Microbiology: Chapter 9

Sterilization

The goal of __ is to remove or destroy all viable microorganisms including viruses.

Disinfection

The goal of regular pasteurization methods is the __ of the liquid.

Pasteurization

The heat treatment of perishable liquids to destroy heat-sensitive vegetative cells and prevent infection and spoilage is called __.

...

Viricides __ viruses.

Sterile

An object is __ if it is free of all viable microorganisms including viruses.

Sterile

An object is either __or not sterile.

Kills

A bactericide __ bacteria.

-CHO

Aldehydes are organic substances that contain a __ functional group on a terminal carbon.

Uniform populations of like microbes.

All of the following describe the typical microbial population targeted by antimicrobial drugs EXCEPT:

Steam under pressure.

An autoclave is a sterilization chamber that allows the use of __ to sterilize materials.

Aqueous, Tinctures

Antimicrobial solutions with water as the solvent are called __ solutions, whereas antimicrobial solutions with alcohol or water-alcohol mixtures as the solvent are called __.

They have no obvious vital signs.

Death of microorganism is hard to detects because:

1. Staining Techniques 2. Chemotherapeutic Drugs 3. Selective and Differential Media

Dyes are important for:

Microbicidal; Microbistatic

Higher temperatures are usually __, whereas lower temperatures are usually __.

1. It does not require temperatures to be as high. 2. It requires shorter exposure times.

How does moist heat differ from dry heat?

Higher

In most cases, an agent with a __ concentration will be more germicidal.

Microbicidal

Iodine compounds display __ activity on target organisms if used properly.

1. They drive the production of proteins. 2. They must be replicated prior to binary fission.

Nucleic acids play which role(s) in microbial function?

Hypertonic

Plasmolysis of bacteria in foods occur when high concentrations of salt or sugar are added to the foods creating a __ environment.

Heat

Prions are very resistant to inactivation by __ and chemicals.

Resistant to heat and chemicals.

Prions are:

Microbicidal, Microbistatic

Regarding the use of the terms microbicidal and microbistatic, higher temperatures are usually __, whereas lower temperatures are usually __.

1. To prepare instrument for surgery. 2. For inanimate objects.

Sterilization methods are often used:

Proteins

The __ in vegetative cells are vulnerable to heat denaturation.

Membrane

The cell __ is responsible for preventing the loss of important molecules and stopping the entry of damaging substances.

Denaturation

The disruption of proteins from their native state is known as __.

1. Contamination with organic matter. 2. Nature of microbial population. 3. Time of exposure to germicide. 4. Material being treated. 5. Chemical action of germicide. 6. Concentration of germicide.

The effect of a germicide is affected by which of the following factors?

Reproduce

The inability to __ is the practical definition of microbial death.

Slow

The main effect of cold treatment is to __ the activity of microbes.

Reproduce

The most practical way to identify if a microbe is dead is by determining if it can still __ when it is exposed to a suitable environment.

1. Disease 2. Food Spoilage

The primary targets of microbial control are microorganisms that cause __ or __.

Antimicrobial

There are many factors that may influence the action of __ agents besides time.

Death Time

The shortest length of time required to kill all test microbes at a specified temperature is referred to as the thermal __ __.

Filtration

The staining of a fluid or air through a membrane to trap microorganisms is known as __.

Ribosomes

The synthesis of proteins involves organelles known as __ in a process called translation.

Point

The thermal death __ is the lowest temperature that achieves sterilization in a given volume within 10 minutes.

1. Enveloped Viruses 2. Fungi

The two microbial agents that at least resistant to physical and chemical control methods include:

True

True or False: Cold treatment and dessication cannot be reliably used for sterilization or disinfection.

True

True or False: Death involves the permanent termination of a particular organism's vital processes.

False

True or False: The effectiveness of an antimicrobial agent is only governed by time.

False

True or False: There are several degrees of sterility, based on the destruction of endospores.

1. Liquids 2. Solid Surfaces 3. Air

UV radiation is effective at disinfecting which types of materials? 0

Disinfection

UV radiation usually results in the __ of a material or environment.

Antimicrobial solutions with alcohol or water-alcohol mixtures as the solvent.

What are tinctures?

1. Presence of water 2. Temperature 3. Length of exposure

What factors must be considered in order to adequately sterilize using heat?

The dehydration of microbes for preservation.

What is dessication?

Surgical Instruments

What items would not be reliably treated by boiling water?

1. Drinking Water 2. Utensils 3. Bedding & Clothing

Which items can be sanitized by boiling water prior to safe, acceptable use in humans?

High Level

Which level of chemical decontamination by a germicide can result in sterilization?

1. Filtration 2. Heat 3. Radiation 4. Cold

Which of the following are examples of physical agents or mechanical means used to control microbes?

1. Endospores 2. Heat-resistance Microbes

Which of the following are not usually destroyed or inactivated with regular pasteurization methods?

1. Ethylene Oxide 2. Chlorine Dioxide

Which of the following compounds are commonly used as gaseous sterilants or disinfectants?

1. Viruses 2. Endospores

Which of the following microbial forms are relatively resistant to heat?

1. Is it cost and labor-efficient? 2. Is sterilization needed? 3. Can it withstand physical or chemical treatments? 4. Is the item reusable or disposable? 5. Is it safe? 6. Will it penetrate effectively?

Which of the following should be considered when initially choosing a method of microbial control?

1. -static 2. -stasis

Which root(s) indicates the ability to prevent the growth of microorganisms?

Bactericidal

Which type of agent will kill bacteria?

Antiseptics

__ are applied directly to the skin to destroy or inhibit vegetative pathogens.

Acids & Alkalis

__ are limited in their application because they are corrosive and hazardous.

Moist

__ heat requires shorter exposure times and lower temperatures than dry heat.

Death

__ involves the permanent termination of a particular organism's vital processes, and special qualifications are often needed to define and delineate this phenomenon in microbes.

Asepsis

__ is a term referring to a procedure or process designed to prevent entry of infectious agents into sterile tissues.

Death

__ is characterized by the stopping of all metabolic activity of a cell.

Sepsis

__ is defined as growth of microorganisms in the blood or other tissues.

Radiation

__ is electromagnetic waves or rays, such as those of light given off from an energy source.

Dessication

__ is the dehydration of microorganisms in order to inhibit or preserve them.

Heat

__ is the most common physical agent used to control microbes.

Degermation

__ is the physical removal of surface oils, debris, and soil from skin to reduce the microbial load.

Iodine

__ may kill all classes of microbes if used appropriately.

Incineration

__ of loops and needles in the laboratory is an example of using dry heat to sterilize materials.

Sterilization

__ of surgical instruments may not be achieved by boiling in water.

UV

__ radiation only penetrates slightly through liquids.

Boiling

__ water only disinfects items; Surgical instruments should be sterilized using other means.