Microbiology LearnSmart #9 (CH 19)
Which of the following are fungal agents that are known to cause cases of pneumonia?
Histoplasma capsulatum, Pneumocystis jiroveci
There ____ a vaccine for group A streptococci.
Is NOT
Multi-resistant TB is defined as being resistant to:
Isoniazid and rifampin
Factors contributing to the virulence of S. pyogenes include:
Super antigens, surface antigen mimicry of host proteins
The lower respiratory tract includes which of the following structures?
Trachea, bronchi, alveoli and bronchioles
The granulomatous lung lesion seen in TB that can serve as a focus for latent infection is called a ____.
Tubercle
Which of the following are infectious diseases on ONLY the lower respiratory tract?
Tuberculosis and pneumonia
Which agent usually causes milder forms of pneumonia?
Viral
Pharyngitis can be caused by the same ___ that causes the common cold, mechanical ____, or sinus _____.
Virus; irritation; infection
Which main categories of microorganisms are known to cause pneumonia?
Viruses, bacteria and fungi
Sinusitis is caused by which general types of microorganisms?
Viruses, bacteria, and fungi
Primary infections of the upper respiratory tract are often caused by ____, which can predispose a patient to a secondary infection caused by _____.
Viruses; bacteria
A fungus that causes pneumonia is some people is ______ ______.
Histoplasma capsulatum
Over ____ different types of viruses cause the common cold
200
A positive chest X-ray for TB reveals:
Abnormal distinct patches
The cell wall of M. tuberculosis is:
Acid-fast
What type of staining may be used to identify Mycobacterium in a septum sample?
Acid-fast
Sinusitis can be caused by _____, ______, or structural problems.
Allergies; infections
Which of the following are 2nd and 3rd line defenses for the respiratory system?
Alveolar macrophages, secretory IgA
Viral pharyngitis will not show ____-hemolytic activity on blood agar.
Beta
The usual treatment of bacterial sinusitis is _____-____ antibiotics.
Broad; spectrum
4 techniques used in the clinical diagnosis of TB are:
Chest X-rays, tuberculin tests, antimicrobial sensitivity tests and acid-fast stains
Which of the following are first line defenses of the respiratory system?
Coughing, sneezing, nasal hair, mucus and ciliated epithelium
____ therapy is used to assure that TB patients take all of the prescribed antibiotics.
Directly observed
The mode of transmission for TB is:
Droplets
Viral infection of the upper respiratory system can lead to acute otitis media because:
Fluid builds up in the middle ear, it leads to inflammation of the eustachian tubes
Which approaches are effective in preventing the transmission of the common cold?
Frequent hand washing, covering mouth and nose to prevent droplets from escaping
Chest X-rays are used in the diagnosis of TB when:
Further verification is needed, other tests have given unclear results
Pneumonia infections that are acquired by patients in clinical settings are called _____-____ pneumonias.
Healthcare; associated
A toxin produced by streptococci that causes the rupture of red blood cells and release of hemoglobin is called a ____.
Hemolysin
Because of its constant contact with the external environment, the URT harbors a ____ population of commensal biota.
Large
85% of all cases of TB are contained in the ____.
Lungs
Streptococcus pyogenes causes scarlet fever when it has become infected with a ___ bacteriophage.
Lysogenic
The main causative agent for tuberculosis is ___ tuberculosis
M.
The first white blood cells that respond to Mycobacterium tuberculosis are alveolar ____.
Macrophages
TB is diagnosed through which tests?
Mantoux, tuberculin
Even though scarlet fever had a 95% fatality rate in the early 20th century, cases today are often ____.
Mild
Primary TB may present which of the following signs?
Mild fever, formation of tubercles
OTC medications are effective for which of the following cases of the common cold?
Minimizing symptoms and lessening the inflammation
Those at the greatest risk for exposure to TB work or live in:
Nursing homes, jails
The upper respiratory tract includes which structures?
Oral cavity, sinuses, nasal cavity, pharynx, larynx
The upper respiratory tract is composed of the nasal cavity, the ____ cavity, the _____, the epiglottis, and the ______.
Oral; Pharynx; larynx
The main signs and symptoms of pharyngitis include:
Pain and swelling of throat, swollen tonsils and reddened mucosa in throat
Even though they are considered to be "normal" biota, many ___ bacteria are frequently present in the upper respiratory tract.
Pathogenic
One of the biggest problems with TB therapy is:
Patient noncompliance
Organisms that cause pneumonia must ___ and ___ in the lower respiratory tract.
Penetrate; survive
Inflammation of the throat is called _____.
Pharyngitis
______ _______ causes the greatest number of lethal cases of pneumonia compared to any other microorganism.
Streptococcus pneumoniae
___ is an inflammatory condition of the lung in which fluid fills the alveoli.
Pneumonia
Streptococcus pyogenes is a gram-____ coccus that grows in chains and forms capsules and __ layers.
Positive; slime
_____ TB is mostly asymptomatic
Primary
The 3 types of TB are:
Primary, secondary and extrapulmonary
In the Ziehl-Neelsen acid-fast staining procedure, acid fast organisms appear bright ____ and non-acid fast organisms appear ____.
Red; blue
The role of normal biota in the URT is to:
Reduce the growth of harmful pathogens in the system
Which of the following is the most common portal of entry for pathogens?
Respiratory tract
which type of viruses are the most common causative agents for the common cold?
Rhinoviruses
Which viral agents are known to cause serious viral pneumonia as their primary disease?
SARS coronavirus, Hantavirus
The signs and symptoms of scarlet fever include:
Sandpaper like rash, high fever
Scarlet fever most often affects:
School-age children
Pharyngitis can be caused by:
Sinus drainage, mechanical irritation, viral infection, bacterial infection
Inflammation of any of the 4 pairs of air cavities in the cranial bones is also known as ___.
Sinusitis
The most common signs/symptoms of the common cold are:
Sneezing, scratchy throat and runny nose
_____ _____ is the most common cause of community acquired pneumonia
Streptococcus pneumonia
The substances used in skin tests for TB infection is known as _____.
tuberculin