Microbiology Chapter 4

Syphilis is caused by a spirochete called

Treponema pallidum.

The _____ stain is used to stain and differentiate Mycobacterium and Nocardia from other bacteria.

acid-fast

The two functions of bacterial appendages are

attachment and motility.

The basal body of a flagellum is anchored into the

cell membrane.

The site/s for most ATP synthesis in prokaryotic cells is/are the

cell membrane.

If bacteria living in salty seawater were displaced to a freshwater environment, the cell structure that would prevent the cells from rupturing is the

cell wall.

The outcome of the Gram stain is based on differences in the cell's

cell wall.

Peptidoglycan is a unique macromolecule found in bacterial

cell walls.

Movement of a cell toward OR away from a chemical stimulus is termed:

chemotaxis.

Bacterial cells could have any of the following appendages except

cilia.

Magnetosomes are

composed of magnetic iron oxide particles.

Which order below reflects the correct procedure for Gram staining?

crystal violet, iodine, alcohol/acetone, safranin

Chemical analysis of a bacterial cell structure detects calcium dipicolinic acid. What is the identity of this structure?

endospore

The cell _____ can be composed of three layers: the cell membrane, the cell wall, and the outer membrane.

envelope

Two major structures that allow bacteria to adhere to surfaces are ___ and ___.

fimbrae; capsules

The short, numerous appendages used by some bacterial cells for adhering to surfaces are called

fimbriae.

A bacterial cell exhibiting chemotaxis probably has

flagella.

Which of the following does not pertain to endotoxins?

found in acid-fast bacterial cell walls

Lipopolysaccharide is an important cell wall component of

gram-negative bacteria.

Lysozyme is most effective against

gram-positive organisms.

A prokaryotic cell wall that has primarily peptidoglycan with small amounts of teichoic acid and lipoteichoic acid is

gram-positive.

Halobacterium salinarium lives in and requires salt to grow. This is an example of an archaebacterium described as a/n

halophile.

Which of the following species of bacteria is not closely related to the others?

Escherichia coli

Endospores are

All of the choices are correct.

Bacterial endospores are produced by

Bacillus.

A few antibiotics target cell membranes of cells, blocking the incorporation of chemicals into sterol molecules for the cell membrane. Which statement is true?

Bacteria would be unaffected by those specific antibiotics (with very few exceptions).

__ Manual of Systematic Bacteriology is a manual of bacterial descriptions and classifications.

Bergey's

Which of the following is not a characteristic of a prokaryote?

Its DNA is wrapped around histones.

A bacterial genus that has waxy mycolic acid in the cell walls is

Mycobacterium.

A client has a serious respiratory infection. A random sample of sputum was taken from the patient coughing up blood. The lab technician said they had isolated a bacterium that did not have any peptidoglycan. You hypothesize that the identity of this microbe could possibly be

Mycoplasma pneumoniae.

_ is a macromolecule containing alternating N-acetylglucosamine and N-acetylmuramic acid cross-linked by short peptide fragments.

Peptidoglycan

Gram-negative organisms

have a more complex wall with a greater variation in chemical composition.

All of the following structures contribute to the ability of pathogenic bacteria to cause disease except the

inclusions.

The bacterial chromosome

is part of the nucleoid.

The term that refers to the presence of a tuft of flagella emerging from the same site is

lophotrichous.

The enzyme _____, that is found in tears and saliva, can hydrolyze the bonds in the glycan chains of certain bacterial cell walls.

lysozyme

Chemotaxis refers to the ability to

move in response to a chemical.

During the Gram stain, gram-_____ cells decolorize when the alcohol is applied.

negative

At present, the most accurate indicator of evolutionary relatedness among organisms is to determine the

nitrogen base sequence of rRNA.

Plasmids

often carry genes controlling pathogenicity

All bacterial cells have

one or more chromosomes.

Cells form a _____ arrangement when cells in a chain snap back upon each other, forming a row of cells oriented side by side.

palisade

Spirochetes have a twisting and flexing locomotion due to appendages called

periplasmic flagella (axial filaments).

The term that refers to the presence of flagella all over the cell surface is

peritrichous

Which of the following is mismatched?

plasmids - contain genes essential for growth and metabolism

The difference in cell wall structure of Mycobacterium and Nocardia compared to the typical gram-positive bacterial cell wall structure is

predominance of unique, waxy lipids.

The function of bacterial endospores is

protection of genetic material during harsh conditions.

The most immediate result of destruction of a cell's ribosomes would be

protein synthesis would stop.

Which of the following is not a phenotypic trait of bacteria?

rRNA sequence

The chemical components of ribosomes are proteins and

rRNA.

Serological analysis for bacterial identification typically involves using

specific antibodies to the bacterial cell antigens.

An irregular cluster of spherical cells is termed:

staphylococcus

A chain of rod-shaped cells would be called a

streptobacillus.

Which term is not used to describe bacterial cell shapes?

tetrad

Which of the following is mismatched?

thermoplasmas - adapted to frozen environments

Which of the following is mismatched?

Tenericutes - waxy, acid-fast cell walls

Which of the following is not true of the outer membrane?

Gram-positive bacteria have an outer membrane.

The term that refers to flagella at both poles is

amphitrichous.

The prokaryotic flagellum has three parts in the order from cytoplasm to external environment. They are

basal body, hook, and filament.

The transfer of genes during bacterial conjugation involves rigid, tubular appendages called

sex pili.