Microbiology Ch 9

Which of the following is an example of a rate?

About 4,932 people become infected with HIV each day.

Which of the following is/are primary reason(s) why healthcare settings are hot zones for antibiotic-resistant pathogens? To be marked correct, you'll need to select all applicable statements, as there may be more than one correct answer.

Abundance of susceptible, immunocompromised patients Extensive use of antibiotics among patients

Which of the following is an example of a direct contact transmission?

An individual contracts rabies after being bitten by a rabid raccoon.

Which of the following would be considered a fomite?

An infected toy

How might a patient who is not being treated with an antibiotic still be exposed to an antibiotic?

Antibiotics can be used in aerosols, thereby entering the environment.

Which of the following is an indirect infectious disease transmission mode?

vehicle

The primary difference between a biological and a mechanical vector is that:

biological vectors play a role in the pathogen's life cycle, whereas a mechanical vector spreads disease without being integral to a pathogen's life cycle.

Which of the following is not a goal of the public health system?

designs treatments, cures, or vaccines

What is the definition of a true pathogen?

does not require a weakened host to cause disease

Which of the following characteristics of a catheter should be considered, to help minimize the spread of nosocomial infections?

Single-use

Which of the following statements is true regarding hand washing?

Frequent and proper hand washing should be routinely done by patients and by healthcare workers, both prior to and after interaction.

Which of the following is a common healthcare-acquired infection?

Gastrointestinal infection caused by Clostridium difficile

Which of the following would be considered a vector?

A fly carrying disease from fecal matter to food

Which of the following is/are an example of a healthcare-acquired infection? To be marked correct, you'll need to select all applicable statements, as there may be more than one correct answer.

A hospitalized patient develops Staphylococcal sepsis after a nurse transmits the pathogen to the patient while changing wound dressing. A nursing home patient develops a urinary tract infection from a contaminated catheter in a nursing home facility. A patient develops pneumonia after using a contaminated ventilator at an outpatient care facility.

How is a reemerging pathogen different from an emerging pathogen?

A reemerging pathogen is an infectious agent that was under control due to prevention or treatment strategies and is now resurfacing.

What type of nosocomial infection is likely to arise from intravenous catheterizations?

Bacteremia

Your college-aged patient presents to you with infectious mononucleosis. You observe the classic triad of lymphadenopathy, fever, and pharyngitis, which began one-day prior (on August 30th). After reviewing her case history, you observe that your patient may have been exposed to her infected roommate about 6 weeks ago (on July 15th). About 2 weeks ago (on August 15th), the patient developed fatigue, malaise, and myalgia. Based on this history, which period represents the prodromal period?

Between August 15th and August 29th

Which of the following key HAI's is not associated with its correct cause?

Clostridium difficile: Causes acute illness that is followed by a high risk of chronic infection that causes severe liver damage and increases the risk of liver cancer

Which of the following is considered a major category of transmission of disease?

Contact, vehicle, and vector transmission

You observe a high proportion of malarial infections in a small village located in Angola. Malaria is caused by the protozoan Plasmodium and is spread through the female Anopheles mosquito, a biological vector for this disease. Which of the following is a basic strategy that would help to break the epidemiological triangle of malaria? To be marked correct, you'll need to select all applicable statements, as there may be more than one correct answer.

Controlling the biological vector through chemical larvicides Instructing residents on personal protective measures, such as bed netting and use of DEET repellent

Which of the following is a general goal of epidemiology? To be marked correct, you'll need to select all applicable statements, as there may be more than one correct answer.

Describe the nature, cause, and extent of new and existing diseases in populations. Intervene to protect and improve health in populations.

Which of the following is/are a role(s) of the public health system? To be marked correct, you'll need to select all applicable statements, as there may be more than one correct answer.

Developing policy and plans that support good community health Monitoring disease within a population Mobilizing health resources to meet needs

In the last segment of the animation, how many regions of the world experience the pandemic during April of year four?

Five

Which of the following statement(s) concerning quarantines is/are true? To be marked correct, you'll need to select all true statements, as there may be more than one correct answer.

If the typical incubation period passes without development of symptoms, quarantined individuals are typically released. Quarantines may be performed on either animal and/or human hosts. If disease develops in the quarantined individual, a quarantine may be maintained until the convalescent period.

In the last segment of the animation, when does the first epidemic occur?

January of year three

Candida albicans is part of our normal oral flora. Under certain conditions, it can overgrow, leading to oral thrush. Typically, infections are seen in individuals who are immunocompromised, such as newborns or individuals who may have recently taken antibacterial medications. This type of pathogen is classified as which of the following?

Opportunistic, endogenous pathogen

How can health care workers reduce the occurrence of nosocomial infections?

Practice more stringent aseptic techniques

In the sixth segment of the animation, why is the disease epidemic in North America?

The disease occurs at a higher rate than what would normally be expected in this region.

Which of the following is an example of a measure of association?

The infant mortality rate in the United States due to consumption of unpasteurized honey

Which of the following descriptions provides the best definition for mortality rate?

The number of deaths during a specific time period

Which is an example of vehicle disease transmission?

The presence of Listeria on undercooked chicken served for dinner

Why are invasive procedures likely to increase the risk of nosocomial infections?

These procedures allow microbes from the skin to enter the bloodstream of the patient.

Why are epidemiological measures useful?

They provide insight as to where public health campaigns or prevention efforts may be needed most.

How can surgeons help to limit nosocomial infections?

They should perform surgeries and invasive procedures only when absolutely necessary.

What is the role of epidemiology?

To learn how to treat and prevent various diseases.

What is a pandemic?

a widespread disease outbreak that spreads to numerous countries during a specific time frame

Endemic infections

are routinely detected in a population or region.

Which of the following is an endogenous source of infection?

bacteria from the skin entering a surgical incision

When aerosols containing pathogens spread disease from a distance of less than one meter, it is considered

contact transmission.

If a disease occurs at a fairly stable rate, it is said to be

endemic.

What are the three factors of the epidemiological triangle?

environmental factors, etiological agent, and host factors

What is the definition of morbidity?

existence of disease

A double-blind, randomized study is being used to test the effectiveness of a new drug that targets the multi-drug resistant bacterium Clostridium difficile. Infected participants in the study were given either a placebo or the test drug and then monitored for one month for clearance of infection. This type of study can best be characterized as a(n)_________________.

experimental study

What is the order of the five stages of infectious disease?

incubation period, prodromal phase, acute phase, period of decline, convalescent phase

Expected prevalence of a disease is

the expected occurrence of a disease based on past observations.

The health of the patient

should be the primary concern of the healthcare worker.

Epidemiological measures are useful tools because:

they help determine which diseases may need greater public health campaign or prevention efforts.

If a patient notices a healthcare worker not following suggested precautions,

they should immediately bring it to the attention of the healthcare worker.

Which of the following does not help to limit the spread of healthcare-acquired infections?

transporting patients as often as possible to keep the healthy patients away from the sick patients

When is quarantine an effective tool to limit disease?

when the disease has a short incubation time

Epidemiology is defined as the study of

where and when a disease occurs, and how it is transmitted.