Microbiology Chapter 11
The kilo gray is equal to ______ grays
1000
With the exception of endospores, almost all micro organisms are killed by chlorine and how many minutes? 60 40 10 30 50 20
30
_____ or alkalis are limited in their application by their corrosive and hazardous nature.
Acids
______ are organic substances that contain a CHO functional group on a terminal carbon
Aldehydes
In sterilization, which of the following are removed or destroyed?
All micro organisms
A sterile object is free of which of the following?
All viable microorganisms and viruses
Which base is a major component of detergents and cleansers?
Ammonium hydroxide
Iodine compounds are commonly used for which of the following? Household cleaning Antisepsis of skin Disinfection of medical equipment Emergency disinfection of drinking water Disinfection of food preparation equipment Treatment of skin wounds
Antisepsis of skin, Disinfection of medical equipment, emergency disinfection of drinking water, and treatment of skin wounds.
Anti-microbial solutions with water as a solvent are called _____ solutions, whereas anti-microbial solutions with alcohol or water alcohol solutions are called _____.
Aqueous, tinctures or tincture
Which of the following devices would not be used for dry heat conditions?
Autoclave
Which typically describes cold temperatures?
Bacteriostatic
Which of the following are the main drawbacks to heavy metals?
Can be toxic if inhaled, microbial resistance, cause allergies
Another name for a female is _____ acid
Carbolic
Which is the major cellular structure affected by alcohols?
Cell membrane
Chlorhexidine targets the _____ _____ by lowering surface tension and causes the denaturation of _____.
Cell or plasma membranes, proteins
Dyes are important for which of the following reasons?
Chemo therapeutic drugs, staining techniques, and selective and differential media
Which of the following is the antiseptic cleanser of choice to control MRSA and Acinetobacter outbreaks in hospitals? -Iodine compounds -Phenolics -Hydrochloric acid -Chlorhexidine -Ethanol
Chlorhexidine
The phenol _____ quantitatively compares to the effectiveness of a chemical to that a phenol
Coefficient
The shortest length of time required to kill all test microbes at a specified temperature is referred to as the thermal _____ _____.
Death, time
Microbial control methods are referred to as ______ procedures
Decontamination
______ is the general term used for a reduction of the microbial load in order to lower the possibility of infection or spoilage.
Decontamination
Phenolics typically kill microbes by which of the following methods? Inhibiting protein synthesis Denaturing metabolic enzymes Causing mutations in DNA Disrupting the cell wall Inhibiting RNA synthesis Disrupting the cell membrane
Denaturing metabolic enzymes, disrupting the cell wall, disrupting the cell membrane
A 75% concentration of alcohol usually affects microbes by which of the following?
Denaturing proteins
Iodine compounds typically kill microbes due to which of the following? Inhibiting RNA synthesis Causing mutations in DNA Denaturing proteins Inhibiting proteins synthesis Disrupting the cell membrane
Denaturing proteins
The primary targets of microbial control are micro-organisms that cause which of the following?
Disease and food spoilage
OPA typically kills microbes by which mechanism?
Disrupting enzyme functions and altering amino acids
_____ and _____ oxide are use mainly as disinfectant Sterilants for some food and plastic items.
ETO and propylene
Radiation is characterized by range of wavelengths known as the _____ _____
Electromagnetic spectrum
Alcohols are most effective at destroying which of the following? - bacterial endospores - nonenveloped viruses - enveloped viruses - vegetative bacteria
Enveloped viruses and vegetative bacteria
Which two alcohols are Effective in microbial control? Ethyl Metal Isopropyl Butyl
Ethyl and Isopropyl
_____ Oxide is valuable for sterilization of heat sensitive objects such as plastics, surgical or diagnostic appliances, and spices, but other related gases are available that are less toxic.
Ethylene
ETO is the acronym for _____ _____.
Ethylene oxide
Which of the following compounds are commonly used as gaseous Sterilants or disinfectants? Ethylene oxide Propylene oxide Chlorine dioxide Carbonic acid Carbon monoxide
Ethylene oxide Propylene oxide Chlorine dioxide
True or False. Acids or alkalis are limited in their application because they have limited reliability.
False
True or False. Iodine compounds are commonly used for household cleaning
False
True or False: iodine compounds are commonly used for household cleaning.
False
True or false: Halogens are only microbistatic
False
What is the process of straining a fluid or air through A membrane to trap micro organisms?
Filtration
The straining of a fluid or air through a membrane to trap micro organisms is known as _____ .
Filtration or filtering
Which of the following is most penetrating?
Gamma rays
Which of the following are the two aldehyde use most often in microbial control?
Glutaraldehyde and ortho-phthaldenhyde
The _____ are a group of nonmetallic elements with antimicrobial applications, including fluorine, chlorine, bromine, and iodine
Halogens
Which is the most prominent among antimicrobial physical agents?
Heat
Identify Any chemical agent used to control microbes. Heavy metals Halogens UV light Detergents
Heavy metals, halogens, detergents
Metals with a ______ molecular weight can be toxic in low amounts
High
Which level germicide can function as Sterilants?
High
Which of the following is the practical definition of microbial death?
Inability to reproduce
Which of the following materials require high-level Germicides?
Invasive medical devices
The bombarding of substance by waves of particles for diagnosis, therapy, disinfection, or sterilization is referred to as _______ .
Irradiation
_____ is the process of bombardment with radiation at the cellular level to control microbes.
Irradiation
Identify the organic acid that is added to sauerkraut to prevent the growth of anaerobic bacteria, especially clostridia
Lactic acid
100% alcohol solutions have _____ microbial activity than 70% solutions
Less, lesser, decreased or lower
Hydrogen peroxide can decompose in the presence of which of the following? Metals Catalase Light Dark
Light, metals, or catalase
If the cell ______ is damaged by an agent, it loses its selective permeability and cannot prevent the loss or entrance of substances.
Membrane
Silver and _____ are still used in germicidal preparations
Mercury
The liquid metal, _____, can be very toxic to humans if ingested, inhaled or absorbed through the skin, even in small doses.
Mercury or Hg
When microbes are treated with temperatures that exceed the maximum growth temperature, the condition is described as which of the following?
Microbicidal
Regarding the use of the terms microbicidal and microbistatic, higher temperatures are usually _____, whereas lower temperatures are usually ______.
Microbicidal, microbistatic
_____ heat operates at lower temperatures for shorter times than _____ heat which requires higher temps and longer exposure times for the same effectiveness
Moist, dry
Alcohols are colorless hydrocarbons with one or more _____ functional groups
OH or hydroxyl
Identify the products of the decomposition of hydrogen peroxide
Oxygen and water
Which of the following describes ortho-phthalaldehyde
Pale blue liquid
Identify the organic acid that is commonly incorporated into breads to retard molds.
Propionic acid
______ used for microbial control includes electromagnetic waves with shorter wavelengths.
Radiation
Which of the following are examples of physical agents or mechanical means used to control microbes.
Radiation, filtration, and heat.
The inability to ______ even under optimal growth conditions is the practical definition of microbial death
Reproduce, multiply, or replicate
Which organisms typically can NOT be destroyed by cationic detergents?
Resistant viruses and endospores
Soaps can be reliably used in the clinical and home setting as which of the following?
Sanitizer
Most soaps would be considered a _____ while bleach solutions are considered a _____.
Sanitizer, disinfectant
Which of the following describes the main function of the cell membrane?
Selective barrier
Aniline dies are used for which of the following?
Skin infections
A strong ______ hydroxide solution is one of the substances that reliably destroys prions
Sodium
In dilutions, a small amount of the _____ is diluted in a large volume of solvent to achieve a certain ratio.
Solute
In a solution, solutes are dissolved in a liquid known as the _____.
Solvent
Chemical agents that can destroy all forms of life, including in those bars, are called which of the following? Sterilants Antiseptics Detergents Germicides
Sterilants
Which of the following can be high-level Germicides Disinfectants Anti-septics Sterilants
Sterilants
The shortest length of time required to kill all test microbes at a specified ______ is referred to as the thermal death time TDT
Temperature
What must be considered to ensure adequate sterilization by heat?
Temperature and length of exposure
Aldehydes are organic substances that contain a CHO functional group on a _____ carbon
Terminal
What is the disadvantage of phenolics? -They can be irritating to the skin and mucous membranes. -They are only microbistatic -they do not work in the presence of organic matter -They only destroy the weakest vegetative pathogens
They can be irritating to the skin and mucous membranes
What property of phenolics contributes to their usefulness?
They continue to work in the presence of organic matter
Typically, increases to temperature can result in a reduction in _____ to ensure adequate sterilization by heat
Time or exposure time
Identify the main effect of cold temperatures.
To slow the activity of microbes
Chemical agents used to control microbes include all of the following EXCEPT which one? Phenolics Detergents Carbon dioxide UV light Aldehydes Alcohols Heavy metals Halogens
UV light (UV light is not composed of chemical agents.)
Which environmental condition makes chlorine unstable?
UV light and alkaline pH
_____ radiation is most lethal from 240 nm to 280 nm
UV or ultraviolet
_____ radiation is non-ionizing radiation that readily induces mutations.
Ultraviolet or UV
All of the following describe the typical microbial population targeted by anti-microbial drugs EXCEPT which of the following?
Uniform populations of like microbes
Which organism can be destroyed by cationic detergents?
Vegetative bacteria
Which of the following are the least resistant to moist and dry heat?
Vegetative states of fungi and vegetative state of states of bacteria
Which of the following describes dry heat?
Very high temperatures and low moisture
Phenolics typical kill microbes by disrupting the cell _____ or _____.
Wall or membrane What property of phenolics contributes to their usefulness?
Which describes glutaraldehyde?
Yellow liquid
