Microbiology- Chapter 13 homework
How is the third line of defense different than the first and second lines of defense? Check all that apply.
-Antigen specificity -Development of memory
Select all of the characteristics exhibited by effective vaccines.
-Little or no adverse side effects -Protect against exposure to wild-type, natural pathogens -Stimulate a B-cell or T-cell response -Relatively long shelf life
Select all of the characteristics shared by both B- and T-cell receptors.
-Receptors are formed by genetic recombination -Receptors are inserted into the cell membrane
CD8 markers bind to MHC class ________ molecules.
1
These data illustrate that a person with an organ transplant is _____ times more likely to be diagnosed with diffuse large B-cell lymphoma than persons without a transplant.
16
Match the statement to the type of specific immunity it most accurately describes to test your understanding of the specific immune states.
Active immunity-One's own body produces B- and T-cell responses to antigen stimulus. Passive immunity- Individual receives immune substances that were produced by another host. Natural immunity-Immunity is acquired through normal life experiences, not through medical intervention. Artificial immunity- Immunity is obtained through medical procedures such as immunizations.
Which of the following activities would be deficient in a patient with many abnormal B lymphocytes like Mr. Campbell? -Opsonization of bacterial cells -Neutralization of viral surface receptors -Agglutination of whole cell antigens -Lysis of cells with complement proteins -All of these activities would be deficient
All of the activities would be deficient
Which of the following cells is/are capable of specifically responding to a nearly infinite number of epitopes? -B cells -Plasma cells -T cytotoxic cells -All of these cell types
All of these cell types
Possible symptoms of toxic shock syndrome include ________. -Nausea and vomiting -Shock -Fever -Diarrhea -All of these choices are correct.
All of these choices are correct
Surface receptors on immune system cell function in ___________. -communication -cell development -identification of self/nonself -All of these choices are correct
All of these choices are correct
Which of the following cells can be a target for cytotoxic T cells? -Viral-infected cells -Cancer cells -Transplanted cells -All of these choices are correct
All of these choices are correct
Which process involves a more rapid synthesis and greatly increased titer of antibody when the immune system is subsequently exposed to the same antigen?
Anamnestic response
________ are molecules that stimulate a response by T cells and B cells.
Antigens
Which of the following is a term that refers to a gamma globulin that can neutralize virulence factors secreted by Staphylococcus or Streptococcus strains, as in the case of TSS?
Antitoxin
In the bloodstream, bacterial antigens will first bind to antibodies presented on _______.
B cells
In the bloodstream, bacterial antigens will first bind to antibodies presented on __________.
B cells
Which of the following are correctly matched?
CD8-Cytotoxic T cells CD4-Helper T cells
On which day after infection should you be collecting antibodies from the patient to use in IVIG antitoxin therapy, which requires a concentrated preparation of antibodies?
Day 12
According to the data, what is the most common type of lymphoma in both the experimental and the control group?
Diffuse large B cell
True or False: Cytotoxic T cells directly kill the viruses found inside of infected cells.
False
True or False: In a subunit vaccine, the subunit must come from the outer surface of the pathogen.
False
True or False: One antibody can bind multiple types of antigens.
False
True or False: One plasma cell will secrete antibodies of various classes but the antibodies will all have different specificity.
False
True or False: Superantigens are processed by antigen-presenting cells.
False
True or False: The actual bacterium causes the development of the symptoms seen in TSS.
False
True or False: The antibody preparation obtained from the patient will be heat sterilized to inactivate any pathogens before use in another patient.
False
True or False: There are no antigens that can stimulate B-cells directly.
False
True or False: Toxic shock syndrome is a mild disease similar to other mild allergic reactions.
False
Which of the following correctly describes Staphylococcus aureus?
Gram-positive cocci arranged in clusters
In addition to perforins, which chemical(s) is/are also secreted by cytotoxic T cells?
Granzymes
Why are CD4 cell counts an important measure in determining the progression of HIV disease to AIDS?
Helper T cells, which possess the CD4 markers are important in the activation or efficiency of both adaptive and innate defenses.
Early in the primary response, most of the antibodies are the ________ type.
IgM
Select the type of vaccination that is NOT an acellular, subcellular, or subunit vaccine.
Inactivated viruses
Antigen-presenting cells release what cytokine to activate helper T cells?
Interleukin-1
When activated by antigen-presenting cells, helper T cells release what cytokine that activates B-cells and cytotoxic T cells?
Interleukin-2
_______ with antigen fragments displayed on their surfaces are known as antigen-presenting cells (APCs).
Macrophages
Which of the following statements characterizes clonal selection in the process of antibody production?
One B cell is selected to produce one type of anitbody
Which of the following statements characterizes clonal selection in the process of antibody production?
One B cell type is selected to produce one type of antibody.
Which group is at a higher risk for Burkitt's lymphoma?
Patients with an organ transplant
Which of the following does NOT describe normal b cells?
Require antigen presentation with MHC
Superantigens are produced by__________.
Staphylococcus aureus in toxic shock syndrome
A toxoid would best be described as an example of which type of vaccine?
Subunit vaccine
Which of the following cells are needed for most B cells to become functional?
T helper cells
What interaction is involved in the stimulation of a helper T cell?
The interaction of the T cell receptor with processed antigen and the bind of CD4 to the MHC II molecule
In creating a recombinant vaccine, a gene for an antigen can be spliced into a plasmid. What happens next?
The plasmid is placed into a host cell, such as yeast and the yeast will produce large quantities of the antigen
Why does taking immunosuppressive drugs put a person like Mr. Campbell at risk for developing lymphoma?
The third line of defense includes destruction of abnormal T cells and natural killer cells
Which of the following is correct regarding antibodies?
They are proteins
Which of the following is correct regarding antibodies?
They are proteins.
Antibodies are produced by which line of defense?
Third
Which line of defense is compromised with Mr. Campbell's lymphoma?
Third
What is the purpose of booster shots?
To stimulate a secondary or anamnestic response
True or False: A helper T cell must be activated before it can stimulate a B cell to produce antibody.
True
True or False: A person deficient in cytotoxic T cells may be more susceptible to cancer.
True
True or False: An attenuated vaccine usually provides better immunity than a killed or inactivated one.
True
True or False: Based upon this data, there is no additional benefit to obtaining and purifying antibodies on Days 13, 14, or 15 versus Day 12.
True
True or False: Both antigen-presenting cells and B cells have class II MHC receptors on their surface.
True
True or False: Cell surface markers play important roles in the specific immune response, in the recognition of both self and nonself molecules.
True
True or False: In addition to apoptosis of infected host cells, apoptosis of lymphocytes also occurs during embryonic development.
True
True or False: Memory B cells are formed during the primary response so that upon a secondary antigen exposure, a faster and morevvigorous antibody response ensues.
True
True or False: More than half of the transplantation patients were diagnosed with diffuse large B-cell lymphoma.
True
True or False: Proteins generally are T-cell dependent antigens.
True
True or False: Self-proteins of infected cells are not recognized by cytotoxic T cells.
True
True or False: When receiving a DNA vaccine, human cells accept a plasmid-containing pathogen DNA, and subsequently express foreign proteins on their cell surface that stimulate an inflammatory response.
True
A vaccine that contains parts of viruses is called _________.
a subunit
A child with a genetic disorder that does not allow immature B cells to develop would therefore not be able to make ________.
antibodies
A helper T cell becomes activated by a(n) ________.
antigen-presenting cell
Substances known as ________ provoke a specific immune response so discriminating that only a single molecular fragment, called an __________, actually interacts with the lymphocyte's receptor.
antigens; epitope
Antigens ________.
are molecules that are recognized by B or T cells
T cells ________.
are responsible for cell-mediated immunity
Live chickenpox virus can be used in a(n) ________.
attenuated vaccine
Antibiotics were used for treatment because Staphylococcus aureus is a ______.
bacterium
Superantigens ___________.
bind without antigen specificity to the outer portion of T helper cells and antigen-presenting cells (APCs)
After repeated exposure to foreign material, nonspecific immunity ________.
continues to react the same way
Cytotoxic T cells kill target cells by ________.
exposing them to chemicals which induces apoptosis
Helper T cells ________.
function in both cell-mediated and humoral immunity
B cells are responsible for _________ immunity.
humoral
Antigen-presenting cells ________. -include dendritic cells -engulf and present processed antigen on the surface -include macrophages -include all of these
include all of these
The specific immune response ________.
involves memory of antigens from previous exposure
Cytotoxic T cells know that a cell is infected because ________.
it has antigens from the disease-causing microbe on its surface
Characteristics of good antigens include all of the following EXCEPT ________.
large, repetitive molecule
The immune system responds more swiftly by making antibodies to an antigen after the first exposure because ________.
memory B cells are produced during the first response
B cells differentiate into plasma cells and ________.
memory cells
Match the statements to the terms they describe to test your understanding of the possible end results of antibody binding antigen.
opsonization-Coating of microbe with antibody to enhance phagocytosis neutralization-Antibodies fill the surface receptors on microbes to prevent its attachment to the host antitoxin-Antibody that neutralizes bacterial exotoxins agglutination-Cross linkage of cells or particles into large clumps
Cytotoxic T cells produce _________.
perforin, which makes holes in cell membrane of infected cells
B cells differentiate into ______, which make antibodies.
plasma cells
The antibody producing progeny cells of a B-cell clone are called ________.
plasma cells
All of the following cells have class II MHC receptors on their surface EXCEPT _________.
red blood cells
T cells __________.
stimulate B cells and other T cells
During lymphocyte development, the major histocompatibility complex (MHC) plays a role in ________.
the recognition of self by the immune system and rejection of foreign tissue
Cytotoxic T cells recognize ___________.
viral antigens and class I MHC
