blood cells
Rubor
Redness
Leukopenia
Reduction in the number of circulating WBC
Neutropenia
Reduction in the number of circulating neutrophils
Erythrocytes (RBC)
Remain within the blood vessels and transport oxygen and carbon dioxide bound to hemoglobin
Ways that helminithes can hurt the host (4)
Removal of host tissue and fluids, Competition for food, Migration through tissues, and Mechanical tissue damage
Nematoda is also called
Roundworms
Type of Nematoda (1)
Roundworms
Four signs of inflammation
Rubor, Tumor, Calor, and Dolor
Head of a tapeworm
Scolex
Second encounter with a previously seen antigen will induce a
Secondary response
Normal flora can secrete
Secrete bacteriocins that kill or inhibit incoming pathogens
Inflammatory is the process by which
Sequence of events that are induced by a pathogen, that concentrate immune cells at the site of infection
Who described the four signs of inflammation
The Roman physician, Celsus
Ventral sucker
Simply an organ of attachment
Two hermaphrodites may simultaneously
Simultaneouly fertilize each other
Gravid proglottids are passed out of the host in what form
Singly or in chains
Many helminthic infections are caused because of
Size, movement, longevity
Anatomic barriers (3)
Skin, Mucosal membranes, Normal flora
Roundworm males are ____ than females
Smaller than
Nematodes live in
Soil, water, and on plants and animals
Responds to blood-borne antigens
Spleen
Examples of peripheral lymphoid organs
Spleen, Lymph nodes, MALT
Antigens are
Substances capable of inducing a specific immune response
Used for attachment to the intestinal wall of the definitive host
Suckers and crown of hooklets
Tumor
Swelling
WBC that are mononuclear (3)
T lymphocytes, B lymphocytes, and Monocytes (macrophages)
Eosinophils take ___ days to mature in the bone marrow
Take 2 to 6 days
It takes ___ days for neutrophils to mature
Takes 3 to 6 days
It takes _____ days for bone marrow to produce a mature neutrophil
Takes 3 to 6 days
Cestoda are specifically known as
Tapeworms
Types of physiological barriers (7)
Temperature, Low pH, Oxygen tension, Iron binding proteins, Lysozymes, Interferons, and the Complement system
Gravid proglottids
Terminal proglottids that, after fertilization, is just the uterus filled with thousands of fertilized eggs
Operculum
The 'lid' on a fluke that allows the larvel worm to find its appropriate snail host
Innate immunity
The basic resistance to disease that an individual is born with
Oral sucker
The beginning of an incomplete digestive system
IgM is confined to what part of the body
The blood stream because it is large
What chain determines the antibody class
The constant region of the heavy chain
Immune System
The defense system the body uses to protect against invaders and altered cells
Who described the 5th sign of inflammation
The physician, Galen
Adaptive immunity
The response of an antigen-specific lymphocytes to antigen, including the development of immunological memory
Adaptive immune response is the
The response of antigen-specific lymphocytes to antigen
Oncosphere
The spherical or ovoid sphere that is the first larva stage and is infective for the immediate host
Hermaphrodites may fertilize
Themselves
Once the bladderworm enters the intestines
Then the bladderworm envaginates into the mucosa and the bladder is discarded and the scolex begins producing proglottids
Attachment of neutrophil and organism occurs through
Through the attachment of the neutrophil's membrane receptors for complement receptor or antibody receptor
How is internalization of the antigen by receptor mediated endocytosis initiated
Through the interaction of the mature B cell and the antigen
Erythema
Tissue redness
Enlarged capillaries are responsible for (2)
Tissue redness and rise in temperature
Histamine helps to
To initiate inflammatory actions and acute anaphylactic reactions
The purpose of mucus is to
To prevent the tracts from drying out and to entrap foreign microorganisms
Flukes are also called
Trematodes
Another name for neutrophil granules
lysosomes
