Microbiology LearnSmart #9 (CH 19)

Which of the following are fungal agents that are known to cause cases of pneumonia?

Histoplasma capsulatum, Pneumocystis jiroveci

There ____ a vaccine for group A streptococci.

Is NOT

Multi-resistant TB is defined as being resistant to:

Isoniazid and rifampin

Factors contributing to the virulence of S. pyogenes include:

Super antigens, surface antigen mimicry of host proteins

The lower respiratory tract includes which of the following structures?

Trachea, bronchi, alveoli and bronchioles

The granulomatous lung lesion seen in TB that can serve as a focus for latent infection is called a ____.

Tubercle

Which of the following are infectious diseases on ONLY the lower respiratory tract?

Tuberculosis and pneumonia

Which agent usually causes milder forms of pneumonia?

Viral

Pharyngitis can be caused by the same ___ that causes the common cold, mechanical ____, or sinus _____.

Virus; irritation; infection

Which main categories of microorganisms are known to cause pneumonia?

Viruses, bacteria and fungi

Sinusitis is caused by which general types of microorganisms?

Viruses, bacteria, and fungi

Primary infections of the upper respiratory tract are often caused by ____, which can predispose a patient to a secondary infection caused by _____.

Viruses; bacteria

A fungus that causes pneumonia is some people is ______ ______.

Histoplasma capsulatum

Over ____ different types of viruses cause the common cold

200

A positive chest X-ray for TB reveals:

Abnormal distinct patches

The cell wall of M. tuberculosis is:

Acid-fast

What type of staining may be used to identify Mycobacterium in a septum sample?

Acid-fast

Sinusitis can be caused by _____, ______, or structural problems.

Allergies; infections

Which of the following are 2nd and 3rd line defenses for the respiratory system?

Alveolar macrophages, secretory IgA

Viral pharyngitis will not show ____-hemolytic activity on blood agar.

Beta

The usual treatment of bacterial sinusitis is _____-____ antibiotics.

Broad; spectrum

4 techniques used in the clinical diagnosis of TB are:

Chest X-rays, tuberculin tests, antimicrobial sensitivity tests and acid-fast stains

Which of the following are first line defenses of the respiratory system?

Coughing, sneezing, nasal hair, mucus and ciliated epithelium

____ therapy is used to assure that TB patients take all of the prescribed antibiotics.

Directly observed

The mode of transmission for TB is:

Droplets

Viral infection of the upper respiratory system can lead to acute otitis media because:

Fluid builds up in the middle ear, it leads to inflammation of the eustachian tubes

Which approaches are effective in preventing the transmission of the common cold?

Frequent hand washing, covering mouth and nose to prevent droplets from escaping

Chest X-rays are used in the diagnosis of TB when:

Further verification is needed, other tests have given unclear results

Pneumonia infections that are acquired by patients in clinical settings are called _____-____ pneumonias.

Healthcare; associated

A toxin produced by streptococci that causes the rupture of red blood cells and release of hemoglobin is called a ____.

Hemolysin

Because of its constant contact with the external environment, the URT harbors a ____ population of commensal biota.

Large

85% of all cases of TB are contained in the ____.

Lungs

Streptococcus pyogenes causes scarlet fever when it has become infected with a ___ bacteriophage.

Lysogenic

The main causative agent for tuberculosis is ___ tuberculosis

M.

The first white blood cells that respond to Mycobacterium tuberculosis are alveolar ____.

Macrophages

TB is diagnosed through which tests?

Mantoux, tuberculin

Even though scarlet fever had a 95% fatality rate in the early 20th century, cases today are often ____.

Mild

Primary TB may present which of the following signs?

Mild fever, formation of tubercles

OTC medications are effective for which of the following cases of the common cold?

Minimizing symptoms and lessening the inflammation

Those at the greatest risk for exposure to TB work or live in:

Nursing homes, jails

The upper respiratory tract includes which structures?

Oral cavity, sinuses, nasal cavity, pharynx, larynx

The upper respiratory tract is composed of the nasal cavity, the ____ cavity, the _____, the epiglottis, and the ______.

Oral; Pharynx; larynx

The main signs and symptoms of pharyngitis include:

Pain and swelling of throat, swollen tonsils and reddened mucosa in throat

Even though they are considered to be "normal" biota, many ___ bacteria are frequently present in the upper respiratory tract.

Pathogenic

One of the biggest problems with TB therapy is:

Patient noncompliance

Organisms that cause pneumonia must ___ and ___ in the lower respiratory tract.

Penetrate; survive

Inflammation of the throat is called _____.

Pharyngitis

______ _______ causes the greatest number of lethal cases of pneumonia compared to any other microorganism.

Streptococcus pneumoniae

___ is an inflammatory condition of the lung in which fluid fills the alveoli.

Pneumonia

Streptococcus pyogenes is a gram-____ coccus that grows in chains and forms capsules and __ layers.

Positive; slime

_____ TB is mostly asymptomatic

Primary

The 3 types of TB are:

Primary, secondary and extrapulmonary

In the Ziehl-Neelsen acid-fast staining procedure, acid fast organisms appear bright ____ and non-acid fast organisms appear ____.

Red; blue

The role of normal biota in the URT is to:

Reduce the growth of harmful pathogens in the system

Which of the following is the most common portal of entry for pathogens?

Respiratory tract

which type of viruses are the most common causative agents for the common cold?

Rhinoviruses

Which viral agents are known to cause serious viral pneumonia as their primary disease?

SARS coronavirus, Hantavirus

The signs and symptoms of scarlet fever include:

Sandpaper like rash, high fever

Scarlet fever most often affects:

School-age children

Pharyngitis can be caused by:

Sinus drainage, mechanical irritation, viral infection, bacterial infection

Inflammation of any of the 4 pairs of air cavities in the cranial bones is also known as ___.

Sinusitis

The most common signs/symptoms of the common cold are:

Sneezing, scratchy throat and runny nose

_____ _____ is the most common cause of community acquired pneumonia

Streptococcus pneumonia

The substances used in skin tests for TB infection is known as _____.

tuberculin