microbiology test 2
The auto immune disorder that leads to the changes observed in this picture is
Graves disease
which of the following us the correct term for underground fungal filaments that are associated with tree roots?
Mycorrhizae
Which of the following is a pre dominant member of the skin microflora?
Propionibacterium
after binding to the host cell surface receptor, bacteriophages then....
inject phage DNA into the host cell
bacitracin and penicillin are both antibiotics had affect the cell part labeled ______ in this figure
labeled C
The innate immune system includes
macrophages
antibiotics with a high degree of ___________ are less likely to harm the host.
selective toxicity
during an infectious cycle of ENTAMOEBA HISTOLYTICA, which of the following is most likely to occur when the amebas use up all available nutrients?
some amebas will develop into dormant cysts within feces.
which of the following requires heating to the highest temperature?
sterilization
a cytokine storm may occur when
superantigens bind nonspecifically to T cell receptors
Retroviruses have an enzyme that allows their (A)_______ genome to be converted to (B)______. what is the enzyme that allows this genetic conversion called?
(A) RNA (B) DNA reverse transcriptase
Macrophages can also be called
Antigen-presenting cells
Which of the following pairs of organs are both considered primary lymphoid organs?
Bone marrow and thymus
oral thrush is caused by the overgrowth of which yeast?
Candida albicans
Patients who have functioning T cells but dysfunctional B cells will retain
Cell mediated immunity
Type to hyper sensitivities start with anti body binding to
Cell surface antigens
Which of the following combinations is correctly matched?
Class 1 MHC molecules bind intra cellular antigen for presentation to CD8 T cells
All nucleated cells in a human body normally have
Class I MHC molecules
which genus causes both tetanus and botulism?
Clostridium
which of the following statements accurately describes information found in the phylogenetic tree
DEINOCOCCUS is more closely related to CHLOROFLEXUS than DEINOCOCCUS is to SYNECHOCOCCUS
in this image of a bacteriophage T4 particle, the coiled lines indicated at the top of the figure represent....
DNA
an example of a primary immunodeficiency is________
DiGeorge Syndrome
The construction of anti bodies uses light and heavy chains that are held together through covalent bonds. considering the most critical areas of antibodies for immunity, according to the figure, which of the following is the specific region on an anti body that binds antigens?
F(ab)
This figure illustrates the concept of, [Most of the population gets immunized. Spread of disease is contained]
Herd immunity
which of the following diseases is caused by a fungus?
Histoplasmosis
Which of the following is measured by the minimal inhibitory concentration of an antibiotic
How little of an antibiotic is needed to stop growth of an organism
breastmilk and colostrum (early breast milk) provide passive immunity to infants in the form of ________ antibodies.
IgA
Innate immunity has all of the following characteristics except
Its reactions are specific
Why would an individual be given a fecal transplant
The person has a severe gastrointestinal bacterial illness that is not responding to antibiotics
What is the desired ratio between the therapeutic dose in the toxic dose for an antibiotic ?
The therapeutic dose should be much lower than the toxic dose
Epinephrine is used to treat which type of hyper sensitivity?
Type I
Which hyper sensitivity is triggered by antigen specific T cells?
Type IV
why is oral thrush commonly seen in babies and not healthy adults?
a baby's immune system is not fully developed
Prions are composed of...
aberrant, misfolded proteins
Hypersensitivities are triggered by a(n)
allergen
if you compare isotypes found in one human to isotypes in another human you will find slight differences in amino acids. These differences are called
allotypes
Which of the following is NOT a major group of bacteria?
archaea
what is the purpose of the envelope spike proteins?
attach and infect the host cell
tetracycline is an antibiotic that inhibits bacterial protein synthesis without killing the bacterial cell. this antibiotic can be classified as....
bacteriostatic
B cell deficiencies are the most common immunodeficiencies. They include all of the following except
bare lymphocyte syndrome
the killing or removal of disease-causing organisms from inanimate surfaces is known as...
disinfection
the structure seen developing within the cell shown in this figure will ultimately be released as a structure capable of surviving extremely harsh conditions. the released structure is known as...
endospore
The answered in shown at the bottom of this figure is capable of eliciting a response from the immune system. Which of the following terms best fills in the blank on the figure?
epitopes
what would be the most effective way to prevent an opportunistic aspergillosis infection in an immunocompromised patient?
filter air to remove aspergillus spores
which of the following is an alternative, medically useful application for retroviruses?
gene therapy
which of the following best describes this viral capsule
icosahedral
which of the following is a common antiviral target for HIV?
inhibiting reverse transcriptase
although E. coli is a normal gut inhabitant in humans, Shiga toxin-producing strains of E. coli can cause bloody diarrhea. what is the most likely explanation for the differences between these organisms?
mutations or horizontal gene transfer led to slight differences in the genomes of these two organisms
according to the figure, which of the following scenarios is known to most likely cause pinworm infections?
not washing hands after diaper change
Chlamydias are best described as...
obligate parasites or pathogens living within host cells
cyanobacteria are unique bacteria because of their ability to produce______....
oxygen
which of the following is NOT a stage in the lyric cycle?
phage DNA integrates into host genome to form prophage
which of the following is part of ONLY the lysogenic cycle?
phage DNA integrates into the host genome to form a prophage
The function of the 3 large cells in the middle of this image is
phagocytosis of microbes
Lactobacillus and Bifidobacterium are examples of...
probiotics
Which of the following is not a barrier separating the microbiome from its host
respiratory barrier
the rash seen in this picture is indicative of....
systemic lupus erythematosus
select the true statement
the flea marked 4 becomes infected with YERSINIA PESTIS while biting the rodent called 3
This figure shows to serum concentration of antibiotic called ampicillin over time. which of the following statements explains the decrease in ampicillin levels over time?
the liver and kidneys break down and excrete ampicillin
drugs that target RNA polymerase are direct inhibitors of...
transcription
This figure illustrates the sensitization and subsequent degranulation associated with a
type 1 hypersensitivity
Which of the following diseases is caused by a SALMONELLA species?
typhoid fever
HPV initiates cancer development through increased expression of...
viral oncogenes
