Microbiology Chapter 11

The kilo gray is equal to ______ grays

1000

With the exception of endospores, almost all micro organisms are killed by chlorine and how many minutes? 60 40 10 30 50 20

30

_____ or alkalis are limited in their application by their corrosive and hazardous nature.

Acids

______ are organic substances that contain a CHO functional group on a terminal carbon

Aldehydes

In sterilization, which of the following are removed or destroyed?

All micro organisms

A sterile object is free of which of the following?

All viable microorganisms and viruses

Which base is a major component of detergents and cleansers?

Ammonium hydroxide

Iodine compounds are commonly used for which of the following? Household cleaning Antisepsis of skin Disinfection of medical equipment Emergency disinfection of drinking water Disinfection of food preparation equipment Treatment of skin wounds

Antisepsis of skin, Disinfection of medical equipment, emergency disinfection of drinking water, and treatment of skin wounds.

Anti-microbial solutions with water as a solvent are called _____ solutions, whereas anti-microbial solutions with alcohol or water alcohol solutions are called _____.

Aqueous, tinctures or tincture

Which of the following devices would not be used for dry heat conditions?

Autoclave

Which typically describes cold temperatures?

Bacteriostatic

Which of the following are the main drawbacks to heavy metals?

Can be toxic if inhaled, microbial resistance, cause allergies

Another name for a female is _____ acid

Carbolic

Which is the major cellular structure affected by alcohols?

Cell membrane

Chlorhexidine targets the _____ _____ by lowering surface tension and causes the denaturation of _____.

Cell or plasma membranes, proteins

Dyes are important for which of the following reasons?

Chemo therapeutic drugs, staining techniques, and selective and differential media

Which of the following is the antiseptic cleanser of choice to control MRSA and Acinetobacter outbreaks in hospitals? -Iodine compounds -Phenolics -Hydrochloric acid -Chlorhexidine -Ethanol

Chlorhexidine

The phenol _____ quantitatively compares to the effectiveness of a chemical to that a phenol

Coefficient

The shortest length of time required to kill all test microbes at a specified temperature is referred to as the thermal _____ _____.

Death, time

Microbial control methods are referred to as ______ procedures

Decontamination

______ is the general term used for a reduction of the microbial load in order to lower the possibility of infection or spoilage.

Decontamination

Phenolics typically kill microbes by which of the following methods? Inhibiting protein synthesis Denaturing metabolic enzymes Causing mutations in DNA Disrupting the cell wall Inhibiting RNA synthesis Disrupting the cell membrane

Denaturing metabolic enzymes, disrupting the cell wall, disrupting the cell membrane

A 75% concentration of alcohol usually affects microbes by which of the following?

Denaturing proteins

Iodine compounds typically kill microbes due to which of the following? Inhibiting RNA synthesis Causing mutations in DNA Denaturing proteins Inhibiting proteins synthesis Disrupting the cell membrane

Denaturing proteins

The primary targets of microbial control are micro-organisms that cause which of the following?

Disease and food spoilage

OPA typically kills microbes by which mechanism?

Disrupting enzyme functions and altering amino acids

_____ and _____ oxide are use mainly as disinfectant Sterilants for some food and plastic items.

ETO and propylene

Radiation is characterized by range of wavelengths known as the _____ _____

Electromagnetic spectrum

Alcohols are most effective at destroying which of the following? - bacterial endospores - nonenveloped viruses - enveloped viruses - vegetative bacteria

Enveloped viruses and vegetative bacteria

Which two alcohols are Effective in microbial control? Ethyl Metal Isopropyl Butyl

Ethyl and Isopropyl

_____ Oxide is valuable for sterilization of heat sensitive objects such as plastics, surgical or diagnostic appliances, and spices, but other related gases are available that are less toxic.

Ethylene

ETO is the acronym for _____ _____.

Ethylene oxide

Which of the following compounds are commonly used as gaseous Sterilants or disinfectants? Ethylene oxide Propylene oxide Chlorine dioxide Carbonic acid Carbon monoxide

Ethylene oxide Propylene oxide Chlorine dioxide

True or False. Acids or alkalis are limited in their application because they have limited reliability.

False

True or False. Iodine compounds are commonly used for household cleaning

False

True or False: iodine compounds are commonly used for household cleaning.

False

True or false: Halogens are only microbistatic

False

What is the process of straining a fluid or air through A membrane to trap micro organisms?

Filtration

The straining of a fluid or air through a membrane to trap micro organisms is known as _____ .

Filtration or filtering

Which of the following is most penetrating?

Gamma rays

Which of the following are the two aldehyde use most often in microbial control?

Glutaraldehyde and ortho-phthaldenhyde

The _____ are a group of nonmetallic elements with antimicrobial applications, including fluorine, chlorine, bromine, and iodine

Halogens

Which is the most prominent among antimicrobial physical agents?

Heat

Identify Any chemical agent used to control microbes. Heavy metals Halogens UV light Detergents

Heavy metals, halogens, detergents

Metals with a ______ molecular weight can be toxic in low amounts

High

Which level germicide can function as Sterilants?

High

Which of the following is the practical definition of microbial death?

Inability to reproduce

Which of the following materials require high-level Germicides?

Invasive medical devices

The bombarding of substance by waves of particles for diagnosis, therapy, disinfection, or sterilization is referred to as _______ .

Irradiation

_____ is the process of bombardment with radiation at the cellular level to control microbes.

Irradiation

Identify the organic acid that is added to sauerkraut to prevent the growth of anaerobic bacteria, especially clostridia

Lactic acid

100% alcohol solutions have _____ microbial activity than 70% solutions

Less, lesser, decreased or lower

Hydrogen peroxide can decompose in the presence of which of the following? Metals Catalase Light Dark

Light, metals, or catalase

If the cell ______ is damaged by an agent, it loses its selective permeability and cannot prevent the loss or entrance of substances.

Membrane

Silver and _____ are still used in germicidal preparations

Mercury

The liquid metal, _____, can be very toxic to humans if ingested, inhaled or absorbed through the skin, even in small doses.

Mercury or Hg

When microbes are treated with temperatures that exceed the maximum growth temperature, the condition is described as which of the following?

Microbicidal

Regarding the use of the terms microbicidal and microbistatic, higher temperatures are usually _____, whereas lower temperatures are usually ______.

Microbicidal, microbistatic

_____ heat operates at lower temperatures for shorter times than _____ heat which requires higher temps and longer exposure times for the same effectiveness

Moist, dry

Alcohols are colorless hydrocarbons with one or more _____ functional groups

OH or hydroxyl

Identify the products of the decomposition of hydrogen peroxide

Oxygen and water

Which of the following describes ortho-phthalaldehyde

Pale blue liquid

Identify the organic acid that is commonly incorporated into breads to retard molds.

Propionic acid

______ used for microbial control includes electromagnetic waves with shorter wavelengths.

Radiation

Which of the following are examples of physical agents or mechanical means used to control microbes.

Radiation, filtration, and heat.

The inability to ______ even under optimal growth conditions is the practical definition of microbial death

Reproduce, multiply, or replicate

Which organisms typically can NOT be destroyed by cationic detergents?

Resistant viruses and endospores

Soaps can be reliably used in the clinical and home setting as which of the following?

Sanitizer

Most soaps would be considered a _____ while bleach solutions are considered a _____.

Sanitizer, disinfectant

Which of the following describes the main function of the cell membrane?

Selective barrier

Aniline dies are used for which of the following?

Skin infections

A strong ______ hydroxide solution is one of the substances that reliably destroys prions

Sodium

In dilutions, a small amount of the _____ is diluted in a large volume of solvent to achieve a certain ratio.

Solute

In a solution, solutes are dissolved in a liquid known as the _____.

Solvent

Chemical agents that can destroy all forms of life, including in those bars, are called which of the following? Sterilants Antiseptics Detergents Germicides

Sterilants

Which of the following can be high-level Germicides Disinfectants Anti-septics Sterilants

Sterilants

The shortest length of time required to kill all test microbes at a specified ______ is referred to as the thermal death time TDT

Temperature

What must be considered to ensure adequate sterilization by heat?

Temperature and length of exposure

Aldehydes are organic substances that contain a CHO functional group on a _____ carbon

Terminal

What is the disadvantage of phenolics? -They can be irritating to the skin and mucous membranes. -They are only microbistatic -they do not work in the presence of organic matter -They only destroy the weakest vegetative pathogens

They can be irritating to the skin and mucous membranes

What property of phenolics contributes to their usefulness?

They continue to work in the presence of organic matter

Typically, increases to temperature can result in a reduction in _____ to ensure adequate sterilization by heat

Time or exposure time

Identify the main effect of cold temperatures.

To slow the activity of microbes

Chemical agents used to control microbes include all of the following EXCEPT which one? Phenolics Detergents Carbon dioxide UV light Aldehydes Alcohols Heavy metals Halogens

UV light (UV light is not composed of chemical agents.)

Which environmental condition makes chlorine unstable?

UV light and alkaline pH

_____ radiation is most lethal from 240 nm to 280 nm

UV or ultraviolet

_____ radiation is non-ionizing radiation that readily induces mutations.

Ultraviolet or UV

All of the following describe the typical microbial population targeted by anti-microbial drugs EXCEPT which of the following?

Uniform populations of like microbes

Which organism can be destroyed by cationic detergents?

Vegetative bacteria

Which of the following are the least resistant to moist and dry heat?

Vegetative states of fungi and vegetative state of states of bacteria

Which of the following describes dry heat?

Very high temperatures and low moisture

Phenolics typical kill microbes by disrupting the cell _____ or _____.

Wall or membrane What property of phenolics contributes to their usefulness?

Which describes glutaraldehyde?

Yellow liquid