Microbiology notes 3.1-3.2

miasma theory

Theory that bad air caused illness.

modern cell theory has 2 basic tenets:

all cells only come from other cells cells are the fundamental units of organisms

What did Rudolf Virchow do

didn't give his friend in the same lab credit for "all cells arise from other cells"

states that mitochondria and chloroplasts, organelles found in many types of organisms, have their origins in bacteria

endosymbiotic theory

John Snow is known as the Father of ______________.

epidemiology

states that diseases may result from microbial infection

germ theory of disease

germ theory of disease

idea that infectious diseases are caused by microorganisms

the first to describe chloroplasts of plant cells, identifying their role in starch formation during photosynthesis and noting that they divided independent of the nucleus

Andreas Schimper

greek philosopher one of the earliest recorded scholar to articulate the theory of spontaneous generation. proposed that life arose from nonliving material if the material contained "vital heat"

Aristotle

conducted studies to track the course of cholera outbreaks in London through drinking water first public health response to an epidemic

John Snow

Why was the work of Snow so important in supporting the germ theory?

John Snow discovered that the Cholera outbreak in London was being spread through the drinking water. This added to the germ theory as disease can be spread through air and contaminated objects.

causes of post surgical infections hand washing, extreme cleanliness during surgery, disinfectant spray, etc.

Joseph Lister

suggested in 1905 that chloroplasts may have originated from ancestral photosynthetic bacteria living symbiotically inside a eukaryotic cell proposed a similar origin for the nucleus of plant cells (first endosymbiotic hypothesis)

Konstantin Mereschokowski

showed that a sealed flask of meat broth sterilized by boiling failed to grow microbes

Lazzaro Spallanzani

Whose proposal of the endosymbiotic theory of mitochondrial and chloroplast origin was ultimately accepted by the greater scientific community?

Lynn Margulis

an American biologist, helped advance the study of the origins of cells. She developed the symbiotic theory, which states that bacteria played a major role in the development of living cells. This theory has become known as the serial endosymbiosis theory, or SET - formation of organelles.

Lynn Margulis

an American geneticist, published her ideas regarding the endosymbiotic hypothesis of the origins of mitochondria and chloroplasts in 1967.

Lynn Margulis

presented a growing body of microscopic, genetic, molecular biology, fossil and geological data to support her claims.

Lynn Margulis

The ______________ theory states that disease may originate from proximity to decomposing matter and is not due to person-to-person contact.

Miasma

What evidence exists that supports the endosymbiotic theory?

Mitochondria and Chloroplast have their own DNA and size similar to prokaryotic cells. Also have their own ribosomes and can replicate DNA

Explain why the experiments of Needham and Spallanzani yielded in different results even though they used similar methodologies.

Needham did not boil the both long enough to kill all the microbes.

hypoxemia

lower than normal level of oxygen in the blood.

said that disease originated from particles emanating from decomposing matter, such as that in sewage or cesspits

miasma theory

the ____________ was widely accepted until the 19th century when it was replaces with the germ theory of disease

miasma theory of disease

Which of the following individuals is credited for definitively refuting the theory of spontaneous generation using broth in swan-neck flask?

Pasteur

__________ is credited with conclusively disproving the theory of spontaneous generation with his famous swan-neck flask experiment. He subsequently proposed that "life only comes from life."

Pasteur

who won the award from the Paris Academy of Sciences to settle the spontaneous generation debate

Pasteur

foundation of the germ theory of disease

Pasteur concluded that airborne microbes, not spontaneous generation, were the cause of food spoilage, and he suggested that if microbes were responsible for food spoilage and fermentation, they could also be responsible for causing infection

the first to describe observations of nuclei, which he observed in plant cells

Robert Brown

_______ first used the term "cells" in 1665 to describe the small chambers within cork that he observed under a microscope of his own design didn't know the cork cells were long dead

Robert Hooke

the scientist who first described cells was ______________.

Robert Hooke

Which of the following developed a set of postulates for determining whether a particular disease is caused by a particular pathogen?

Robert Koch

specific disease could be attributed to a specific microbe pathogens of anthrax, tuberculosis and cholera

Robert Koch

"father of pathology" one of the first to determine the causes of various diseases by examining their effects on tissues and organs

Rudolf Virchow

cell theory scientists:

Schleiden, Schwann, and Virchow, Remak

observed medical students performing autopsies and then subsequently carrying out vaginal examinations on living patients without washing their hands in between. He suspected that the students carried disease from the autopsies to the patients they examined

Semmelweis

observed that mothers who gave birth in hospital wards were staffed by physicians and medical students were more likely to suffer and die from puerperal fever after childbirth than were mothers in wards staffed by midwives.

Semmelweis

germ theory of disease scientists:

Semmelweis, Snow, Pasteur, Lister, Koch, and others

"vital heat" aka

pneuma

The endosymbiotic theory

print this pic

The assertion that "life only comes from life" was stated by Louis Pasteur in regard to his experiments that definitively refuted the theory of ______________.

spontaneous generation

the notion that life can arise from nonliving matter

spontaneous generation

Experimentation by Francesco Redi in the 17th century presented the first significant evidence refuting spontaneous generation by showing that flies must have access to meat for maggots to develop on the meat. Prominent scientists designed experiments and argued both in support of (John Needham) and against (Lazzaro Spallanzani) spontaneous generation.

Experimentation by Francesco Redi in the 17th century presented the first significant evidence refuting spontaneous generation by showing that flies must have access to meat for maggots to develop on the meat. Prominent scientists designed experiments and argued both in support of (John Needham) and against (Lazzaro Spallanzani) spontaneous generation.

maggots

Fly larvae that feed on dead tissue; used in medicine to clean wounds not responding to routine antibiotics

performed an experiment in 1668 that was one of the first to refute the idea that maggots spontaneously generate on meat left out in the open air predicted that preventing flies from having direct contact with meat would also prevent the appearance of maggots

Francesco Redi

proposed that seed-like spores may be transferred between individuals through direct contact, exposure to contaminated clothing, or through the air

Girolamo Fracastoro

experimentally examined the similarities between mitochondria, chloroplasts, and bacteria. (put the endosymbiotic hypothesis to the test)

Ivan Wallin

proposed that mice could arise from rags and wheat kernels left in an open container for 3 weeks

Jan Baptista van Helmont

Heated broth in sealed flasks.When the broth became cloudy with microrganisms, he mistakenly concluded that they developed spontaneously from the broth

John Needham

Why are mitochondria and chloroplasts unable to multiply outside of a host cell?

This is because the genome of the chloroplasts & mitochondria have been transferred to the host cell's nucleus.

claimed he could culture mitochondria outside of their eukaryotic host cells

Wallin

pneumonia

a condition in which the lungs fill with mucus

miasma theory of disease

a discredited theory in which 'bad air' was accepted as the cause of diseases.

endosymbiotic theory

a theory that states that certain kinds of prokaryotes began living inside of larger cells and evolved into the organelles of modern-day eukaryotes