Microbiology (MIC 205) Final Exam Flash Cards

Plague is caused by the bacterium Yersinia pestis and is found in rodent fleas in the United States in rural and semi-rural areas, usually in semi-arid forests and grasslands. Surveillance by scientists indicates that plague bacteria are constantly circulating at low rates within rodents like prairie dogs and chipmunks. Sometimes humans become infected when their pet dogs or cats pick up fleas from infected rodents, when infected fleas feed on humans. Humans are infected when infected fleas inject the bacterium while taking a blood meal. This disease is best described as:

- biological factor - zoonotic

Which of the following is a possible approach for a future chemotherapeutic agent?

- block protein synthesis using siRNAs - viruses that infect and kill the bacteria causing the infection in the patient - chemical produced by plants and animals that are actually antimicrobial peptides

Which of the following is true about chronic wasting disease?

- can be diagnosed in live animals and dead animals - affected animals should be culled - it is unknown whether it is transmissible to humans

A patient reports to the clinician with respiratory symptoms. Which of the following microbes can have respiratory symptoms, due to the microbe at some point affecting the respiratory system?

- coccidiodes immitis - taenia solium - candida albicans

What is true about the Gram-positive cell wall?

- crystal violet iodine complex becomes trapped in peptidoglycan during staining - layer of mycolic acid is removed by acid-alcohol during staining - lipopolysaccharide is embedded in the outer membrane

A group of patients with a chronic viral infection affecting the liver were tested for their innate immune response to the virus. The patients had the chronic form of the disease, where the patient's own immune cells react against infected liver cells, destroying the cells, and contribute to causing extensive liver damage. What infectious agent is being described, and what cell is directly involved in killing infected liver cells?

- hepatitis b virus - natural killer cells

Which of these factors is a factor that has an effect on how well a disinfectant works to kill microbes?

- how much contact the disinfectant makes with the microbes - temperature - presence of blood, stool, urine and other organic materials

What condition makes it more likely for a person to acquire a healthcare-associated infection?

- immunosuppression - catheterization - respiratory equipment

This microbe is known cause problems in pregnant women:

- listeria monocytogenes - steptococcus agalactiae

Some bacteria avoid being phagocytized by a phagocyte because they have:

- m protein - capsule

which of the following is true about fungi

- mold is the unicellular form - yeasts are the multicellular form - hyphae are branching filaments that can be observed under the microscope

Which of the following is a category of antiviral drug?

- nucleoside analog - antiretroviral - protease inhibitor

what do all bacterial cells contain in their cell wall

- outer membrane - lipopolysaccharide - side chain amino acids and cross bridge amino acids - wall teichoic acid - lopoteichoic acid

Which of the following is an inhibitor of nucleic acid synthesis?

- quinolone - cipro - rifamycin

Plague is caused by the bacterium Yersinia pestis and is found in rodent fleas in the United States in rural and semi-rural areas, usually in semi-arid forests and grasslands. Surveillance by scientists indicates that plague bacteria are constantly circulating at low rates within rodents like prairie dogs and chipmunks. If plague is suspected and/or diagnosed, it is required by law to be reported to local authorities This disease is best described as:

- reportable - endemic

What factors must we consider when determining the effectiveness of chemotherapeutic agents?

- resistance to chemotherapeutic agents - safety of the chemotherapeutic agent - combination of drugs

Which of the following is true about prion diseases?

- transmitted through contaminated medical instruments - inherited human forms include creutzfeldt-jakob disease -New bovine variant was transmitted to people who ate contaminated hamburger in Great Britain

Which statement is true about redox relating to the electron carriers (coenzymes) NAD+ and/or FAD?

- NADH is the reduced form - FADH2 is the reduced form - NAD+ is the oxidized form

Which of the following is classified as fungus?

- Schizosaccharomyces pombe - Penicillium spp.

Which of the following is completely true about setting up a slide agglutination experiment?

- a positive control is necessary to confirm that all of your reagents are working correctly - a negative control is necessary to confirm that you have not cross contaminated samples - a patient sample is tested for the presence of a particular microbe using antibodies

You may grow a microbe that cannot tolerate oxygen in:

- an OxyPlate - a sealable jar with a reducing medium to remove oxygen - an anaerobic chamber

Which of the following is true about detection methods using serology?

- based on the type and amount of antibody, we can track how recently a person was infected with a particular microbe - based on the fact that we can use antibodies to differentiate between microbes - techniques include slide agglutination, ELISA and western blotting

Which of the following are end-products of glycosis?

ATP

When a person is infected with this microbe, they develop a thick covering at the back of the throat; it causes a vaccine-preventable disease.

Corynebacterium diphtheriae

The acronym ELISA stands for:

Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay

A meningitis outbreak took the life of one infant and sickened 4 other children, leading the CDC to urge parents to make sure all infants and children are up to date on their vaccinations. One of the 5 cases was a 5-month-old, too young to have completed the first series of vaccinations. Three cases, including the death, were in infants whose parents refused to vaccinate them. In the fourth case, the children's parents were waiting to vaccinate their child at the age of 5 years, and the last case was in a vaccinated child with an immune deficiency. Which microbe best fits the outbreak described?

Haemophilus influenzae

Which scientist applied germ theory specifically in obstetric procedures?

Ignaz Semmelweiss

This microbe may cause a pigmentation condition of the skin, and is most commonly found in sub-Saharan Africa, as well as areas around the Mediterranean Sea and areas in South America. In some individuals it can lead to cancers and was one of the unusual diseases identified when HIV/AIDS was emerging in the United States in the early 1980s. This microbe is:

Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus

Which technique allows you to synthesize DNA using template and primers, where the enzyme polymerase allows you to use repeating temperature cycles to detect a microbe in a sample?

PCR

Which technique requires that you grow up bacteria from a patient sample, process the bacteria so that the DNA can be digested by a restriction enzyme, then run it on a gel to see a characteristic pattern?

PFGE

This microbe is technically a trematode, also known as a lung fluke, that has a microscopic phase that is an egg that is shed in the feces, and it may cause problems in the intestine, peritoneal cavity, lungs, and various organs. This microbe is:

Paragonimus westermani

example of an E.I.D

SARS disease

Which of the following statements is NOT true relating to Smallpox?

Severe disease could be prevented using a method devised for the first time by Lady Montague

What is true about anaerobic respiration as we defined it?

The terminal electron acceptor for the ETC is not oxygen

What is the specific term for the surface molecules on bacteria that allow for adherence to host cells?

adhesins

We say antigen or antibody is _____________________________ or attached to the surface of the microtiter well?

adsorbed

this type of microbe is not a bacterium and has pseudomurein in its cell wall

archaea

examples of prokaryotes

bacteria and archaea

What type of disinfectant is chlorhexidine?

biguanide

Which statement is completely true about Mycobacteria when they are stained using Acid-fast staining?

carbolfuchsin is trapped in the mycolic acid, making mycobacterium fuschia

Which of the following antimicrobial agents is an inhibitor of translation?

chloramphenicol

A young father observed his infant daughter became lethargic and experience trouble feeding. He became alarmed as the infant became "floppy" and took his daughter to the clinic. Upon questioning, it was revealed that the infant had been fussy and had been given a pacifier coated with honey. The clinician in charge immediately ordered an antitoxin as the infant took a turn for the worse and had to be placed on a ventilator. Stool samples revealed a Gram-positive, rod, spore-forming bacterium. Which microbe do you think the infant was diagnosed and treated for?

clostridium botulinum

A woman reports to the emergency room with a traumatic leg wound, which has been contaminated by soil and bacterial endospores. The wound is very deep, presenting an anaerobic environment, and every attempt is made to remove soil, debris, and bacteria. She is administered antibiotics, however, by the next day the wound site is swollen and an X-ray shows gas in the tissues. The clinician elects to debride (remove infected) tissue, in an attempt to save her leg from amputation. The woman most likely has an infection with:

clostridium perfringens

A woman aged 29 years and member of an Amish community gave birth to her child at home, assisted by an unlicensed childbirth assistant. At 10 days postpartum, the patient developed numbness in the face and neck pain, leading to a stiff neck and jaw and extreme difficulty swallowing and breathing. Upon admission to the hospital, the patient was administered medication including muscle relaxants, antibodies to fight the suspected microbe, antibiotics, and additionally she required mechanical ventilation. Her infant was closely monitored, as infants are at particular risk for this disease. The clinician suspected and treated the woman for a disease caused by the Gram-positive, rod, spore forming bacterium:

clostridium tetani

What is a term for when bacteria in or on the body help prevent against colonization of disease-causing microbes just by their presence?

competitive inhibition

Which cell can specifically identify virus infected cells and trigger apoptosis?

cytotoxic t lymphocyte

The phase of growth where the population begins to shrink is:

death

Which term describes how long it takes to reduce a bacterial population by one log?

decimal reduction time (DRT)

You may use different methods to narrow down a pathogen in a patient sample, and more specifically, use _______________________ to specifically distinguish between microbes on slides using light microscopy.

differential staining

What type of ELISA uses antibody as "bait" and is used to detect antigen, and is also known as a "sandwich" ELISA?

direct ELISA

A 65-year old man reported to the clinician with an 8-day history of moderate diarrhea, poor appetite, severe fatigue, and a fever of 103 degrees Fahrenheit. The physical exam was normal and lab tests were normal, except for leukocytosis with eosinophilia. An X-ray of the man's chest showed a lesion in the upper lobe of the right lung and a small nodule in the left lung. The high level of eosinophils led the clinician to order a stool test, which was negative. The clinician asked the man about any recent travel, and the man reported that 3 months previously he had gone on a vacation and stayed at a working sheep farm with sheepdogs. Based on this information, the clinician began to suspect he should test the man for:

echinoccocus granulosus

When protons are pumped into the periplasmic space, the energy to do so comes from ______________ as they simultaneously reduce/oxidize molecules of the ETC.

electrons

You are a clinical laboratory scientist and are asked to prepare and stain a blood smear from a patient in order to perform a differential white blood cell count. The patient has an unusually high number of leukocytes with prominent red-colored granules. What type of leukocyte fits this description?

eosinophil

true or false: A woman in rural Texas reports to her local clinic with muscle weakness in her hands and feet. When examined by the physician, it is noted that she also has skin lesions, and upon further examination, the skin associated with the lesions are numb (she has loss of feeling in the areas with the lesions). The physician orders a skin biopsy of the lesions. The skin tissue is processed and reveals bacteria that stain fuchsia (due to carbolfuchsin). The physician prescribes two antibiotics for 12 months. Upon further inquiry, the patient admits to regularly consuming armadillo that may or may not have been fully cooked, and she is told that this is risky, and may have been how she became infected. Is the following statement true or false regarding the category of microbe and microbial characteristics? The microbe is Gram-positive and has a cell wall that is primarily composed of a thick layer of peptidoglycan.

false

The structures that allow bacteria to be motile and exhibit positive or negative taxis are:

flagella

Which category of microbe could survive and multiply (grow) in the refrigerator? Select all that apply.

fridgeotroph hyperthermophile pyschrophile thermophie pyschotroph

A 34-year-old woman reports to the clinician with loose stools, gas, and abdominal cramps and mentions the symptoms have been occurring for a week. The clinician asks about any recent travel, and the woman mentions a camping trip two weeks ago in the wilderness. When asked about drinking water, the woman mentions enjoying the pristine cool stream water for drinking. The clinician suspects and tests the woman for:

giardia lamblia

Which structure is external to the cell wall and can either protect bacteria from being phagocytosed or allow bacteria to form communities on surfaces?

glycocalyx

This microbe has genetic material in the form of single-stranded RNA, and can be found in mice and rats. If a human becomes infected by exposure to microbe-laden mouse feces or urine, they may develop a severe hemorrhagic fever or severe respiratory disease.

hantavirus

This microbe is typically transmitted via contaminated blood or by sharing of needles or other drug-injecting paraphernalia. Most people who are exposed to the microbe recover without long-term consequence, however, 15-30% of the time, people will develop chronic infection affecting the liver. This microbe is:

hepatitis c virus

Conjugation, transduction, and transformation are all examples of:

how antibiotic genes are transferred

A bacterial cell is placed in a solution and its plasma membrane shrinks as water leaves the cell. Which statement is correct about the solution the cell was in and what happened to the cell?

hypertonic solution; plasmolysis

Which of the following statements is true about the innate immune system?

it consists of physical and chemical factors

Which statement is NOT true relating to biogenesis?

it was the claim that some forms of life can arise from nonliving matter

which scientist applied germ theory specifically in surgical procedures

joseph lister

The phase of growth where the population is creating enzymes it needs as it adapts to a new environment is;

lag

What is the general term for the surface molecules on bacteria and viruses that allow for adherence to host cells?

ligands

Inactivating drugs by enzymes, alteration of a drug target, inhibition of drug intake, and rapid efflux are all examples of

mechanisms of drug resistance

A woman in rural Texas reports to her local clinic with muscle weakness in her hands and feet. When examined by the physician, it is noted that she also has skin lesions, and upon further examination, the skin associated with the lesions are numb (she has loss of feeling in the areas with the lesions). The physician orders a skin biopsy of the lesions. The skin tissue is processed and reveals bacteria that stain fuchsia (due to carbolfuchsin). The physician prescribes two antibiotics for 12 months. Upon further inquiry, the patient admits to regularly consuming armadillo that may or may not have been fully cooked, and she is told that this is risky, and may have been how she became infected. The microbe is:

mycobacterium leprae

Which mechanism of antigen-antibody binding leads to coating of a bacterium, virus, or toxin with antibody, preventing it from being able to adhere (stick to and infect) mucosa?

neutralization

Which of the following works by inhibiting endospore-forming bacteria in food?

nitrate salt

This microbe stains pink when Gram-stained and can be a pathogen.

not enough information

Which method of controlling microbes damages by creating thymine dimers?

not gamma rays, high pressure or low temperature

Which mechanism of antigen-antibody binding leads to coating of a microbe to allow for enhanced phagocytosis?

opsonization

What is true about the Gram-negative cell wall?

outer membrane surrounds a thin layer of peptidoglycan outer membrane is removed by the decolorizer during the Gram-stain layer of mycolic acid is removed by acid-alcohol during staining lipopolysaccharide is embedded in the outer membrane

From 2002 to 2003, a viral disease spread from China and went on to spread worldwide, causing widespread fear. Epidemiologists investigating the source of infection, identified civets and raccoon dogs that harbored the virus in live animal markets in the Shenzeng Province in China. Based on the potential reservoir of the virus and the global spread of the disease, it was:

pandemic, Severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) virus

A 34-year-old woman reports to the clinician with loose stools, gas, and abdominal cramps and mentions the symptoms have been occurring for a week. The clinician asks about any recent travel, and the woman mentions a camping trip two weeks ago in the wilderness. When asked about drinking water, the woman mentions enjoying the pristine cool stream water for drinking. What is most likely to be true about the type of microbe and its characteristics?

parasite and she was infected with the cyst form

a substance made by a mold that can inhibit some bacteria is

penicillin

What do we call the period of time when we are harboring an infectious agent, and showing the most severe signs and symptoms?

period of illness

Which drug is used to treat tapeworms and works by altering the permeability of the plasma membranes of cells?

praziquantel

What do we call the period of time when we are harboring an infectious agent, and showing mild signs or symptoms?

prodomal period

The structure embedded in the plasma membrane, which is responsible for synthesizing ATP, is powered by the movement of _____________from an area of high concentration to an area of low concentration.

protons

Which category of microbe can multiply (grow) in temperatures above 50 degrees Celsius? Select all that apply.

pyschotroph thermophile mesophile pyschrophile fridgeotroph extreme thermophile

Which surface-active agent works via the positively charged portion of the molecule?

quaternary ammonium compound

Which drug was traditionally used to treat malaria?

quinine

As organic compounds are metabolized during the Krebs cycle, energy is released in the form of high energy electrons. These electrons may:

reduce NAD+ and FAD

Which of the following microbes fixes nitrogen and has a symbiotic relationship with plant roots?

rhizobium

The phase of growth where the population is stable and exponential growth ends is:

stationary

This element is found in amino acids and can be obtained by some microbes from hydrogen sulfide.

sulfur

Which are the two most common sites of healthcare-associated infections?

surgical site infections and lower respiratory infections

This type of chemical requirement is only needed in very small amounts, yet is still essential for microbial life.

trace elements

This microbe causes a sexually transmitted disease affecting approximately 3.7 million people in the U.S. The microbe has a nucleus and has flagella. Typically metronidazole is used for treatment. This microbe is:

trichomonas vaginalis

true or false: It is possible for individuals infected with influenza to transmit the virus to others one day before showing symptoms and as long as five days after becoming ill.

true

true or false: Quaternary ammonium compounds are extremely effective at killing enveloped viruses.

true

true or false: The flu is a serious disease that takes the lives of on average 36,000 people per year, which is why vaccination is so important.

true

true or false: The influenza vaccine consists of killed virus or weakened virus, but neither form can give you a flu infection.

true

true or false: The nasal spray form of the flu vaccine is approved for use in people from 2-49 years who are not pregnant and healthy.

true

true or false: the kirby bauer test is a diffusion method to test for antibiotic susceptibility of a bacterial pathogen

true

This microbe is transmitted by the triatomine insect when it simultaneously takes a blood meal and defecates. A person becomes infected when they scratch parasite-infected insect feces into the wound or the eye. In many cases, if the acute disease is allowed to progress to the chronic form, it may lead to heart complications.

trypanosoma cruzi

Within a week of returning from a trip to Africa, a traveler reported developing fever, chills, and muscle aches. The patient reported being bitten repeatedly by mosquitoes during her trip and did not get any of the recommended vaccinations before traveling. Which microbe do you think the clinician diagnosed in the patient?

yellow fever virus