Microbiology Final Exam
Each of the following are benefits of fever except A. It increases the availability of iron B. It increases phagocytosis C. It reduces the ability of temperature sensitive organisms to multiply D. It stimulates hematopoisis
A. It increases the availability of iron
Immune system cells differentiate between self and foreign cells by their ___ A. Cell walls B. Sizes C. Shapes D. Markers
D. Markers
Which of the following lymphoid organs or tissues has the immunological function of filtering pathogens from the blood? A. Lymph nodes B. Spleen C. Thymus D. Tonsils
B. Spleen
The membrane attack stage of the complement cascade involves ____ A. A ring shaped protein digesting holes in bacterial cell membranes and virus envelopes B. The production of inflammatory cytokines C. Initiation of the cascade D. The cleaving of C3 to yield C3a and C3b
A. A ring shaped protein digesting holes in bacterial cell membrane and virus envelopes
Microorganisms are best defined as organisms that A. Are too small to be seen with the unaided eye B. Lack a cell nucleus C. Can only be found growing in laboratories D. Are infectious particles E. Cause human disease
A. Are too small to be seen with the unaided eye
A/an _____ is the protein shell around the nucleic acid core of a virus. A. Capsid B. Capsomere C. Envelope D. Spike E. Monolayer
A. Capsid
Peptidoglycan is a unique macromolecule found in bacterial A. Cell walls B. Cell membranes C. Capsules D. Slime layers E. Inclusions
A. Cell walls
Each _____ fragment of an antibody molecule contains the variable regions of a heavy and light chain that folds into a groove for one epitope. A. FAb B. Fc C. Hinge D. Variable
A. FAb
The chromosome in bacteria A. Is part of nucleoid B. Contains all the cells plasmids C. Is located in the cell membrane D. Forms a single linear strand of DNA
A. Is part of nucleoid
Which white blood cells comprise 20% to 30% (2nd most common in normal blood) of the circulating WBCs and are the cells that function in the body's specific immune system? A. Lymphocytes B. Neutrophils C. Monocytes D. Basophils E. Eosinophils
A. Lymphocytes
Which white blood cells comprise 3-7% of circulating WBCs, are phagocytic, and can migrate out into body tissues to differentiate into macrophages? A. Monocytes B. Lymphocytes C. Eosinophils D. Neutrophils
A. Monocytes
Which body region is protected by fatty acids, acidic pH, lactic acid, and a tough cell barrier with its own normal biota? A. Skin B. Respiratory tract C. Digestive tract D. Eyes
A. Skin
All of the following are physical barriers to pathogens, except ___ A. T cells B. Hairs C. Tears D. Mucous E. Unbroken skin
A. T cells
Mycobacterium tuberculosis has chemicals in its cell wall that inhibit the fusion of phagocytic vacuoles with lysosomes. Which statement is true? A. The bacterium can survive and replicate inside of the phagocytic cell B. The bacterium can produce chemicals which can destroy the macrophage housing the bacterium C. Antibodies produced by the cells can more efficiently kill the bacteria D. Complement proteins will take over to destroy the bacteria
A. The bacterium can survive and replicate inside of the phagocytic cell
Which gland shrinks in size during adulthood and has hormones that function in maturation of T lymphocytes? A. Thymus B. Tonsils C. Lymph nodes D. Spleen
A. Thymus
Among the types of microorganisms, the ____ are noncellular. A. Viruses B. Helminths C. Protozoans D. Bacteria
A. Viruses
An irregular cluster of spherical bacterial cells is termed ______. A. staphylococcus B. staphylobacillus C. streptococcus D. streptobacillis E. staphylospirillum
A. staphylococcus
If an individual has a genetic disorder whereby they lack the ability to make complement protein C3, the likely consequence is ____ A. An inability to synthesize antibodies B. A higher incidence of bacterial and viral infections C. Enhanced inflammation D. Excessive fever development
B. A higher incidence of bacterial and viral infections
A properly functioning immune system is responsible for ___ A. Recognition of foreign material B. All of the choices are correct C. Destruction of foreign material D. Surveillance of the body
B. All of the choices are correct
Endospores are A. Living structures B. All of the choice are correct C. Metabolically inactive D. Resistant to destruction by radiation E. Resistant to heat and chemical treatments
B. All of the choices are correct
A recently developed mnemonic for remembering the taxonomic levels from Domain to Species is "Dumb Kids Prefer Candy Over Fancy Green Salad". The word "candy" here is a reminder of the taxonomic level of A. Chain B. Class C. Culture D. Category E. Colony
B. Class
The molecular fragment on an antigen molecule that a lymphocyte recognizes and responds to is called a/an ___ A. Antigen binding site B. Epitope C. Happen D. Variable region
B. Epitope
The transfer of genes during bacterial conjugation involves rigid, tubular appendages called A. Fimbriae B. Sex pili C. Cilia D. Periplasmic flagella (axial filaments) E. Flagella
B. Sex pili
The short, numerous appendages used by some bacterial cells for adhering to surfaces are called A. Flagella B. Fimbriae C. Pili D. Cilia E. Periplasmic flagella (axial filaments)
B. Fimbriae
In producing beer and wine, humans have exported the microbial ability to ferment sugar to alcohol. The microbes responsible for this process are. A. Protozoans B. Fungi C. Bacteria D. Algae
B. Fungi
An organelle that is a stack of flattened membranous sacs and functions to receive modify and package proteins for secretion is the A. Mitochondrion B. Golgi apparatus C. Chloroplast D. Endoplasmic reticulum E. Lysosome
B. Golgi apparatus
The four classic signs and symptoms of inflammation include all of the following except ___ A. Swelling B. Itching C. Redness D. Warmth E. Pain
B. Itching
The chemical found in tears and saliva that hydrolyzes the peptidoglycan in certain bacterial cell walls is ___ A. Lactic acid B. Lysozyme C. Bile D. Histamine
B. Lysozyme
Which of the following are not considered microorganisms? A. Fungi. B. Mosquitoes. C. Viruses. D. Bacteria. E. Protozoa
B. Mosquitoes
The circulating substances that affect the hypothalamus and initiate fever are ___ A. Complement B. Pyrogens C. Leukotrines D. Lysozymes
B. Pyrogens
Which of the following is NOT a type of phagocyte? A. Macrophage B. T cells C. Monocyte D. Neutrophil
B. T cells
A cytotoxic T lymphocyte, having been activated against a particular viral antigen, "sees" this same antigen displayed on the surface of a host cell. What will happen. A. The cytotoxic body cell will activate B cells which then produce antibody against the antigen B. The cytotoxic T cell will produce proteins that cause the host body cell to die C. The antigen will move inside of the host body cell, thereby hiding from the cytotoxic T cell D. The cytotoxic T cell will produce antibodies against the antigens
B. The cytotoxic T cell will produce proteins that cause the host body cell to die
The movement of bacteria toward light is ___ A. Chemotaxis B. Phototaxis C. None of the above D. photooptics E. Photosynthesis
B. phototaxis
All bacterial cells have ___ A. The ability to produce endospores B. An S layer C. A chromosome D. Flagella E. Capsules
C. A chromosome
You cut your finger dicing chicken for dinner. Which of the following is not a source of chemicals that stimulate the inflammatory response that results from the injury? A. Localized leukocytes B. Host tissues damaged by the knife C. Antibody producing plasma cells D. Bacterial cells that infect the wound
C. Antibody producing plasma cells
The two functions of bacterial appendages are ___ and ____ A. Attachment, energy production B. Antibiotic resistance, motility C. Attachment, motility D. Motility, energy production
C. Attachment, motility
Acquired specific immunity involves the response of __ A. Interferon B. Lysozyme C. B and T lymphocytes D. Mucus membranes E. Skin barriers
C. B and T lymphocytes
Which of the following do not serve as (professional) antigen presenting cells? A. Dendritic cells B. B lymphocytes C. Basophils D. Macrophages
C. Basophils
Which external structure protects bacteria from phagocytosis? A. Slime layer B. Cell membrane C. Capsule D. Fimbriae
C. Capsule
All nucleated cells contain ___ A. IgD receptors B. class II MHC C. Class I MHC D. Secretory antibodies
C. Class I MHC
You are observing an organism under the microscope and you note that it has a cell wall no chloroplasts and a nucleus. Your prediction would be that this organism is an A. Bacterium B. Protozoan C. Fungus D. Alga E. Virus
C. Fungus
Which protein can be produced by a virus-infected cell, in order to communicate with other cells the need to produce antiviral proteins? A. Complement B. Lysozyme C. Interferon D. Albumin
C. Interferon
Which of the following molecules diffuse freely across cell membrane? A. Water and small uncharged molecules B. Large charged molecules C. Water D. Small uncharged molecules
C. Water
What structures are found along lymphatic vessels that filter lymph and are heavily clustered in the armpit, groin, and neck? A. Spleen B. Thymus C. Lymph nodes D. Tonsils
C. Lymph nodes
The vesicle that originates from the Golgi apparatus and contains a variety of digestive enzymes is the ____ A. Centrosome B. Ribosome C. Lysosome D. Inclusion E. Magnetosome
C. Lysosome
In eukaryotic cells, which of the following organelles contain DNA A. Nucleus, mitochondria, and Golgi apparatus B. Nucleus, endoplasmic reticulum, and Golgi apparatus C. Nucleus, chloroplast, and mitochondrion D. Nucleus, nucleolus, and Golgi apparatus E. Nucleus, chloroplast, and peroxisome
C. Nucleus, chloroplast, and mitochondrion
Which of the following is not a characteristic of bacteria? A. Ribosomes are present as the site of protein synthesis B. The cell wall is made of peptidoglycan or other distinct polysaccharides C. Organelles termed mitochondria are the site of ATP production D. DNA is free in the cytoplasm
C. Organelles termed mitochondria are the site of ATP production
After returning from a trip to Africa, Tom feels tired and weak and has severe anemia. A blood smear reveals a protozoan in his blood and the health care provider diagnosis malaria, which of the following could be the causative agent of this disease. A. Taenia solium B. Trichophyton rubrum C. Plasmodium vivax D. HIV E. Giardia lamblia
C. Plasmodium vivax
The most immediate result of destruction of a cells ribosomes would be that A. Glycogen inclusions would form B. Holes would appear in the capsule C. Protein synthesis would stop D. The chromosome would unravel E. Material would not cross the cell membrane
C. Protein synthesis would stop
The body region where a ciliary escalator helps to sweep microbes trapped in mucus away from that body site is the ___ A. Skin B. Eyes C. Respiratory tract D. Digestive tract
C. Respiratory tract
The cell membranes of bacteria and eukaryotes are quite similar, differing only in A. The ability to transport wastes out of the cell B. The presences of phospholipids C. The presence of sterols D. Being selectively permeable E. The presence of proteins in the bilayer
C. The presence of sterols
Host range is limited by the A. Age of host cell B. Type of nucleic acid in the virus C. Type of host cell receptors on cell membrane D. Size of host cell
C. Type of host cell receptors on cell membrane
Which is the correct order of the life cycle of animal viruses? A. Release, assembly, synthesis, uncoating, penetration, adsorption B. Adsorption, uncoating, assembly, release, synthesis, penetration C. Uncoating, synthesis, assembly, adsorption, penetration, release D. Adsorption, penetration, uncoating, synthesis, assembly, release E. All of the choices are correct
D. Adsorption, penetration, uncoating, synthesis, assembly release
Bacterial cells could have any of the following appendages except ___ A. Pili B. Fimbriae C. Periplasmic flagella (axial filaments) D. Cilia E. Flagella
D. Cilia
microbial antagonism is the A. Inhibition of T cell binding to microbes B. Prevention of immune responses by the resident microbiota C. Suppression of the complement cascade by microbes D. Competition for nutrients, oxygen, and space between the resident microbiota and potential pathogens
D. Competition for nutrients, oxygen, and space between the resident microbiota and potential pathogens
In which way are eukaryotes different than bacteria and archaea? A. Contain a nucleoid region to hold DNA B. Contain a cell wall C. Contain membrane bound organelles D. Contain a nucleus to hold DNA
D. Contain a nucleus to hold DNA
Eukaryotic flagella differ from bacterial flagella, because only eukaryotic flagella A. Are long, whip like structures B. Are used for cell motility C. Facilitate Chemotaxis D. Contain microtubules E. Facilitate Phototaxis
D. Contain microtubules
The leakage of vascular fluid into tissues is called ___ A. Pus B. Vasoactivity C. Diapedesis D. Edema
D. Edema
Which of the following is not associated with every virus? A. Capsomeres B. Capsid C. Nucleic acid D. Envelope
D. Envelope
Two structures that allow bacteria to adhere to surfaces are ___ and ___ A. Lipopolysaccharide, techoic acid B. Pili, ribosomes C. Actin filaments, phospholipid membranes D. Fimbriae, capsules E. Endospores, metachromatic granules
D. Fimbriae, capsules
Lipopolysaccharide is an important cell wall component of A. Mycoplasmas B. Protoplasts C. Gram positive bacteria D. Gram negative bacteria E. Acid fast bacteria
D. Gram negative bacteria
Neutrophils, eosinophils, and basophils are called ____ because they have prominent cytoplasmic inclusions that appear with identifying, characteristic colors in a stained blood smear. A. Leukocytes B. Monocytes C. Agranulocytes D. Granulocytes
D. Granulocytes
In which situation would a bacterium most likely have cytoplasmic inclusions? A. When the cell is starved for nutrients B. When the cell is synthesizing flagella C. When producing an endospores D. In a habitat abundant in nutrients
D. In a habitat abundant in nutrients
What is the first step in the major events of the inflammatory process? A. Scar formation and/or resolution B. Activation of complement C. Formation of pus and edema D. Injury and mast cells releasing chemical mediators
D. Injury and mast cells releasing chemical mediators
Chemotaxis refers to the ability of a cell to A. Move in response to light B. Transport desired molecules into a cell C. Halt movement in response to a chemical D. Move in response to a chemical
D. Move in response to a chemical
A bacterial genus that has waxy mycolic acid in the cell walls is A. Corynebacterium B. Mycoplasma C. Streptococcus D. Mycobacterium E. Bacillus
D. Mycobacterium
The most numerous WBCs (in normal blood) that have multilobed nuclei, first to arrive during inflammation, and are very phagocytic are ____ A. Lymphocytes B. Eosinophils C. Basophils D. Neutrophils
D. Neutrophils
Infectious protein particles are called A. Oncogenic viruses B. Spikes C. Viroids D. Prions E. Phages
D. Prions
Which of the following is not one of the 3 domains of the phylogenetic system of classification? A. Eukarya B. Archaea C. Bacteria D. Prokaryotes E. No answer text provided
D. Prokaryotes
The function of bacterial endospores is A. To provide a protected site for photosynthesis B. Storage of excess cellular building blocks C. Reproduction and growth D. Protection of genetic material during harsh conditions
D. Protection of genetic material during harsh conditions
Genetic markers that distinguish a self cell from a foreign invader are typically ______. A. Lipids or lipoproteins B. DNA or RNA C. Polysaccharides D. Proteins or glycoproteins
D. Proteins or glycoproteins
Cilia are exhibited by certain ______. a. Bacteria b. Algae c. Viruses d. protozoa e. Fungi
D. Protozoa
The third line of defense (adaptive immune response) against foreign invaders can be described as having ___ and ___ A. Surveillance, complexity B. Diversity, barriers C. Complexity, versatility D. Specificity, memory
D. Specificity, memory
Which of the following is a scientific name? A. Gram-positive streptococcus. B. Streptobacilli. C. Anthrax. D. Streptococcus pyogenes
D. Streptococcus pyogenes
Protists include ____ A. Viruses B. Bacteria C. Yeasts and molds D. Helminths E. Algae and Protozoa
E. Algae and Protozoa
Viral nucleic acid types include which of the following? A. Single stranded RNA B. Single stranded DNA C. Double stranded RNA D. double stander DNA E. All of the choices are correct
E. All of the choices are correct
Which of the following are features of complement? A. It involves a classical pathway B. It is composed of at least 20 blood proteins. C. It acts in a cascade reaction D. It involves an alternate pathway E. All of the choices are correct
E. All of the choices are correct
Which of the following is found in eukaryotic cells but not in bacterial cells A. Mitochondria B. Endoplasmic reticulum C. Lysosomes D. Nucleus E. All of the choices are correct
E. All of the choices are correct
When assigning a scientific name to an organism. A. The species name can be abbreviated B. Both genus and species names are capitalized C. The species name is places first D. The species name is capitalized E. Both genus and species names are italicized or underlined
E. Both genus and species names are italicized or underlined
The site for ATP synthesis in bacterial cells is the ___ A. Ribosome B. Microcompartment C. Cell wall D. Mitochondrion E. Cell membrane
E. Cell membrane
Which of the following is the correct order for levels of classification from most general to most specific? A. Domain, Species, Kingdom, Phylum, Class, Order, Family, Genus B. Species, Domain, Kingdom, Phylum, Class, Order, Family, Genus C. Species, Genus, Family, Order, Class, Phylum, Kingdom, Domain D. Phylum, Class, Order, Family, Genus, Species, Domain E. Domain, Kingdom, Phylum, Class, Order, Family, Genus, Species
E. Domain, Kingdom, Phylum, Class, Order, Family, Genus, Species
Which of the following is not true of the outer membrane? A. The innermost layer is a phospholipid bilayer B. Porins create channels through the outer membrane C. The uppermost layer is made of lipopolysaccharide D. The lipid portion of the lipopolysaccharide layer is termed endotoxin E. Gram positive bacteria have an outer membrane
E. Gram positive bacteria have an outer membrane
Viruses that cause infection resulting in alternating periods of activity with symptoms and inactivity without symptoms are called A. Viroids B. Oncogenic C. Prions D. Delta agents E. Latent
E. Latent
Organisms that grow at very low temperatures are called A. Halophiles B. Methanogens C. Hypethermophiles D. All of the above E. Psychrophiles
E. Psychrophiles
reverse transcriptase A. Synthesizes DNA from protein B. None of the above C. Synthesizes DNA from DNA D. Synthesizes RNA from protein E. Synthesizes DNA from RNA
E. Synthesizes DNA from RNA
Which scientific field is involved in the identification, classification, and naming of organisms? A. Phylogeny B. Epidemiology C. Pathology D. Nomenclature E. Taxonomy
E. Taxonomy
A low to moderate fever in an otherwise healthy person should be treated immediately with antipyretic drugs. T/F
False
Boiling water (100C) can normally destroy endospores true or false
False
During phagocytosis, intracellular digestion begins as soon as the phagosome is formed. T/F
False
The term diplococcus refers to an irregular cluster of spherical bacterial cells. True or False.
False
A thick cell wall composed of peptidoglycan is a characteristic of A. Viruses B. Gram positive bacteria C. Gram negative bacteria D. Algae E. Fungi
Gram positive bacteria
Certain complement components stimulate inflammation and phagocytosis. T/F
True
Endotoxin is an exogenous pyrogen. T/F
True
Eukaryotic mitochondria have their own 70S ribosomes and circular DNA. True or false
True
Interferons do not protect the cell that secretes them. T/F
True
Rough endoplasmic reticulum is studded with ribosomes true or false
True
The secondary response to an antigen is more rapid and robust than the primary response. T/F
True
Unlike Endospores, vegetative cells are metabolically active true or false
True
Viruses are simple, non-cellular and lack mRNA and ribosomes. True or False
True
Viruses are unable to multiply outside of a host cell. True or false
True
