Microbiology 4

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Middle segments are called

Mature proglottids

Dioecious

The male and female reproductive organs are separate

NK cells kill

Tumor cells and virus infected cells

Structural components of an antibody

Two identical light chains and two identical heavy chains held together with disulfide bonds

Once a B cell is activated, it undergoes

Undergoes cell divisions and differentiates

The shape of roundworms

Unsegmented, cylindrical and elongated, tapered at each end

Total WBC count is used to

Used to evaluate a patient for the diagnosis or prognosis of an abnormal condition

Histamines causes

Vasodilation and increased permeability

Three major events of inflammation

Vasodilation, Capillary permeability, Influx of phagocytes

Agranulocytes

WBC that do not have specific staining granules

Development of the miracidium is influenced by

Water temperature. Below 10-no development. Between 10 to 26 - increasing rate of development. Above 26- development takes 2 to 4 weeks

A fluke's life cycle includes

Water, mollusks (snails and clams)

Platelets adhere to the endothelial lining of damaged blood vessels where they

Where they help to repair breaks and aid in blood clotting

Do roundworms have a complete digestive system

Yes

Does capillary permeability increase during inflammation

Yes

Is innate immunity present in all in all individuals

Yes

Is iron required for bacterial growth

Yes

Are WBC migratory

Yes. The blood moves them to where they are needed

Can stem cells self renew

Yes. They are able to self renew

Phagocytosis

Internalization of particulate matter by neutrophils and macrophages

Two types of roundworms

Intestinal roundworms, blood and tissue roundworms

Many helminths reside in the (5)

Intestinal tract, liver, blood, subcutaneous tissue, and brain

Transferrins

Iron binding proteins in the blood that inhibit bacterial growth

The B cells receptor is

Is a membrane bound immunoglobulin molecule

The first immediate host for the fluke is

Is the snail

Three ways WBC are classified

1. Shape fo the nucleus 2.Presence or absence of cytoplasmic granules 3.Type of defense function

Two ways lymphoid tissue and organs are classified

1. The level of participation in the maturation of lymphocytes 2. providing a suitable environment for interaction between foreign antigen and T and B lymphocytes

pH of gastric juice is

1.2 to 3

In the secondary response, antibody levels are consequently ___ to ___ higher

100x to 1000x higher

There is one stem cell per ____ bone marrow cells

10^4 bone marrow cells

How many antibody molecules are present on a B cell

10^5 antibody molecules

Half life of eosinophils

12 days

Plasma cells secrete ____ molecules of antibody per second

2,000 molecules

Some helminths lack a

Lack a digestive system

NK cells lack

Lack an antigen receptor

Sebum consists of

Lactic acid and fatty acids

Neutrophils contain ____ that hords iron and prevents bacteria from accessing it

Lactoferrin

Margination (pavementing)

Adhesion of cells to the endothelial wall of the inflamed tissue which controls the emigration of phagocytes

Edema is associated with the presence of (parasitically)

Adult Filaria in the lymphatic system

Microvasculature consists of

Afferent arterioles, Capillary networks, Efferent venules

Eosinophilia is associated with

Allergic reactions and certain parasitic infections

Increase capillary permeablity allows for

Allows plasma, plasma proteins, and phagocytes to reach the site of infections

Monocytosis

An increased number of monocytes in peripheral blood

The life cycle of helminths includes (2)

An intermediate host for the completion of each larval stage AND a definitive host for the adult parasite

Sporocyst

An undifferentiated mass of germ cells

Helminth respiration is predominately ___ but larvel forms may require ____

Anaerobic; oxygen

Components of innate immunity (3)

Anatomic barriers, physiological barriers, and inflammation and phagocytosis

Plasma proteins secreted by plasma cells in respsonse to antigenic stimulation of naïve B cells

Antibodies

IgG

Antibody

Function of B lymphocytes

Antibody response

When the ____ is eliminated, the immune response stops

Antigen

B and T lymphocytes recognize

Antigenic determinants or epitopes

Four characteristics of adaptive immunity

Antigenic specificity, diversity, immunological memory, self/nonself recognition

What is the initiator and driving force for all adaptive immune responses

Antigens

NK cells appear as

Appear as large granular lymphocytes (LGLs)

Segments near the scolex are ____ and ______

Are young and sexually immature

The rate at which neutrophils move from the blood to the tissue depends on

Depends on the need for neutrophils in the tissue

Functions of eosinophils (3)

Destroy helminth parasites, modulate allergic inflammatory responses, Secrete many things

Bladderworm

Develops in the cyst and is passively transferred to the final host when the latter ingests the infected intermediate host

Chemotactic agents diffuse

Diffuse to the site of inflammation and adhere to the walls (hound dog on scent of prisoner)

Neutrophil granules contain

Digestive enzymes

What body systems do helminths possess

Digestive, Nervous, Excretory, and Reproductive

Helminths can also be (3 -reproductive)

Dioecious, monoecious, or hermaphroditic

Chemotaxis

Directional migration of cells up concentration gradients of chemotactic molecules

Polyvalent antigen

Diverse epitopes

Schistosomes do not have an

Do not have an operculum

Helminth eggs _____ mature into adult worms in the host

Do not mature

Helminths ____ multiply within their hosts

Do not multiply

The shape of platyhelminthes is

Dorso-ventrally flattened

Newborns have gastic juice that is ____

Less acidic than adults

Plasma cells live for

Less than a week

Opsonization

Like butter on bread. Make susceptible for destruction by the immune system

The worms of Filarioidae reproductively produce ____ young

Live young (Viviparous)

Memory B cells live ___ than the cells from which they come from

Longer than

Anemia

Low percent of RBCs

Respond to lymph-borne antigens

Lymph nodes

Natural killer cells (NK cells) are a type of

Lymphocyte

Neutrophil granules contain

Lysosomal enzymes that aid in killing microorganisms that have been engulfed

The phagosome is then combind with ____ that form ___

Lysosomes that form phagolysosome

Once they leave the blood stream, monocytes mature into

Macrophages

Blockage of the lymph flow can cause

Edema or elephantiasis

Oviparous

Egg laying

Ascaridae (type of roundworm)

Eggs develop outside the host, but hatch inside the host. The infective larva are passive

If a roundworm needs an intermediate host

Eggs hatch or larvae can enter the intermediate host then the intermediate host is eaten by the definitive host

Hookworms (type of roundworm)

Eggs hatch outside the host and the infective larva are active. They penetrate through the host's skin or via the host's mouth

Functions of antibodies (5)

Elimination of extracellular pathogens, neutralization of bacteril exotoxins, clumping of bacteria, complement activation, neutralization of microbes

Once a neutrophil binds to a microbe, it is internalized via

Endocytosis

Are helminths eukaryotes or prokaryotes

Eukaryotes

Function of Basophils

Inflammatory response

Functions of macrophages (4)

Ingest foreign substances (phagocytosis), wound healing, activate T lymphocytes, secrete many things

Fever is the body's response that inhibits

Inhibits growth of some bacteria

NK cells are a part of the ____ response

Innate immune response

Organs that regulate the production and maturation of lymphocytes from lymphoid stem cells

Central lymphoid organs

The peripheral blood has two compartments called

Central pool and marginal pool

Monocytopenia

Decreased number of monocytes in peripheral blood

Eosinopenia

Decreased numbers of eosinophils in peripheral blood

Innate immunity occurs ___ after the infection and adaptive immunity occurs ____ after the infection

Hours; days

Neutrophils are the most numerous WBC in what animal

Humans and domestic animals EXCEPT pigs and cattle

Gastric juice contains

Hydrochloric acid, enzymes, and mucus

Lysozymes

Hydrolytic enzymes that cleave the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell wall making them susceptible to osmotic lysis

Antibody that is predominant in secretions

IgA

Five classes of antibodies

IgA, IgG, IgM, IgE, IgD

Antibody that functions as B cell receptor on naïve B cells

IgD

Antibody associated with anaphylactic reactions and immunity to parasites

IgE

Antibody that is made when the animal has been exposed for a long time or exposed for the second time

IgG

Antibody made during the first exposure to an antigen

IgM

What is the first antibody made by newborns

IgM

Ig_ and Ig_ function as antigen receptors on naïve B cells

IgM and IgD

Monocytes develop in ___ hours

In 24 to 36 hours

Examples of central lymphoid organs

In mammals - bone marrow and thymus, In avians - bursa of fabricius, thymus

IgA plays an important role in

In preventing diseases that have entered through mucosal surfaces

Eggs of flukes are excreted in the ____ and must reach

In the feces of the definitive host; Must reach water

Helminths store nutrients in the form of

In the form of glycogen

Adult flukes can be found (4)

In the intestines, liver, blood, and lungs

The central pool is located in the

In the lumen of the blood vessels

Leukocytosis

Increase in the number of circulating WBC

Neutophilia

Increase in the number of circulating neutrophils

Eosinophilia

Increased level of eosinophils in peripheral blood

Function of Eosinophils

Plays a role in allergic inflammation reactions, destroys some parasites, phagocytosis

Edema

Accumulation of exudate (plasma and plasma proteins and phagocytes) causes tissue swelling

Eosinophils pick up a _____ stain and appear ___

Acidic stain; Red

Secondary response takes ___ days and are stronger and last longer than primary response

1 to 3 days

Steps in phagocytosis (7)

1. Chemotaxis and adherence of microbe to phagocyte 2. Ingestion of microbe by phagocyte 3. Formation of phagosome 4. Fusion of phagosome with lysosome, forming a phagolysosome 5.Digestion of microbe 6. Formation of residual body with indigestible material 7.Discharge of waste material

Primary repsonse take ____ days to begin and peak around ___ days

5 to 7 days; 14 days

Monocytes make up ____% of circulating WBC

5% to 6%

Bone marrow contains a ___ day supply of neutrophils

A 5 day supply

What could cause a breach in the skin

A break or a biting arthropod

All blood cells are generated from

A common stem cell in the bone marrow called the pluripotential stem cell

Pluripotential stem cell

A common stem cell in the bone marrow from which all blood cells come from

A __ response is stronger and more rapid than a ___ response

A secondary response; primary response

In the fluke's intermediate hosts, the fluke reproduces

Asexually

Leave the bone marrow expressing unique antigen binding receptor on their cell membrane

B lymphocytes

Immature neutrophils are called

Band neutrophils

Basophils pick up a _____ stain and appear ____

Basici stain; Blue

Histamine is released from ___ and ____ cells

Basophils and mast cells

Viviparous

Bearing live young

Elements of the immune system include

Cell-cell communication via cytokines, cell-cell interaction, which causes the activation and control of defense mechanisms

Granulocytes

Cells that contain numerous lysosomes and granules

pH of the skin

Between 3 and 5

Function of interferons

Bind to neighboring cells and induce a generalized antiviral state

Infarction

Blockage of blood vessels

Icterus

Blockage of the bile duct (jaundice)

B lymphocytes mature in the

Bone marrow

Reservoir for eosinophils

Bone marrow

Most helminths give birth by ____ or _____

By laying eggs or giving birth to live young

Filarioidae are spread by

By mosquitoes or biting flies

When are complements activated

Can be activated by a variety of mechanisms

Because it lacks an antigen receptor, NK cells cannot

Cannot be activted by a specific antigen

Function of T lymphocytes

Cell mediated immunity, lymphokine production

Polymorphonuclear

Cell that have a lobed or segmented nucleus which are connected by thin filaments of chromatin

Histamine

Chemical mediator that is released in response of tissue injury

Monocytosis is associated with

Chronic inflammatory disease

Adaptive immune repsonses are generated by

Clonal selection of lymphocytes

Normal flora compete with

Compete with pathogens for attachment sites on the epithelial cells

Example of helminth competition for food

Competition for B12 may cause anemia

C3b

Complement protein

Opsonization uses ____ proteins or ____

Complement proteins or antibody

Antigenic Determinent (epitope)

Consists of a few amino acids or monosaccharide residues

Helminths have a protective external layer called

Cuticle or Tegument

Helminths are found ___ in infected hosts

Extracellularly

Shape of adult tapeworms

Falt, ribbonlike, and are divided into segments

Cercaria

Final larval stage

Increased levels of band neutrophils indicate what

Indicate an increased demand for neutrophils beyond what the bone marrow can supply in mature neutrophils

If neutropenia is seen, it indicates

Indicates that the patient is losing the battle

The shape of flukes

Flat, fleshy, leaf-shaped bodies

Types of Platyhelminthes (2)

Flukes, tapeworms

Monocytes circulate in the blood for ___ hours

For 10 to 20 hours

Neutrophils live for ___ days

For 4 to 5 days

A neutrophil circulates for _____ hours

For 4 to 8 hours

Hematopoiesis

Formation and development of red and white cells from pluripotent stem cells in the bone marrow

Miracidium

Forms within the egg and is a small ciliated larva

Blood samples are contained from the ____ pool

From the central pool

Tapeworms absorb food from

From the small intestine though the soft body wall of the worm

Fifth sign of inflammation

Functio laesa - loss of funciton

Complement

Group of blood proteins that circulate in an inactive proenzyme state

Inside the lysosome molecules such as

H2O2, Superoxide, hypochlorite, and lysosomal hydrolases

Basophils have ____ lobed nucleus

Have 2 to 3 lobed nucleus

Band neutrophils have a ____ nucleus

Have a horseshoe nucleus without segmentation

Platyhelminthes have ____ digestive tract

Have no digestive tract

During inflammation, blood vessels headed to the site _____ and the blood vessels headed away ____

Headed toward increase in size; Headed away constrict

Example of Nematodes

Heartworm

Calor

Heat

B cell antibodies have a ___ chain and a ____ chain

Heavy chain and a light chain

Heparin helps to

Helps to keep blood flowing to an injured area by acting as a localized anticoagulant

In terms of their reproduction, platyhelminthes are

Hemaphroditic

In terms of reproduction, tapeworms are

Hermaphroditic

Monoecious

Hermaphroditic. One parasite has both male and female reproductive organs.

In terms of reprodictions, flukes are ____ except for _____

Hermaphroditic; Except for schistosomes

The oncosphere consists of

Hexacanth embryo and two protective embryonic membranes

Polycythemia

High percent of RBCs

Basophil granules contain

Histamine and heparin

Basophil granules contain

Histamine that helps to mediate the inflammatory response

Intermediate host

Host that harbors the larval or asexual stage of the parasite

Definitive host

Host that harbours the adult, sexually mature form of the parasite

Cells that express membrane bound antibody with the same specificity as the original B cell

Memory B cells

Secondary response reflects the

Memory B cells

After entering the host, nematodes migrate

Migrate through the body causing damage

Steps in fluke life cycle (8)

Miracidium in water, Snail and penetration with enzymes, Becomes sporocyst, Migrates to snail liver, Forms germ cell germinal ball, Forms redia, Forms cercaria, Escapes through birth pore

Types of agranulocytes (2)

Monocytes (macrophages) and lymphocytes

In later stages of inflammation, ____ and ____ are predominant

Monocytes and Lymphocytes

Redia

More differentiated larva that possess a mouth and simple digestive tract

Leukocyte Extravasation

Movement of leukocytes to the site of infection (towards chemotactic mediators). Move through gaps in endothelial membrane

Protects the mucosal surfaces

Mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue (MALT)

Where can lysozymes can be found

Mucous membranes, tears, nasal secretions, and blood

Goblet cells in the mucous membrane secrete

Mucus

Are helminths single or multi cellular

Multicellular

Multivalent antigen

Multiple copies of same epitopes

After escaping the birth pore, the cercaria must

Must reach the definitive host in order to complete its life cycle

Can a neutrophil return to circulate after entering a tissue

NO. It does not return to the circulatory system

In early stages of inflammation, ____ are predominant

Neutrophils

WBC that are polymorphnuclear (3)

Neutrophils, Basophils, Eosinophils

Three classes of Granulocytes

Neutrophils, Eosinophils, Basophils

Do tapeworms have a digestive tract

No

Does innate immunity discriminate against pathogens

No

Does innate immunity increase with exposure

No

Do eosinophils reenter the blood stream once they leave

No. They DO NOT reenter

Do neutrophils pick up a stain

No. They remain colorless

Cuticle

Non-living outer covering that a fluke will absorb food though

If a helminth lacks a digestive tract, then nutrients can be

Nutrients can be passively absorbed from intestinal contents and surrounding fluids or by active ingestion of of the host's tissue and/or fluids

The number of worms in an animal increases when

ONLY through repeated exposure

The marginal pool is composed of

Of neutrophils that line the wall of the small blood vessels

Sebum

Oil secreted by the sebaceous glands of the skin

The normal range of neutrophils in the peripheral blood is based on

On the neutrophils in the central pool

Flukes have an ___ sucker and a ____ sucker

Oral; ventral

Where does histamine bind to

Receptors on capillaries and venules

Dolor

Pain

Filarioidae

Parasite of lymph, blood, subcutaneous and connective tissues.

Organs that provide the environment where mature lymphocyte responses to foreign antigens are initated and develop

Peripheral lymphoid organs

Function of Neutrophils

Phagocytosis

Function of Monocytes

Phagocytosis, Antigen response

Once the neutrophil has engulfed the microbe it is called

Phagosome

Cells that produce antibody in a form that can be secreted

Plasma cell

A B cell differentiates into ____ and ____

Plasma cell and memory cells

Substances secreted by eosinophils (3)

Platelet-activating factor, leukotrienes, prostaglandins

Blood also contains _____ which are not entire cells, but are small detached fragments

Platelets (thrombocytes)

Most primitive helminthes

Platyhelminthes

The presence of oxygen can prevent

Prevent the growth of obligate anaerobes (lungs)

Initial encounter of a naïve immunocompetent B lymphocyte with its antigen induces a

Primary response

_____ are continually produced by the neck region of the scolex

Proglottids

Segments are called ______ and chains of segments are called ____

Proglottids; Strobila

Cilia

Propel inhaled dust and microorganisms that have become entrapped in mucus upward toward the throat to be swallowed

Other inflammatory response mediators (4)

Prostaglandins, complement proteins, Bradykinin, Lipopolysaccharide (LPS)

Large body cavity in a roundworm

Pseudocoelom

Blood cells are classified as

Red blood cells or White blood cells

Rubor

Redness

Leukopenia

Reduction in the number of circulating WBC

Neutropenia

Reduction in the number of circulating neutrophils

Erythrocytes (RBC)

Remain within the blood vessels and transport oxygen and carbon dioxide bound to hemoglobin

Ways that helminithes can hurt the host (4)

Removal of host tissue and fluids, Competition for food, Migration through tissues, and Mechanical tissue damage

Nematoda is also called

Roundworms

Type of Nematoda (1)

Roundworms

Four signs of inflammation

Rubor, Tumor, Calor, and Dolor

Head of a tapeworm

Scolex

Second encounter with a previously seen antigen will induce a

Secondary response

Normal flora can secrete

Secrete bacteriocins that kill or inhibit incoming pathogens

Inflammatory is the process by which

Sequence of events that are induced by a pathogen, that concentrate immune cells at the site of infection

Who described the four signs of inflammation

The Roman physician, Celsus

Ventral sucker

Simply an organ of attachment

Two hermaphrodites may simultaneously

Simultaneouly fertilize each other

Gravid proglottids are passed out of the host in what form

Singly or in chains

Many helminthic infections are caused because of

Size, movement, longevity

Anatomic barriers (3)

Skin, Mucosal membranes, Normal flora

Roundworm males are ____ than females

Smaller than

Nematodes live in

Soil, water, and on plants and animals

Responds to blood-borne antigens

Spleen

Examples of peripheral lymphoid organs

Spleen, Lymph nodes, MALT

Antigens are

Substances capable of inducing a specific immune response

Used for attachment to the intestinal wall of the definitive host

Suckers and crown of hooklets

Tumor

Swelling

WBC that are mononuclear (3)

T lymphocytes, B lymphocytes, and Monocytes (macrophages)

Eosinophils take ___ days to mature in the bone marrow

Take 2 to 6 days

It takes ___ days for neutrophils to mature

Takes 3 to 6 days

It takes _____ days for bone marrow to produce a mature neutrophil

Takes 3 to 6 days

Cestoda are specifically known as

Tapeworms

Types of physiological barriers (7)

Temperature, Low pH, Oxygen tension, Iron binding proteins, Lysozymes, Interferons, and the Complement system

Gravid proglottids

Terminal proglottids that, after fertilization, is just the uterus filled with thousands of fertilized eggs

Operculum

The 'lid' on a fluke that allows the larvel worm to find its appropriate snail host

Innate immunity

The basic resistance to disease that an individual is born with

Oral sucker

The beginning of an incomplete digestive system

IgM is confined to what part of the body

The blood stream because it is large

What chain determines the antibody class

The constant region of the heavy chain

Immune System

The defense system the body uses to protect against invaders and altered cells

Who described the 5th sign of inflammation

The physician, Galen

Adaptive immunity

The response of an antigen-specific lymphocytes to antigen, including the development of immunological memory

Adaptive immune response is the

The response of antigen-specific lymphocytes to antigen

Oncosphere

The spherical or ovoid sphere that is the first larva stage and is infective for the immediate host

Hermaphrodites may fertilize

Themselves

Once the bladderworm enters the intestines

Then the bladderworm envaginates into the mucosa and the bladder is discarded and the scolex begins producing proglottids

Attachment of neutrophil and organism occurs through

Through the attachment of the neutrophil's membrane receptors for complement receptor or antibody receptor

How is internalization of the antigen by receptor mediated endocytosis initiated

Through the interaction of the mature B cell and the antigen

Erythema

Tissue redness

Enlarged capillaries are responsible for (2)

Tissue redness and rise in temperature

Histamine helps to

To initiate inflammatory actions and acute anaphylactic reactions

The purpose of mucus is to

To prevent the tracts from drying out and to entrap foreign microorganisms

Flukes are also called

Trematodes

Another name for neutrophil granules

lysosomes


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