microbiology chapter 6 questions

a _________ is a proteinaceous infectious agent associated with spongiform encephalopathies.

prion

________infections are those which cells are infected yet show no cytopathic effects.

persistent or latent

Bacteriophages can infect which of the following? Prokaryotes only Eukaryotes only Both prokaryotes and eukaryotes

prokaryotes only

A fully formed virus that is able to establish an infection in a host cell is often called a ______. virion prion hapten serotype

virion

A single virus particle is known as a(n) __________

virion

At minimum, all viruses are composed of nucleic acids lipids proteins carbohydrates

Nucleic acids Proteins

A cell harboring a virus that is not causing cytopathic effects is characteristic of which type of infection? Persistent infection Active infection Acute infection

Persistent infection

True or false: Bacteriophages infect eukaryotic and prokaryotic microorganisms. True False

false

True or false: The viral envelope and capsid are the same thing. true false

false

The membrane receptors that viruses attach to during adsorption are typically composed of ______. nucleic acid phospholipids lipids glycoproteins

glycoproteins

Viruses which have a series of rod-shaped capsomer proteins linked together forming a series of interconnected hollow discs are termed ______. complex diamond helical icosahedral

helical

Two shapes of viral capsids are _______ which resembles a bracelet; or _______ which is a type of polyhedron.

helical, icosahedral

When it comes to virus multiplication, viral exocytosis refers to ______. penetration absorption release uncoating

release

When it comes to virus multiplication, viral exocytosis refers to ______. release penetration absorption uncoating

release

In some viruses, including HIV, the enzyme ______ ________ transcribes RNA into DNA.

reverse transcriptase

Which term describes the integration of an oncogenic virus that changes mammalian host DNA? Lysogeny Transformation Transduction

transformation

Which of the following best describe the relationship between viruses and their host cell? Parasitism Mutualism Commensalism

Parasitism

A cell harboring a virus that is not causing cytopathic effects is characteristic of which type of infection? Persistent infection Acute infection Active infection

Persistent infection

Which of the following best describes a prion? Obligate aerobe RNA-based infectious agent Proteinaceous infectious agent Obligate intracellular parasite

Proteinaceous infectious agent

Which are the three main criteria used in classifying viruses into families? Cell type infected Structure Geographic distribution Chemical composition Genetic makeup Pathogenic potential

Structure Chemical composition Genetic makeup

Identify the smallest pathogenic agent. Bacterial cell Helminth Virion Fungal cell

Virion

The process of ______ , a type of penetration, occurs when viruses are taken into the cell followed by engulfment in a vacuole or vesicle.

endocytosis

Which term is used to describe the process when a virus is engulfed by a cell in a vacuole or vesicle? Exocytosis Lysis Endocytosis Budding

endocytosis

Which term is used to describe the phospholipid bilayer found surrounding the capsid of some viruses? Phagosome Envelope Cell membrane Vacuole

envelope

a _______ virus has a membranous layer external to the nucleocapsid.

enveloped

Budding is a type of ______ process where enveloped viruses are released from the host cell membrane. -cytolytic -lysogenic -exocytic

exocytic

the _____ range defines the limitations of the type of cell that a virus can invade.

host

Viral transformation implies ______. host DNA is changed virus brings exogenous DNA viral capsid and/or spikes are changed viral genome is changed

host DNA is changed

Which of the following is a term used to describe the different host cells which a virus can infect? Spread Compatible range Virus range Host range

host range

Different viruses can infect which of the following? Human, bacterial, or plant cells Human cells only Bacterial cells only Plant cells only

human, bacterial, or plant cells

_______ bodies are masses of viruses or damaged organelles of a cell due to a cytopathic effect of viral infection.

inclusion

Which of the following is a mass of viruses or damaged organelles due to the cytopathic effect of viral infection? Syncytium Inclusion body Neoplasm

inclusion body

At minimum, viruses are composed of nucleic acid covered by a coating comprised of _______

protein

At minimum, viruses are composed of nucleic acid covered by a coating comprised of ________

protein

Which macromolecule composes capsomeres? Carbohydrates Lipids Nucleic acids Proteins

proteins

Which of the following describe an animal virus that has integrated its genome into the host cell's genome? Provirus Latent virus Prophage Indirect virus

provirus

a _______ is the stage of an animal virus life cycle which is integrated into the host cell's genome.

provirus

HIV is described as a(n) ______ because it synthesizes DNA from RNA using reverse transcription.

retrovirus

HIV is described as a(n) because it synthesizes DNA from RNA using reverse transcription.

retrovirus

What are viruses called which are capable of converting their RNA genomes into DNA? RD viruses Autoviruses Retroviruses Reverse viruses (Rev-viruses)

retroviruses

An enzyme capable of taking an RNA genome and generating a DNA copy is called ______. reverse transcriptase reversable genetics retro transcriptase reverse translation

reverse transcriptase

Most human viral infections are ______. lethal chronic for life self-limiting

self limiting

Viruses are classified into families based on genetic makeup, chemical composition, and ______. structure pathogenic potential geographic distribution

structure

Which of the following is a multinucleated mass of cells due to the cytopathic effect of viral infection? Oncovirus Syncytium Inclusion

syncytium

A virus that only infects cells of a specific tissue in the body is described as having a ______. capsomer tropism prophage envelope

tropism

True or false: Budding viruses do not lyse the host cell during release. True False

true

True or false: Most active viral infections lead to cell death regardless of the type of release process. True False

true

True or false: Most infections caused by animal viruses do not result in death of the host organism. True False

true

True or false: Viruses are among the smallest infective agents. True False

true

The process of ______ occurs when viruses lose their envelope during penetration into a host cell or when the envelope/capsid is are dissolved within a vacuole.

uncoating

Which term describes the process of a virus losing its capsid and exposing viral nucleic acids to the immediate environment? Release Absorption Uncoating Shedding

uncoating

a ________ occurs when a virus induces multiple cells to fuse making a large multinucleated cell.

uncoating

The _______ refers to the capsid and nucleic acid of a nonenveloped virus.

nucleocapsid

Viruses that are ______ lead to cancer in infected hosts

oncogenic

Capsomeres are composed of ______

protein

Which is the correct term to describe viral adherence to a host cell receptor? Absorption Adsorption Penetration

Adsorption

Identify the different environments in which some viruses can replicate. Saliva Animal cells Marine water Bacterial cells Human cells Freshwater

Animal cells Bacterial cells Human cells

Identify all the components of the nucleocapsid. Capsid Scaffolding proteins Nucleic acid Envelope Polymerase

Capsid Nucleic acid

Which of the following is the monomeric unit for a viral capsid? Protein Fiber Capsomere Facet Amino acid

Capsomere

Identify all the methods that a virus can use to gain entry into an animal cell. Injection of viral nucleic acids across the cell membrane Engulfment/phagocytosis of the virus Fusion of the viral envelope and the cell membrane

Engulfment/phagocytosis of the virus Fusion of the viral envelope and the cell membrane

What are the viral spikes typically composed of? Glycoproteins Nucleic acids Lipoproteins

Glycoproteins

______ is the viral process of attaching to the host cell receptor for the virus.

adsorption

Which of the following describes the various viral parts coming together to produce virions? Penetration Assembly Absorption Release

assembly

during the _______ step in the viral multiplication cycle, capsids and genetic material are packaged into virions. Please give the specific term for this step.

assembly

Any virus that specifically infects bacteria is called a(n) _______

bacteriophage

In which way do enveloped viruses leave their host cell? Fusion Rupture Endocytosis Budding Lysis

budding

Which of the following viral release methods will not initially destroy the cell? Lysis Budding

budding

Two ways in which newly assembled viruses are released from host cells are through ________ (exocytosis) by enveloped viruses, and through ______(rupture) by naked viruses.

budding, lysis

The structure directly surrounding the viral nucleic acid is the _________, a coat of proteins.

capsid

Which is closest in physical proximity to the nucleic acid of a virus? -envelope -capsid -spike

capsid

Which structure immediately encloses viral nucleic acid? Cell wall Envelope Capsid

capsid

a _________ is a protein subunit that forms the viral capsid.

capsomere

Viruses ______ depend on a host cell for replication. completely never partially

completely

Typically, naked helical viruses are ______ flexible than enveloped helical viruses. more less

less

Hepatitis viruses have a tropism for cells of the ______. immune system bronchial tubes skin liver

liver

the term ______ is used to describe how some viruses burst cells during the release stage of viral multiplication.

lysis

A nonenveloped virus is also called a(n) ______ virus. naked icosahedral helical

naked

a _______ virus does not have an envelope surrounding its capsid.

naked

Capsids of ______ helical viruses are rigid and tight, while capsids of ______ helical viruses are flexible and loose. naked; enveloped naked; nonenveloped nonenveloped; naked enveloped; naked

naked; enveloped

The 2 principle processes by which viruses penetrate host cells are ________ (engulfment) and direct fusion.

endocytosis