microbiology ch.3
prokaryote ribosomes
70S (50S + 30S)
steps of gram stain:
1. crystal violet 2. iodine 3. alcohol 4. safranin
which does NOT require a carrier protein? a. facilitated diffusion b. active transport c. coupled transport d. diffusion
d. diffusion
Which of the following terms refers to a bacterial cell having a single tuft of flagella at one end? a. monotrichous b. amphitrichous c. peritrichous d. lophotrichous
d. lophotrichous
Which of the following structures of a eukaryotic cell is not likely derived from endosymbiotic bacterium? a. mitochondrial DNA b. mitochondrial ribosomes c. inner membrane d. outer membrane
d. outer membrane
Which of the following organelles is not part of the endomembrane system? a. endoplasmic reticulum b. Golgi apparatus c. lysosome d. peroxisome
d. peroxisome
lysosome
digestive enzyme
microtubule
dynamic, rapidly assemble to move organelles
flagella movement:
reorient, direct themselves with tumbling, target found (food source etc) then they run
DNA -(A)---> mRNA ---(B)---> protein
A: transcription B: Translation
What would happen if you destroyed peptidoglycan in gram stain?
Both cells would look gram-negative
Which of the following terms refers to a prokaryotic cell that is comma shaped? A. coccus B. coccobacilli C. vibrio D. spirochete
C. Vibrio
Bacteria have 80S ribosomes each composed of a 60S large subunit and a 40S small subunit. (T/F)
False. Bacteria are 70s ribosomes
Smooth ER
Lipid synthesis, chemical detox, carb metabolism, no ribosomes
complex of lipid and polysaccharide responsible for symptoms of fever and shock. component of gram-neg cell wall
Lipopolysaccharide
NAG-NAM
N-acetylglucosamine and N-acetylmuramic acid,
peptidoglycan structure
NAG-NAM, amino acids drop down from NAM
peptidoglycan structure, amino acid falls down from:
NAM
What houses DNA in eukaryotes?
Nucleus
What are some reasons for the endosymbiotic theory?
Our mitochondria have 70s ribosomes, similar to bacterial ribosomes A circular model of DNA in our mitochondria
Inclusion with a phospholipid monolayer with protein. Also used as source of biodegradable polymer for bioplastic
Polyhydroxybutyrate (PHB)
Stopping at what step in gram stain would make both cells purple?
Step 2: iodine
Mitochondria in eukaryotic cells contain ribosomes that are structurally similar to those found in prokaryotic cells. (T/F)
True
Which of the following is not composed of microtubules? a. desmosomes b. centrioles c. eukaryotic flagella d. eukaryotic cilia
a. desmosomes
Which of the following cell wall components is unique to gram-negative cells? a. lipopolysaccharide b. teichoic acid c. mycolic acid d. peptidoglycan
a. lipopolysaccharide
Microfilaments are composed of ______________ monomers.
actin
microfilament
actin monomers with motor proteins
Mitochondria
aerobic cellular respiration, houses ETC, eukaryote only
flagella with a tail at each end
amphitrichous
protein channel where for every amount of (X) let in, a (Y) has to be kicked out.
antiport
nucleolus
assembly site for ribosomes
Which type of cytoskeletal fiber is important in the formation of the nuclear lamina? a. microfilaments b. intermediate filaments c. microtubules d. fibronectin
b. intermediate filaments
Which type of nutrient uptake involves the engulfment of small dissolved molecules into vesicles? a. active transport b. pinocytosis c. receptor-mediated endocytosis d. facilitated diffusion
b. pinocytosis
Prokaryotic cells that are rod-shaped are called ____
bacilli
what part of the flagella sits in the inner membrane
basal body
Sugar groups may be added to proteins in which of the following? a. smooth endoplasmic reticulum b. rough endoplasmic reticulum c. Golgi apparatus d. lysosome
c. golgi apparatus
Which bacterial structures are important for adherence to surfaces?(select all) a. endospores b. cell walls c. fimbriae d. capsules e. flagella
c/d fimbriae and capsules
type of glycocalyces, firmly attached to cell surface, may prevent bacteria from being recognized, more waxy
capsule
specific facilitated diffusion
carrier proteins needed for specific solutes
Cytoskeleton
consists of microfilaments, intermediate filaments, and microtubules. structural support and organelles anchor
nuclear pore
controls movement of materials in and out of cell
LPS consists of
core polysaccharide, O sugar-like side chain
protein channels working together to move things across
coupled transport
in prokaryotes, DNA is made in the _____
cytoplasm
structures that protect bacteria in a dormant sate when environment is not favorable
endospore
component of outer membrane of Gram-negative bacteria. produce extreme immune reactions (septic shock). LPS
endotoxin
contrast eukaryote vs prokaryote DNA transcription/translation
eukaryote: separately prokaryote: together, at same time
spirochetes
exclusively gram-negative endoflagella that spins so the whole bacteria body spins
components of flagella
filament, hook , rod, basal body
sticky, bristle-like projections. Used by bacteria to adhere to one another and to environment. Help form biofilm
fimbriae
responsible for movement, not on all bacteria
flagella
protections bacteria, gives structure, helps with attachment
function of bacterial cell walls
allow prokaryotic cells to alter buoyancy so they can adjust location in water column
gas vacuoles
function as gelatinous or sticky substances helping cell with adhesion
glycocalyces
LPS, thinner peptidoglycan, stains pink, no crossbridge
gram negative
lipoteichoic acid, thicker peptidoglycan, stains purple, has a crossbridge
gram positive
which has a crossbridge in their peptidoglycan structure? gram negative or gram positive?
gram positive
Peroxisomes typically produce ______________, a harsh chemical that helps break down molecules.
hydrogen peroxide
phospholipid bilayer
hydrophilic head, hydrophobic tail
excess nutrient stored within a cytoplasmic structure in bacteria, reduces osmotic pressure in cell
inclusions
flagella with tuft at one end
lophotrichous
inclusion of magnetic iron oxide or iron sulfide surrounded by a lipid layer. allows cell to align along magnetic field and aid movement
magnetosomes
intermediate filament
maintains nucleus position
prokaryotes do not have
membrane-bound organelles
The type of inclusion containing polymerized inorganic phosphate is called
metachromatic granule
staining characteristics, store polymerized inorganic phosphate used in metabolism and formation of biofilms
metachromatic granules
flagella with one tail
monotrichous
isotonic solution
no net movement of water
Bacteria cell walls are primarily composed of ____
peptidoglycan
random flagella arrangement
peritrichous
special type of fimbriae, conjunction ___ that help with genetic exchange as an injector
pili
type of glycocalyces, loosely attached to cell surface, water soluble, sticky layer helps with adhesion
slime layer
Rough ER
studded with ribosomes, protein synthesis
found in sulfur bacteria, store sulfur that bacteria use for metabolism
sulfur granules
protein channel using energy to move in one direction
uniport
hypotonic solution
water moves into cell
hypertonic solution
water moves out of cell