Microbiology-Chapter 1

The Human Microbiome Project began producing significant results in ______.

2012

What is a virion?

A virus particle that is not inside of a host cell

What is the role of PCR?

Amplify DNA by making multiple copies for study

The Kingdom Monera was reclassified into the two separate domains ______ and ______.

Archaea Bacteria

Which type(s) of microorganisms have cells that do NOT contain organelles?

Archaea Bacteria

Which are the three domains of the Woese-Fox system of classification?

Archaea Eukarya Bacteria

Which microbe(s) do NOT have a true nucleus?

Bacteria Reason: Bacteria are prokaryotic and lack a true nucleus.

The three domains of the Woese-Fox system include the true bacteria in Domain Bacteria, the extreme microbes in Domain ______ , and the eukaryotic organisms in Domain ______ .

Blank 1: Archaea Blank 2: Eukarya or Eukaryota

For the organism Staphylococcus aureus, Staphylococcus represents the level of classification.

Blank 1: genus or generic

The discovery of "molecular scissors" called _________ __________ has led to great advances in the field of genetic engineering by allowing microbiologists to isolate specific pieces of DNA for transfer into other cells.

Blank 1: restriction Blank 2: enzymes or endonucleases

For the organism Staphylococcus aureus, aureus represents the level of classification which is the most specific grouping of organisms.

Blank 1: species

An environment or material that is completely free of all life forms (including spores) and virus particles is referred to as _____.

Blank 1: sterile or sterilized

What is the role of restriction enzymes?

Cut DNA in specific ways

Which scientific name is properly abbreviated following its first use?

E. coli

For the organism Escherichia coli, what is the genus name?

Escherichia

Which scientific name is properly written in terms of capitalization?

Escherichia coli

The cells of which microorganisms contain organelles?

Eukaryotes

The arrow is pointing to which type of cell?

Eukaryotic

Which cell type is generally larger in size?

Eukaryotic

True or false: A sterile environment is free of actively growing cells and microorganisms, but may contain viruses or dormant life forms such as endospores.

False

True or false: A virus is a cellular agent that possesses membrane-bound organelles.

False

True or false: If two microbes are in the same family, they must be the same species.

False

True or false: Staphylococcus aureus is the correct way to write this organism's binomial name when used in a scientific journal article.

False Reason: False, it should be written in italics or underlined.

True or false: Viruses are considered living organisms and are classified under the Woese system as members of the domain Archaea.

False Reason: False, viruses are nonliving agents as they require a host cell to complete their life cycle; thus, they cannot be classified under any classificiation system.

Which is the most inclusive (in regards to the number of different organisms) level of classification in the five kingdoms system?

Kingdom

The scientist who helped disprove the belief in spontaneous generation by designing a long, bent "swan neck" for his flasks was ______.

Louis Pasteur

_______________ is a specialized area of biology that deals with living things ordinarily too small to be seen without magnification.

Microbiology

In the earlier five kingdom system, all prokaryotes belong in the Kingdom ______.

Monera

Under the earlier five kingdom system of classification, the bacterium Streptococcus was classified in the Kingdom ______.

Monera

Which kingdom was reclassified into two separate domains?

Monera

Which were the five kingdoms in the earlier system of classification?

Monera Fungi Animalia Protista Plantae

Which process uses the sun's energy to produce organic compounds and ATP from carbon dioxide and water?

Photosynthesis

____________is the light-fueled conversion of carbon dioxide to organic material.

Photosynthesis or Anoxygenic photosynthesis

Which microbe(s) have a true nucleus?

Protists Yeast

Small pieces of ______ are now known to be responsible for precise regulation of cells, and these may be a target for future antimicrobial therapy.

RNA

Which is true regarding scientific names?

Scientific names are italicized in printed documents.

Which is correct regarding the capitalization of an organism's name?

Staphylococcus aureus

For the organism Staphylococcus aureus, what is the species name?

aureus

All ______ are microorganisms, but not all ______ are microorganisms.

bacteria; eukaryotes

Designing organisms in the industrial setting that can provide human products through genetic engineering or clean up environmental waste through bioremediation is part of the subdiscipline of microbiology referred to as_________.

biotechnology, bioengineering, or biotech

The use of general principles to explain specific observations is called ______ reasoning.

deductive

The use of general principles to make decisions about specific situations is the use of _____ reasoning, which we all use to make everyday decisions in life.

deductive

The theory of _______ states that living things change gradually over time through natural selection.

evolution

Microbiology involves the study of microscopic organisms or agents, including ______.

fungi protozoa archaea helminths bacteria viruses

As indicated by their names, Clostridium botulinum and Clostridium perfringens are different species within the same ____ .

genus

Staphylococcus aureus and Staphylococcus epidermidis are bacteria that share the same ______.

genus

Genetic exchange between organisms living at the same time in the same environment is considered to be ______.

horizontal

All of the following are true statements about the human microbiome EXCEPT ______.

it regularly causes disease

All bacteria would be placed into the same ______ , called Monera; this is one of five groupings in the five kingdoms system of classification.

kingdom

All members of a family are classified in the same ______.

kingdom

All members of the same phylum must also be members of the same ______.

kingdom

The sum total of all the microbes in a certain environment is its ______.

microbiome

In the earlier five kingdoms system of classification, bacteria and archaea were both contained in the kingdom _______.

monera

The principle of evolution states that living things change gradually over time through ______.

natural selection

A(n) ________ is any small, membrane-bound component found inside of an eukaryotic cell.

organelle

Small, membrane-bound components found inside of a eukaryotic cell, such as mitochondria and lysosomes, are referred to as ______.

organelles

A(n) ___________ is the general term used to refer to any disease-causing microorganism.

pathogen or pathogens

In general, disease-causing organisms are referred to as ______.

pathogens

The _______ _____ reaction allows us to amplify tiny amounts of DNA, creating a powerful tool for diagnosis, forensics, and microbial investigation.

polymerase chain

The arrow is pointerm-19ting to a(n) ______ cell. Multiple choice question.

prokaryotic

What is the role of small RNAs?

regulate cell activities

John Needham, Louis Pasteur, and other scientists all performed experiments to disprove ______.

spontaneous generation

Information about how the characteristics of human biology are shaped by the microbes that live in and on us has been derived from ______.

the Human Microbiome Project

Genetic transfer from one organism to its progeny is ______.

vertical

A __________ is a pathogen that must use an infected host cell's genetic and metabolic machinery for reproduction and assembly.

virus or virion

A(n) __________ is a microscopic agent, which is not cellular (acellular) and is composed of nucleic acids surrounded by a protein coat.

virus or virion

What is biotechnology?

The use of microbes or their products for commercial or industrial purposes.

True or false: If two microbes are of the same genus, they must be in the same class.

True

True or false: Not all eukaryotes are microorganisms.

True

True or false: When writing a binomial name, the initial letter of the genus is capitalized and the species is in lower case.

True

True or false: Generally, eukaryotic microbes are larger than bacteria.

True Reason: Eukaryotic microbes include fungi, protozoans, and helminths that are 10-1000X larger than bacteria.

When not present in a host, an individual virus is referred to as a , or virus particle.

Virion

What uses an infected host cell's genetic and metabolic machinery for reproduction and assembly?

Virus

Which of the following is not true regarding viruses?

Viruses are eukaryotic.