microbiology ch.3

prokaryote ribosomes

70S (50S + 30S)

steps of gram stain:

1. crystal violet 2. iodine 3. alcohol 4. safranin

which does NOT require a carrier protein? a. facilitated diffusion b. active transport c. coupled transport d. diffusion

d. diffusion

Which of the following terms refers to a bacterial cell having a single tuft of flagella at one end? a. monotrichous b. amphitrichous c. peritrichous d. lophotrichous

d. lophotrichous

Which of the following structures of a eukaryotic cell is not likely derived from endosymbiotic bacterium? a. mitochondrial DNA b. mitochondrial ribosomes c. inner membrane d. outer membrane

d. outer membrane

Which of the following organelles is not part of the endomembrane system? a. endoplasmic reticulum b. Golgi apparatus c. lysosome d. peroxisome

d. peroxisome

lysosome

digestive enzyme

microtubule

dynamic, rapidly assemble to move organelles

flagella movement:

reorient, direct themselves with tumbling, target found (food source etc) then they run

DNA -(A)---> mRNA ---(B)---> protein

A: transcription B: Translation

What would happen if you destroyed peptidoglycan in gram stain?

Both cells would look gram-negative

Which of the following terms refers to a prokaryotic cell that is comma shaped? A. coccus B. coccobacilli C. vibrio D. spirochete

C. Vibrio

Bacteria have 80S ribosomes each composed of a 60S large subunit and a 40S small subunit. (T/F)

False. Bacteria are 70s ribosomes

Smooth ER

Lipid synthesis, chemical detox, carb metabolism, no ribosomes

complex of lipid and polysaccharide responsible for symptoms of fever and shock. component of gram-neg cell wall

Lipopolysaccharide

NAG-NAM

N-acetylglucosamine and N-acetylmuramic acid,

peptidoglycan structure

NAG-NAM, amino acids drop down from NAM

peptidoglycan structure, amino acid falls down from:

NAM

What houses DNA in eukaryotes?

Nucleus

What are some reasons for the endosymbiotic theory?

Our mitochondria have 70s ribosomes, similar to bacterial ribosomes A circular model of DNA in our mitochondria

Inclusion with a phospholipid monolayer with protein. Also used as source of biodegradable polymer for bioplastic

Polyhydroxybutyrate (PHB)

Stopping at what step in gram stain would make both cells purple?

Step 2: iodine

Mitochondria in eukaryotic cells contain ribosomes that are structurally similar to those found in prokaryotic cells. (T/F)

True

Which of the following is not composed of microtubules? a. desmosomes b. centrioles c. eukaryotic flagella d. eukaryotic cilia

a. desmosomes

Which of the following cell wall components is unique to gram-negative cells? a. lipopolysaccharide b. teichoic acid c. mycolic acid d. peptidoglycan

a. lipopolysaccharide

Microfilaments are composed of ______________ monomers.

actin

microfilament

actin monomers with motor proteins

Mitochondria

aerobic cellular respiration, houses ETC, eukaryote only

flagella with a tail at each end

amphitrichous

protein channel where for every amount of (X) let in, a (Y) has to be kicked out.

antiport

nucleolus

assembly site for ribosomes

Which type of cytoskeletal fiber is important in the formation of the nuclear lamina? a. microfilaments b. intermediate filaments c. microtubules d. fibronectin

b. intermediate filaments

Which type of nutrient uptake involves the engulfment of small dissolved molecules into vesicles? a. active transport b. pinocytosis c. receptor-mediated endocytosis d. facilitated diffusion

b. pinocytosis

Prokaryotic cells that are rod-shaped are called ____

bacilli

what part of the flagella sits in the inner membrane

basal body

Sugar groups may be added to proteins in which of the following? a. smooth endoplasmic reticulum b. rough endoplasmic reticulum c. Golgi apparatus d. lysosome

c. golgi apparatus

Which bacterial structures are important for adherence to surfaces?(select all) a. endospores b. cell walls c. fimbriae d. capsules e. flagella

c/d fimbriae and capsules

type of glycocalyces, firmly attached to cell surface, may prevent bacteria from being recognized, more waxy

capsule

specific facilitated diffusion

carrier proteins needed for specific solutes

Cytoskeleton

consists of microfilaments, intermediate filaments, and microtubules. structural support and organelles anchor

nuclear pore

controls movement of materials in and out of cell

LPS consists of

core polysaccharide, O sugar-like side chain

protein channels working together to move things across

coupled transport

in prokaryotes, DNA is made in the _____

cytoplasm

structures that protect bacteria in a dormant sate when environment is not favorable

endospore

component of outer membrane of Gram-negative bacteria. produce extreme immune reactions (septic shock). LPS

endotoxin

contrast eukaryote vs prokaryote DNA transcription/translation

eukaryote: separately prokaryote: together, at same time

spirochetes

exclusively gram-negative endoflagella that spins so the whole bacteria body spins

components of flagella

filament, hook , rod, basal body

sticky, bristle-like projections. Used by bacteria to adhere to one another and to environment. Help form biofilm

fimbriae

responsible for movement, not on all bacteria

flagella

protections bacteria, gives structure, helps with attachment

function of bacterial cell walls

allow prokaryotic cells to alter buoyancy so they can adjust location in water column

gas vacuoles

function as gelatinous or sticky substances helping cell with adhesion

glycocalyces

LPS, thinner peptidoglycan, stains pink, no crossbridge

gram negative

lipoteichoic acid, thicker peptidoglycan, stains purple, has a crossbridge

gram positive

which has a crossbridge in their peptidoglycan structure? gram negative or gram positive?

gram positive

Peroxisomes typically produce ______________, a harsh chemical that helps break down molecules.

hydrogen peroxide

phospholipid bilayer

hydrophilic head, hydrophobic tail

excess nutrient stored within a cytoplasmic structure in bacteria, reduces osmotic pressure in cell

inclusions

flagella with tuft at one end

lophotrichous

inclusion of magnetic iron oxide or iron sulfide surrounded by a lipid layer. allows cell to align along magnetic field and aid movement

magnetosomes

intermediate filament

maintains nucleus position

prokaryotes do not have

membrane-bound organelles

The type of inclusion containing polymerized inorganic phosphate is called

metachromatic granule

staining characteristics, store polymerized inorganic phosphate used in metabolism and formation of biofilms

metachromatic granules

flagella with one tail

monotrichous

isotonic solution

no net movement of water

Bacteria cell walls are primarily composed of ____

peptidoglycan

random flagella arrangement

peritrichous

special type of fimbriae, conjunction ___ that help with genetic exchange as an injector

pili

type of glycocalyces, loosely attached to cell surface, water soluble, sticky layer helps with adhesion

slime layer

Rough ER

studded with ribosomes, protein synthesis

found in sulfur bacteria, store sulfur that bacteria use for metabolism

sulfur granules

protein channel using energy to move in one direction

uniport

hypotonic solution

water moves into cell

hypertonic solution

water moves out of cell