mid term

When one considers that teachers do not decide about the "spheres of work", who instead controls the decision making? What are some of the deciding factors?

Special interest groups, philanthropist, government officials, outside experts, and business leaders control the decision making. Certain deciding factors that are made are areas that will be taught in the curriculum, books for courses taught, book selection, grant proposals, and problems that arise in the school and community.

A course examining the moral values and rules of right conduct deals with a ethics. b aesthetics. c epistemology. d logic.

a

According to Dewey, schools translate cultural heritage, and people use this heritage to a solve their problems. b compete against others. c alter the social sciences. d develop the history curriculum.

a

An important Greek and Roman contribution to Western education was a the focus on the role of education in improving society's political well-being. b the training provided teachers. c the use of inquiry teaching approaches. d the emphasis on religious education at all levels of schooling.

a

Because of their acceptance of the child depravity theory, colonial teachers a used firm, harsh discipline. b developed inquiring minds. c engaged in developmentally appropriate learning. d focused on economic issues

a

Comenius sought to develop an efficient method of instruction based on the a principles of child development. b child depravity theory. c use of rote learning. d curriculum correlation.

a

For Aristotle, thinking and knowing begin with a one's sensation of objects in the environment. b grammar, logic, and rhetoric. c rediscovery of latent knowledge. d self-examination and self-analysis.

a

In Plato's Republic, he a described a perfect state ruled by the intellectual elite. b proposed a system of schooling using rhetoric. c examined the curriculum in Greek schools. d endorsed the use of sensory approaches to instruction.

a

In the late nineteenth century, the federal government provided education for Native Americans with the purpose of a assimilating Native Americans into the white society. b encouraging higher employment for Native Americans. c promoting religious values. d preserving Native American traditions.

a

Jean Piaget's principles of learning are based primarily on a the child's cognitive development. b the child's emotional development c the child's physical development. d the child's moral development.

a

Many cultures counted on _________to transmit their cultural heritage through very gifted leaders. a storytelling b drama c music d dance

a

Minority groups in the teaching profession a. are likely to decline as a proportion of the total teaching force. b. are expanding at a rate similar to the school-age population. c. are in proportion to their numbers in the larger U.S. population. d. are likely to become a larger proportion of the teaching force in the near future.

a

More than forty states have adopted the use of the ____________exam to test for basic professional knowledge in reading, mathematics, and communication. a. Praxis b. ACT c. SAT d. basic skills test

a

Normal schools were important for women because they a provided opportunities for higher education. b included content related to domestic skills. c offered courses at convenient times. d were staffed by women.

a

Preplanned materials and learning exercises designed to develop the practical, sensory, and formal skills of children were designed by a Montessori. b Rousseau. c Spencer. d Dewey.

a

Question 11 (1 point) Additional taxes that can be applied to education include a excisegift tax, severance tax, and corporate income tax. b gift and excise tax. c excise tax and corporate tax. d severance tax.

a

Question 11 (1 point) Implementing the laws of the state legislature is the responsibility of the a state department of education. b intermediate unit. c state court system. d state board of education.

a

Question 2 (1 point) The level of government that relies on the property tax as the main source of income is a the local level. b the state level. c the federal level. d all of the above.

a

Question 5 (1 point) Instructional leadership is a primary responsibility of the _______________who often collaborates with stakeholders to make "data-driven decisions." a principal b school board c chief state school officer d superintendent,

a

Question 5 (1 point) Low-income families would consider a sales tax on food to be a a regressive tax. b progressive tax. c fair tax. d municipal overburden.

a

Question 6 (1 point) An elected community school board functioning in conjunction with a central school board is an example of a community control. b community education. c community participation. d all of the above.

a

Question 6 (1 point) Districts with a high number of students with special needs would lobby for state educational funding based on the a weighted student plan. b foundation plan. c flat-grant model. d power-equalization plan.

a

Question 7 (1 point) The combination of a number of smaller school districts into one or two larger ones is called a consolidation. b community control. c teacher empowerment. d decentralization.

a

The Freedmen's Bureau intended to a help former slaves adjust to freedom. b eliminate limitations on travel after the Civil War. c promote teacher training. d provide free legal assistance for businesses.

a

The aim of perennialism is to a foster a student's intellectual development. b educate the individual according to her or his own interests. c educate for the world of work. d educate the useful and competent person.

a

The child depravity theory held that the corruptive weakness of children could be corrected by a authoritarian teaching techniques. b developmentally appropriate teaching. c social interaction with peers. d naturalistic teaching approaches.

a

The fact that there is no agreed-upon body of knowledge for teaching is a limitation when professional organizations try to increase teachers' a professionalism. b empowerment c autonomy. d accountability.

a

What has been a major contributor to the rise in the level of "occupational prestige" that teachers are rated? a increased levels of education and complex nature b need for more "highly qualified teachers" c abstract skill and education d language acquisition

a

When considering a defined body of knowledge as a characteristic of a profession, which of the following statements accurately describes a criticism of teacher preparation programs? a Too many education courses are required. b Too many academic content courses are required. c Not enough pedagogy courses are required. d There is a healthy mix of content and pedagogy courses.

a

Which of the following has most significantly increased the prestige of teaching in the eyes of the public? a increased level of education of teachers b teachers' involvement in curriculum development c alternative certification of teaching candidates d better staff development programs

a

Which of the following is likely to increase the demand for more new teacher positions? a. reductions in class size b. fewer teachers leaving the profession c. staff development programs d. innovative alternative certification programs

a

You have just finished college and obtained certification in a northeastern state, but you have decided that you would like to teach in the Southeast. What do you most need to know if you want to become employable in a southeastern state? a. which reciprocity agreements are currently valid in the state in which you are now certified b. whether the college from which you graduated is a five-year or a fifth-year program c. whether your college adhered to CAEP requirements for teacher education d. which southeastern states have arrangements for alternative certification

a

_____________ percent of teachers leave the profession in the first five years. a 15 b 65 c 25 d 45

a

Question 17 (5 points) What are the arguments for and against educational vouchers?

Arguments for educational vouchers state that by expanding choices for schooling we can increase the competitiveness between students and schools. This competitiveness will raise the overall level of quality in American education. The idea of survival of the fittest will take place and the best schools will thrive and the worst ones will disappear or improve and adapt to the new high standard. They also believe that it is not unconstitutional, it provides larger opportunity for students, it stimulates improvement in public school, and even possibly lower racial and socioeconomic isolation. The arguments against educational vouchers state that they do not offer any real choice to the majority of students. Opponents also argue that it divides society along socioeconomic lines and lowers the support of finances on public schools. They also believe that education achievement does not increase for all students, it undermines public schools, and provides unconstitutional support for religious related schools.

A common trend in alternative certification is for ____________________ to reenter the work force as teachers. a. retirees b. armed forces servicemen c. businessmen d. administrators

b

A curriculum that reflects the philosophy of idealism would be certain to include a consumer education. b mathematics. c vocational education. d all of the above.

b

Education in preliterate societies focused on a gathering food. b transmitting culture. c providing shelter. d making tools.

b

Herbart was noted for incorporating history and literature into the curriculum. He did this to a have students actively challenge the ideas of the past's great leaders. b study the lives of great people of the past and how they made their moral decisions. c place events in their proper chronological order. d replace the classical Greek and Latin languages.

b

Pragmatists such as Dewey see the school as a local community of _______________ connected to the larger society. a educators and decision makers b learners and teachers c educators and politicians d pragmatist and realists

b

Question 1 (1 point) Local school districts have been delegated powers and duties by the a local government. b state government. c federal government. d county government.

b

Question 10 (1 point) Taxpayer resistance has called for educators to be more a innovative in program design. b accountable for the success of programs. c realistic about teacher salary increases. d cautious in talking with legislators.

b

Question 10 (1 point) The functioning of the state department of education is most directly affected by the actions of the a local boards of education. b state board of education. c congressional representatives. d superintendents.

b

Question 12 (1 point) The chief state school officer is the chief executive of the a Office of Educational Research and Improvement. b state school board. c intermediate unit. d state superintendents' agency.

b

Question 14 (1 point) The _____________ Supreme Court declared that the entire state educational system of funding schools with property tax was unconstitutional which prompted significant reform. a New York b Kentucky c California d Michigan,

b

Question 14 (1 point) Which of the following statements best describes the nature of the governance and administration of public schools in the United States? a After about 200 years of public educationit is still very difficult to identify any single group, combination of groups, or level of government that is clearly in charge of public education. b Although the influence of the federal government has begun to increase in recent years, public education is clearly seen as a responsibility of states and local districts. c Parents and community members have been able to achieve unprecedented levels of influence in public schools in the United States. d Professional educators have succeeded in wresting control from school boards and legislatures and in establishing their own control over major educational decisions in this country, thus removing much of the politics from the process.

b

Question 3 (1 point) The property tax rate is expressed in a percentages. b mills. c dollars. d ratios.

b

Question 8 (1 point) Educational opportunities for all citizenswith responsibility shared with various community institutions is called a community control b community education c community participation d none of the above

b

Teaching is often thought of as a "semi profession" or "emerging profession," much like a doctors and nurses. b nursing and social workers. c lawyers and judges. d accountants and business owners.

b

The G.I. Bill of 1944 a represents the first time the federal government assisted higher education. b provided federal funds for veterans to subsidize their education. c resulted in increased funding for schools with large enrollments of African American students. d aided expansion of the military academies.

b

The Sophists broke with traditional Greek beliefs about education in that they a used education as preparation for military service. b saw education as a means by which groups that were not part of society's elite could become part of the elite. c focused on education as a search for eternal truths. d promoted an education that focused on the needs of the intellectual elite of society.

b

The philosophy that would support a subject-matter curriculum emphasizing the great and enduring ideas is a existentialism. b idealism. c realism. d pragmatism.

b

The phrase teaching out of license means teaching out of a the state in which one received one's original certification. b the subject in which one is certified. c the district in which one received tenure. d the grade level in which one student-taught.

b

The postmodernist educator focuses on a cultivating the intellectual virtues. b raising consciousness about social inequalities. c helping students understand the structure of the disciplines. d providing experiences in making personal choices.

b

The process by which competition would bring about gradual but inevitable progress is a naturalism. b Social Darwinism. c the scientific method. d induction.

b

When Thomas Jefferson tried to establish public education in Virginia, his primary purpose was to a require proessional training for teachers. b promote a knowledgeable citizenry. c require schools to teach general education and vocational skills. d provide education for all children.

b

Your friend Susan found her first year of teaching to be very traumatic. She had great difficulty adjusting to the "real world" of school, and she felt overwhelmed by how much she had to learn and to handle. Which of the following might have helped her most in avoiding such negative experiences during her initial year of teaching? a periodic, one-day, in-service training workshops b a mediated entry program c a fifth-year preparation program d more pedagogy (methods) courses in her teacher preparation program

b

Children learn the group's language and skills and assimilate moral and religious values through ________. a books b myths c enculturation d culture

c

Critical theory contends that schools a facilitate pluralistic harmony. b are a liberating force. c control those who lack power. d are receptive to social change.

c

For John Dewey, education's sole purpose is to contribute to a peace and human understanding. b the cultivation of intellectual virtues. c the social growth of the individual. d the moral development of the individual.

c

In what way were the concerns of medieval education most closely related to those of Greek and Roman education? a Much of the writings of the ancient Greek and Roman philosophers had little impact on education in the medieval period. b The best education was seen as that which prepared one for service in the government. c Although the medieval "elite" had come to be defined as a religious elite, the primary purpose of education was still to provide a strong foundation based in the teachings of the ancient philosophers and those of the church. d The three cultures believed in educating a middle class that would support the ruling class.

c

Merit pay is often considered a(n) __________________ for superior performance. a continuous training b union issue c reward d negotiation

c

Pestalozzi believed that teachers needed to develop a special instruction for gifted students. b authoritarian instructional approaches. c secure and loving environments. d expertise in Greek and Latin.

c

Programs that provide intense supervision and compressed formal coursework during the first few years of assignment to a teaching position can best be termed a. teacher empowerment. b. competency-based teacher education. c. alternative certification. This answer is correct. d. school-based field centers.

c

Progressive educators stress that all learning should center on a courses to develop the rational person. b promoting the useful and competent person. c the child's interests and needs. d all of the above.

c

Question 12 (1 point) Recent reform efforts in school funding such as tuition tax credits, voucher plans, and choice plans, are evidence that a private schools are inherently better than public schools. b there is growing attention to, and public support for, competition among schools so that parents can identify and support the best schools and exert more control over where their children go to school. c there is growing concern that tax revenues will never be high enough to fund public schools adequately. d no tax plan is fair, and the public should have the freedom to dictate where tax revenues are spent.,

c

Question 15 (1 point) One of the driving forces behind the federal government increasing funding for education was the __________________. a segregation legislation b Civil Rights Act of 1964 c launch of the Sputnik satellite in 1957 d launch of the Space Shuttle

c

Question 15 (1 point) _________________ programs often blur the line between private and public schools. a Faith-based b State funded c School choice d Charter

c

Question 2 (1 point) School board members are usually selected by a appointment by the governor. b appointment by the city or town council. c election by community members. d appointment by the mayor or county executive.

c

Question 3 (1 point) The typical school board member tends to a be liberal. b be female. c be wealthier that the general population. d have no children in school.

c

Question 4 (1 point) The day-to-day operation of a school district is determined by the a teacher organization. b principal. c superintendent. d school board.

c

Question 7 (1 point) Many state courts have ruled that inequities in educational expenditures in districts throughout the state are a to be remedied by the state department of education. b created by the sales tax. c unconstitutional. d all of the above.

c

Question 8 (1 point) State court decisions affecting financial support of public education have sent the message that a if budgets reflect blatant discrepancies from one district to another within a statethe federal government may intervene. b discrepancies in quality of education are not related to funding. c the level of financial support for public education clearly does make a difference in the quality of education. d a national system of providing for the financial support of public education is necessary to alleviate discrepancies in funding.,

c

Question 9 (1 point) As described in chapter 7 a 1987 study led by two researchers concluded that an ideal high school should enroll ___________students to be most effective. a 2000 b 1000 c 250 d 500

c

Question 9 (1 point) The largest portion of revenue for the schools is generated from _____________________. a property tax b sales tax c personal income tax d assessment tax

c

Rebelling against gender restrictions, __________ developed a philosophy of socialized education. a Froebel b Spencer c Addams d Montessori

c

Rousseau believed that the school as an institution a reflected the best in society. b met children's emotional needs. c corrupted children. d failed to insist on rigorous standards.

c

Schools in New England were designed to contribute to a person's a ability to think critically. b interest in becoming a community leader. c economic productivity. d knowledge about history.

c

The Greek approach of having the student immersed and participating in society can be described as a enculturation. b extremely centralized. c the Socratic method. d scholasticism.

c

The Northwest Ordinance of 1785 required townships to a teach agriculture in the schools. b hire professionally trained teachers. c designate land for the purpose of education. d assist schools through the use of taxes.

c

The philosophy of realism would suggest a instruction using language analysis to clarify communication and to establish meaning. b classroom dialogues designed to build a person's self-concept by enabling him or her to make significant choices. c competency testing for both teachers and students. d instruction organized around solving society's problems by applying the scientific method.

c

Which of the following terms is closest in meaning to the intended outcomes of the late-nineteenth-century "Americanization" approach to educating immigrants? a separation b pluralism c assimilation d multiculturalism

c

education." The focus was on emphasizing civility - polite, correct and proper behavior. a Sappho b Plato c Confucius d Homer

c

A recent emphasis on improving students' thinking and comprehensive skills emphasizes _________________ as a central theme in teacher education. a. rote learning b. written focus c. technology d. reflective teaching

d

According to Froebel, the paramount influence in the kindergarten classroom was a learners' interests. b the curriculum. c parental support. d the personality of the teacher.

d

Advanced schools in ancient Egypt were established to prepare a priests only. b physicians only. c government officials only. d all of the above.

d

Axiology is focused on appropriate and inappropriate behavior and evaluates what subdivision(s)? a ethics b idealism c aesthetics d A and C

d

Based on recent trends in teacher certification, certification requirements for secondary teaching certificates vary from one state to the next in a. the number of teacher education courses only. b. the number of credit hours in specific content areas only. c. the number of general education courses only. d. all of the above.

d

Curriculum development committees that consider the nature of reality and existence focus primarily on a logic. b epistemology. c axiology. d metaphysics.

d

During the Reformation, Protestant religious educators sought to a introduce child-centered instructional approaches. b restrict access to schooling. c open up secondary education to all children. d free themselves and their followers from papal authority.

d

For the existentialist educator, values are a absolute and eternal. b culturally determined. c regarded as emotional preferences. d freely chosen.

d

In an effort to reform society, educators during the Age of Enlightenment tried to create a new pattern of schooling based on a a strong central government. b vocational education. c religious doctrines. d scientific inquiry and reason.

d

Large southern plantations affected schooling for blacks and poor whites by a limiting the locations of schools. b limiting the number of school days available. c having agriculture as part of the curriculum. d limiting opportunities for their education.

d

Merit pay is given to a teacher who has a taught in the district twenty years or more. b caused student achievement scores to rise. c participated in staff development activities. d demonstrated superior performance.

d

Potential difficulties teachers are unprepared for include a. special-education populations. b. racial and ethnic minority groups. c. English as a second language students. d. all of the above

d

Preparing a good teacher in a "defined body of knowledge" often results in _______________ being a part of the teacher preparation program. a professional education b "major" and "minors" in the subject area c general education courses d all of the above

d

Professional standard boards in each state have the authority to _______________________. a issue certificates b revoke certificates c renew certificates d all of the above

d

Question 1 (1 point) The level of government that pays the highest percentage of total school revenues is the a federal level. b local level. c national level. d state level.

d

Question 13 (1 point) The purpose of educational vouchers is to a encourage educational reform in private schools. b initiate tax reform in the states. c facilitate the collection of taxes used to support schools. d provide a choice of schools for students.

d

Question 13 (1 point) When considering school reformwhich federal law has had the largest impact on reform since the wave of school reforms in 1957? a IDEA b No Worker Left Behind c Great Start d No Child Left Behind,

d

Question 4 (1 point) Municipal overburden is a term used to indicate a providing services for high-income areas. b limited community involvement in the city. c too many administrators in the city government. d high financial demands for a variety of public services.

d

Teacher education classes that deal with methods of instruction focus primarily on a axiology. b metaphysics. c logic. d epistemology.

d

Technology and electronic media have become a primary focus in_______________ areas. a. critical thinking b. social and civic development c. digital and visual literacy d. all of the above

d

The "Old Deluder Satan" Act was important because it a required professional training for teachers. b introduced taxation for citizens. c outlawed the teaching of religion in the schools. d required towns to appoint a reading and writing teacher.

d

The _________________ has prepared a certification process that is supported by both the AFT and NEA for a national recognition. a National Association of Educators b National Education Association c American Federation of Teachers d National Board for Professional Teaching Standards

d

The education pioneer who suggested that teachers should design their classrooms as learning centers stocked with materials that engage children's curiosity and stimulate their explorations was a Jane Addams. b Herbert Spencer. c John Dewey. d Jean Piaget.

d

The elementary school that was open to the children of all social and economic classes was the a town school. b normal school. c Latin grammar school. d common school.

d

The growing trend towards caring for students with special needs is increasing. The practice of ________ in a regular classroom is a growing trend for full inclusion. a. limited services b. isolation c. alternative buildings : d. mainstreaming

d

The major legacy of the Renaissance to the future development of Western education was a teaching by the Socratic method. b its initiation of vocational education. c its emphasis on the sciences. d the study of Latin.

d

The minimum educational requirement that all states require of teacher is a(n) a. master's degree. b. associate's degree. c. basic certification. d. bachelor's degree

d

The process of problem solving is stressed in a idealism. b perennialism. c realism. d pragmatism.

d

The term "highly qualified teacher" implies a teacher must have ____________. a. full state certification and licensure b. a bachelor's degree c. demonstrated competency in each core subject taught d. all of the above

d

Thomas Jefferson's Bill for the More General Diffusion of Knowledge is an important benchmark in the history of public education because it a represents the first time a national leader took the initiative to create a national system of public education. b challenged the ability of the federal government to intervene in the affairs of public schools. c was the first legislative attempt by a state to take over schools and use them for social, political, and economic purposes. d marked a transition in the broad purpose of schooling from religious instruction, as had existed in the colonial period, to public schools based on the needs of a democratic society.

d

To become certified in his state, Bill had to pass a test that included reading, writing, and mathematics. What is the reasoning that is most likely to have led to this requirement? a. Reading, writing, and math performance are closely associated statistically with on-the-job measures of teaching effectiveness. b. Testing requirements help to reduce the teaching force during times of excess supply and low demand. c. Prospective teachers who know they do not perform well in those subjects are less likely to seek certification in that state. d. Teachers must be competent in basic skill areas if they are to perform effectively in their jobs.

d

Which educational theory views education as part of a larger effort to reform American society and politics? a essentialism b existentialism c perennialism d progressivism

d

Which group tended to have the greatest access to educational opportunities in colonial America? a daughters of Pennsylvania Quakers b sons of rural southerners c children of enslaved Africans d sons of the upper class in New England

d

Which of the following did Martin Luther recognize to be an agent of reform? a the family b schools c the state d all of the above

d

Which of the following organizations has historically most closely represented teacher interests through traditional union activities such as collective bargaining and strikes? a National Board for Professional Teaching Standards b Phi Delta Kappa c National Educational Association d American Federation of Teachers

d

Which of the following pre-1800 ideas about education in America was most prominent in the educational reforms that accompanied the common school? a The most important task for public education was to ensure creation of the elite leadership that would make democratic government work. b It was essential that those who controlled education be those best educated in the affairs of education. C Public education could provide religious instruction without violating the social and democratic purposes of public schools. d Citizens at the local level should have most of the authority in the affairs of public schools.

d

Which of the following presents the greatest obstacle to teachers' gaining the kind of autonomy suggested by the National Board for Professional Teaching Standards? a Most teachers are not interested in gaining more autonomy in their work. b The teaching population in the United States is too large and too varied to govern its own professional affairs. c Teachers do not receive training in organizing and running their own professional organizations. d Because education is a public enterprise and a public responsibility, citizens and their elected officials will be slow to turn control over to teachers.

d

Which of the following statements describes developments that have occurred over the last decade in teacher education and certification? a. There is greater emphasis on methods for teaching students with disabilities and other populations. b. There is greater attention paid to developing teachers' ability to think reflectively. c. There is an increased emphasis on the use of technology in teacher training. d. All of the above.

d

Educational opportunities for women and for citizens from lower socioeconomic classes either did not exist or were very limited throughout much of the history reviewed in the chapter. Why did these limitations exist? Analyze and illustrate how limitations in schooling opportunities and curricular programs were gradually reduced over time.

In early development of the world women and lower socioeconomic classes had little to no educational opportunities. One of the reasons this limitation existed was that the female was viewed as the bearer of children so the man's lineage would continue. Women were limited due to their sole responsibility of raising the children and taking care of the home and these responsibilities did not require an education. The reasons that the limitations reduced over time were religious. They learned reading and writing, religion, singing and things like painting etc. This type of schooling began with religious purposes but not all students remained in the convents. Those that left sprouted the seed in the populace. Hildegard of Bingen was a teacher and writer of books and songs. She also wrote a medical book about symptoms and cures. She is an example of how education that began for religious reasons later bled out into the community.

Why was Dewey considered an advocate of democratic schooling?

John Dewey was considered an advocate of democratic schooling. Dewey saw schooling as an "open-ended process" both the teachers and students could examine, try, and test any and all theory's, values or beliefs. Democratic schooling meant that their was no separation of sex, race, religion or ethnicity, which Dewey advocated for. Dewey believed this type of schooling influenced people to contribute their life experiences to resolve similar issues or problems.

What role in education does Paulo Freire propose for teachers?

Paulo Freire states that teachers cannot be unaware, or unattached to the political, social, and economic problems in their student's life and in the environment that they teach in. Freire purposes that teachers develop a critical consciousness about the conditions that have a large influence and impact on the children that they teach, and the school the teacher is educating in. Paulo Freire's educational theory is called liberation pedagogy which purposes teachers need to gain critical consciousness about the situation and conditions that the students live in and are surrounded by with the goal to break them-self from the oppression taking place.

Question 16 (5 points) What are the responsibilities of local school boards? How are these responsibilities limited by the state?

1. The school board sets the foundation of basic rules covering what will be done in the school, who will do it, and how they will do it. 2. The school board is in charge of hiring all the employees in that school district. Although, some of this responsibility is shared or given to other people, such as the district's administrators. 3. School boards are responsible for all parts of employee relations and may use a superintendent to negotiate with teachers. 4. The school board is in charge of the budget and making sure the funding is spent wisely. 5. Student questions, rights, responsibilities, requirements for advancement in grades, attendance, and extracurricular activities are all under the responsibility of the school board. 6. The school board is in charge of the curriculum and assessment, especially with increasing academic achievement of students in their district. 7. Responding to parents and community members is a responsibility of the school board. 8. Making sure the federal and state requirements and mandates are met is the responsibility of the school board. These responsibilities are limited by the state in many different ways. The school districts are created by the state and the state can change the jurisdiction, boundaries, and powers of the district. The state also has the power to completely take out an entire school district. The state regulates how much tax money will go to the schools within the state. The state also determines the curriculum standards, assessment requirements, and in some states an approved textbook list. The state school code, which is a collection of laws that establish the way of operating schools and education, is a large way that local school boards are limited by the state.

Question 16 (5 points) What are the criteria for evaluating a tax? Why are these criteria so important? There are four main parts for evaluating a tax.

1. The tax should not create unintended economic distortions. It should not disrupt patterns of spending or changes to the retail locations, business, or people. 2. A tax should be equitable. The taxpayer should be financially secure enough to afford to pay the tax. The more money one obtains the higher tax they should pay. 3. The tax should be collected with ease. The ability to abide by and follow requirements should be easy and simple. 4. The tax should react and respond to the economic conditions. During an inflation the tax should increase and during a recession the tax should decrease. This criteria is so important because taxes impact every American citizen. 1. If taxes impact business then the economy will become out of balance and impact other aspects of living. 2. If taxes are not based off of income then the majority people will not be able to provide for the expense of daily living requirements. 3. If taxes are complex and difficult where they are not easily collected, then the average American will not meet the requirements at an understandably easy level. 4. If a tax does not conform to the current economic situations during times of recession people will not have the means to pay the tax and afford basic necessities for their life.

Describe the differences of the southern colonies' educational patterns compared to the New England and Mid-Atlantic colonies.

Maryland, Virginia, the Carolinas, and Georgia made up the southern colonies. The population was more spread out compared to the New-England and Mid-Atlantic colonies, which had a large impact on education. Rural families in the southern colonies had a harder time creating centrally located schools. The lucky, wealthy, white, males had the opportunity for a private tutor and in some cities children could go to a private school that was put up by the church. Slavery impacted every aspect of life in the southern colonies including education. Slaves were deprived of any form of education. Poor white citizens were given the worst land options, while wealthy plantation owners had the best land. The elite and wealthy citizens only focused on their own children's education and the other white citizens were provided with few schools and education opportunities. Massachusetts, Connecticut, and New Hampshire made up the New England Colonies and New York, New Jersey, Delaware, and Pennsylvania made up the Middle Atlantic Colonies. Education patterns were very different than those of the Southern colonies. More people were educated, had more opportunity for education and religious aspects influenced education. The majority of people could attend the Town School and the upper-class males could attend a Latin Grammar School. In the Middle Atlantic Colonies religion, ethnic, and diversity impacted education. Parochial Schools were developed for children to attend, which were influenced by religious beliefs.

Why does Chapter 2 support the need for a formal, systematic mediated entry for new teachers?

Novice teachers feel alone, worried, and sometimes experience trauma at the beginning of their career. Extra help, mentors, assistance with plans and class times, and professional development are all ways to increase the knowledge of a novice teacher. These types of assistance will and has helped new teachers want to return year after year. This, in turn, will benefit the students.

As societies changed, so did their view of the purposes of education. Consequently, what is taught and how it is taught have changed throughout history. Discuss and analyze at least three examples from the chapter of how education was shaped by society and the needs of the populace.

One example from the chapter of how education was shaped by society and the needs of the populace was when Luther pushed reading on all of the people, male and female, for religious purposes. If they could read the bible, they could follow it. Secondly, the educated became the upper elite, therefore, education was shaped by the idea that the education system must prepare the students for their destined roles of leadership. Thirdly, in Ancient Greece, the Spartan society was absolutely known for the total war mindset. Everyday life revolved around war. Children's education was solely shaped around the idea of war and the aspects of war.

Describe the four primary stages of Jean Piaget's theory of cognitive development.

Stage 1- The Sensorimotor stage- This stage of cognitive development starts when the child is born and goes to the second year of life. The surroundings that the child is exposed to is how they actively learn. In this stage children start to develop the use of their senses by using their hands, mouth, nose, and eyes. Their auditory, visual, and tactile levels begin to develop in this stage. Stage 2- The Preperational stage- This stage of development occurs form age two to seven years old. A child's intuition connects with speech and develops the ability to do operational thinking which involves ideas about space, time, and cause-and-effect relationships that occur in a future time. Children will cluster together and identify their thoughts and ideas by grouping and naming them and use symbols to identify experiences. Children use what was learned from stage one in stage two by building on and reconstructing the skills at a higher level. Stage 3- Concrete-operational period- This stage takes place from age seven to eleven. Children become more aware with subjects like math, reality and logic. Children begin to do more difficult motor task due to the recognizing characteristics like height, length, and weight. Children use what was learned from stage one and two in stage three and continue building on and reconstructing the skills at a more complex level. Stage 4- Formal-operational period- This stage of development is from eleven through early adulthood. People in this stage plan and create abstract generalizations and make sense of logical things such as, historical time, space, and multiple cause-and-effect relationships. People can build off of the developments made in the previous stages to help with things like the scientific method, difficult math and mechanical procedures.

Teacher testing is an oft-debated practice and a controversial topic. What are the primary reasons for supporting, and the primary reasons for opposing, the use of standardized tests for teachers?

Teacher testing is an often debated practice and controversial topic. The primary reasons for supporting the use of standardized test for teachers are, when you test current and future teachers who pass the test you are insuring that the future generations are being taught by responsible, certified, equipped, and educated teachers. Testing teachers also is a way to provide public confidence in teachers. Testing teachers is necessary because you do not want people who are not educated teaching education to the future of America. The primary reasons for opposing the use of standardized test for teachers is, that not all people do well on pencil and paper test. Many argue that the test is bias against minorities, and that the test scores do not correlate with how well teachers actually teach on the job and the impact they make.

What are the characteristics of the common school? How did it differ from the academy?

The characteristics of a common school include people from all social and economic classes. After the end of slavery African Americans were eventually accepted into education integration. There were still some religious things done in school like scripture reading or prayer. The common school had a curriculum that involved reading, writing, math, history, geography, art , and music. Some parts of the school work was done by grouping children by age but most is done individually by reciting assignments. Common schools varied state to state and set a foundation to what we consider the public school. The Academy was a type of private school founded by Benjamin Franklin. Classes were taught to be used for practical life. Math was taught so students would know how to do bookkeeping, history was taught to learn morals, and a second language like Spanish for a commercial career. The Academy focused on skills that were useful in everyday life that traditional schools did not teach some of these include, printing, shipbuilding, carpentry, and farming.

What is the goal of education in the essentialist theory, and how can schools accomplish this goal, according to an essentialist?

The goal of education in the essentialist theory is to develop basic and necessary skills that will equip students for the challenging reality of the world. Schools accomplish this goal by using educators that follow four basic guidelines. Educators should keep the curriculum structured. Patriotism, manners, respect for authority, work ethic, and timeliness should be taught by the educators, as well. Educators should keep the classroom and environment of learning orderly and organized. Students will advance based upon their academic achievement.

Question 17 (5 points) What role does the state legislature play in public education?

The legislature is mostly responsible for establishing and keeping up the public schools. The legislature also has a wide range of power to enact laws that relate to education in that state. Important financial business about state level taxes and the power that local school districts have on taxing is usually decided on by the legislature. The legislature decides what can and cannot be taught, the amount of education required, and the time-frame of how long a school day and year will last. Construction standards, testing protocol, and school programs can also fall under the role of the state legislature.

What are the major educational principles of the perennialist theory?

The perennialist theory has many educational principals. The foundation of this theory is based upon rationality, permanence, and truth, specifically truths from the past that have stood the test of time. For example, Homer's Iliad and the Odyssey is a story that students would read because the theory is based on the great intellectual minds of the past. Truth is passed down from generation to generation, thus educating students on repetitive ideas and actions of human nature. Individuality is another principal the perennialist theory emphasizes. Individuality in freedom, thinking, reasoning, human rights and individual initiative are all aspects of reality that is essential to the theory.

Identify and describe aspects of the job environment that lead to teacher dissatisfaction during the beginning of a teaching career.

There are many aspects of the job environment that lead to teacher dissatisfaction during the beginning of a teaching career. One factor is the amount of time teachers have to plan lessons, attend meetings, assist school functions and maintain a life outside of work. Another reason teachers are lead to job dissatisfaction is unhelpful administration and faculty, poor salaries, lack of equipment and poor facilities. Teachers are also put under a lot of stress which causes dissatisfaction with their career. Teachers are relied heavily upon for many task and for the future of children. They are expected to get test scores raised and requirements met for that school.