MICROBIOLOGY Chapter 18

What does a vaccine contain?

Weakened or killed pathogen or parts of a pathogen

What is an adjuvant?

a chemical additive that increases the effectiveness of vaccines

The influenza vaccine is an example of a(n)

inactivated killed vaccine.

Which type of vaccine could possibly cause a person to develop the disease?

Attenuated live vaccine

__________ reactions are used to detect antibodies for relatively large pathogens, such as bacteria. For these tests, the antigen is mixed with the test sample at various dilutions. Reaction mixes are then monitored for the formation of visible aggregates.

Agglutination

Which of the following is NOT an advantage of using live attenuated vaccines?

They are usually safer than other types of vaccines.

What is the primary benefit of vaccination?

An immune response will occur quicker upon future exposure to the pathogen.

Which of the following best describes vaccination?

An individual is exposed to a killed pathogen, an inactivated pathogen, or a component of a pathogen. The individual is protected from subsequent exposures to the pathogen because the adaptive immune system is stimulated to produce memory B cells and memory T cells, which protect from subsequent exposures.

What is the function of boosters?

Boosters are injections that are given periodically to maintain immunity.

I have a new test for determining whether a patient is infected with the influenza virus. It is very specific but not very sensitive. What does this mean?

False-positives will be rare, but false-negatives may happen frequently.

You are conducting a viral hemagglutination inhibition test. Which of the following indicates that a patient's serum has antibodies against influenza virus?

Hemagglutination occurs in a mixture of influenza virus and erythrocytes but does not occur when the patient's serum is added.

When a person has previously been vaccinated against a viral pathogen, which cells are activated if that same pathogen re-enters the host's cells months or years later?

Memory cytotoxic T cells

What is the hallmark of a conjugated vaccine?

These vaccines contain weakly antigenic elements plus a more potent antigenic protein.

The Hepatitis B vaccine is which type of vaccine?

Subunit vaccine

Which of the following is NOT a reason why monoclonal antibodies (Mabs) are useful?

They are always highly sensitive.

BCG is a vaccine against Mycobacterium tuberculosis. The vaccine is composed of a live Mycobacterium bovis variant called bacillus of Calmette and Guérin. This is an example of which type of vaccine?

attenuated whole agent vaccine

Patients can receive one of two different types of influenza vaccine, both of which use whole viruses. The nasal spray uses live virus and is an example of a(n) ________ vaccine, while the injection uses killed virus and is an example of a(n)___________ vaccine.

attenuated whole agent, inactivated whole agent

Direct fluorescent-antibody techniques are frequently used to __________.

detect microorganisms in a clinical sample

Western blotting is best used for which of the following?

to detect a specific protein in a mixture

What is the purpose of conjugated vaccines?

to enhance the immune response of children to polysaccharide antigens

To vaccinate children against the bacterial infection diphtheria, pure diphtheria toxin is chemically modified and injected as a vaccine. This is an example of which type of vaccine?

toxoid vaccine