Microbiology: Chapter 9
Sterilization
The goal of __ is to remove or destroy all viable microorganisms including viruses.
Disinfection
The goal of regular pasteurization methods is the __ of the liquid.
Pasteurization
The heat treatment of perishable liquids to destroy heat-sensitive vegetative cells and prevent infection and spoilage is called __.
...
Viricides __ viruses.
Sterile
An object is __ if it is free of all viable microorganisms including viruses.
Sterile
An object is either __or not sterile.
Kills
A bactericide __ bacteria.
-CHO
Aldehydes are organic substances that contain a __ functional group on a terminal carbon.
Uniform populations of like microbes.
All of the following describe the typical microbial population targeted by antimicrobial drugs EXCEPT:
Steam under pressure.
An autoclave is a sterilization chamber that allows the use of __ to sterilize materials.
Aqueous, Tinctures
Antimicrobial solutions with water as the solvent are called __ solutions, whereas antimicrobial solutions with alcohol or water-alcohol mixtures as the solvent are called __.
They have no obvious vital signs.
Death of microorganism is hard to detects because:
1. Staining Techniques 2. Chemotherapeutic Drugs 3. Selective and Differential Media
Dyes are important for:
Microbicidal; Microbistatic
Higher temperatures are usually __, whereas lower temperatures are usually __.
1. It does not require temperatures to be as high. 2. It requires shorter exposure times.
How does moist heat differ from dry heat?
Higher
In most cases, an agent with a __ concentration will be more germicidal.
Microbicidal
Iodine compounds display __ activity on target organisms if used properly.
1. They drive the production of proteins. 2. They must be replicated prior to binary fission.
Nucleic acids play which role(s) in microbial function?
Hypertonic
Plasmolysis of bacteria in foods occur when high concentrations of salt or sugar are added to the foods creating a __ environment.
Heat
Prions are very resistant to inactivation by __ and chemicals.
Resistant to heat and chemicals.
Prions are:
Microbicidal, Microbistatic
Regarding the use of the terms microbicidal and microbistatic, higher temperatures are usually __, whereas lower temperatures are usually __.
1. To prepare instrument for surgery. 2. For inanimate objects.
Sterilization methods are often used:
Proteins
The __ in vegetative cells are vulnerable to heat denaturation.
Membrane
The cell __ is responsible for preventing the loss of important molecules and stopping the entry of damaging substances.
Denaturation
The disruption of proteins from their native state is known as __.
1. Contamination with organic matter. 2. Nature of microbial population. 3. Time of exposure to germicide. 4. Material being treated. 5. Chemical action of germicide. 6. Concentration of germicide.
The effect of a germicide is affected by which of the following factors?
Reproduce
The inability to __ is the practical definition of microbial death.
Slow
The main effect of cold treatment is to __ the activity of microbes.
Reproduce
The most practical way to identify if a microbe is dead is by determining if it can still __ when it is exposed to a suitable environment.
1. Disease 2. Food Spoilage
The primary targets of microbial control are microorganisms that cause __ or __.
Antimicrobial
There are many factors that may influence the action of __ agents besides time.
Death Time
The shortest length of time required to kill all test microbes at a specified temperature is referred to as the thermal __ __.
Filtration
The staining of a fluid or air through a membrane to trap microorganisms is known as __.
Ribosomes
The synthesis of proteins involves organelles known as __ in a process called translation.
Point
The thermal death __ is the lowest temperature that achieves sterilization in a given volume within 10 minutes.
1. Enveloped Viruses 2. Fungi
The two microbial agents that at least resistant to physical and chemical control methods include:
True
True or False: Cold treatment and dessication cannot be reliably used for sterilization or disinfection.
True
True or False: Death involves the permanent termination of a particular organism's vital processes.
False
True or False: The effectiveness of an antimicrobial agent is only governed by time.
False
True or False: There are several degrees of sterility, based on the destruction of endospores.
1. Liquids 2. Solid Surfaces 3. Air
UV radiation is effective at disinfecting which types of materials? 0
Disinfection
UV radiation usually results in the __ of a material or environment.
Antimicrobial solutions with alcohol or water-alcohol mixtures as the solvent.
What are tinctures?
1. Presence of water 2. Temperature 3. Length of exposure
What factors must be considered in order to adequately sterilize using heat?
The dehydration of microbes for preservation.
What is dessication?
Surgical Instruments
What items would not be reliably treated by boiling water?
1. Drinking Water 2. Utensils 3. Bedding & Clothing
Which items can be sanitized by boiling water prior to safe, acceptable use in humans?
High Level
Which level of chemical decontamination by a germicide can result in sterilization?
1. Filtration 2. Heat 3. Radiation 4. Cold
Which of the following are examples of physical agents or mechanical means used to control microbes?
1. Endospores 2. Heat-resistance Microbes
Which of the following are not usually destroyed or inactivated with regular pasteurization methods?
1. Ethylene Oxide 2. Chlorine Dioxide
Which of the following compounds are commonly used as gaseous sterilants or disinfectants?
1. Viruses 2. Endospores
Which of the following microbial forms are relatively resistant to heat?
1. Is it cost and labor-efficient? 2. Is sterilization needed? 3. Can it withstand physical or chemical treatments? 4. Is the item reusable or disposable? 5. Is it safe? 6. Will it penetrate effectively?
Which of the following should be considered when initially choosing a method of microbial control?
1. -static 2. -stasis
Which root(s) indicates the ability to prevent the growth of microorganisms?
Bactericidal
Which type of agent will kill bacteria?
Antiseptics
__ are applied directly to the skin to destroy or inhibit vegetative pathogens.
Acids & Alkalis
__ are limited in their application because they are corrosive and hazardous.
Moist
__ heat requires shorter exposure times and lower temperatures than dry heat.
Death
__ involves the permanent termination of a particular organism's vital processes, and special qualifications are often needed to define and delineate this phenomenon in microbes.
Asepsis
__ is a term referring to a procedure or process designed to prevent entry of infectious agents into sterile tissues.
Death
__ is characterized by the stopping of all metabolic activity of a cell.
Sepsis
__ is defined as growth of microorganisms in the blood or other tissues.
Radiation
__ is electromagnetic waves or rays, such as those of light given off from an energy source.
Dessication
__ is the dehydration of microorganisms in order to inhibit or preserve them.
Heat
__ is the most common physical agent used to control microbes.
Degermation
__ is the physical removal of surface oils, debris, and soil from skin to reduce the microbial load.
Iodine
__ may kill all classes of microbes if used appropriately.
Incineration
__ of loops and needles in the laboratory is an example of using dry heat to sterilize materials.
Sterilization
__ of surgical instruments may not be achieved by boiling in water.
UV
__ radiation only penetrates slightly through liquids.
Boiling
__ water only disinfects items; Surgical instruments should be sterilized using other means.