Mid-Term Review Period 4: From The Jefferson Era to the Era of Good Feelings to the Age of Jackson (Including Review Questions)

Thomas Jefferson

Believed people should have political power, favored strong STATE governments, emphasized agriculture, strict interpretation of the Constitution, pro-French, opposed National Bank

Over-cultivation

Exhausting the soil by over-cropping the land.

Adams' Financing of the Navy

President Adams is sometimes called the "Father of the Navy" because it strengthened considerably under his leadership as it was evident that America was too weak to prevent foreign bullying. He was also responsible for strengthening the Army. Those itching for War, the War Hawks, hoped it meant war was imminent.

John Adams' Neutrality

This President wanted Quasi-War rather than all out War with France. He continued President Washington's policy of neutrality, staying out of British Conflicts. The Quasi-War was an undeclared War fought mostly at sea between the U.S. and the ranch. In the U.S. the conflict was also called the Undeclared War with France, the Pirate Wars, or the Half Wars.

semi-subsistence agriculture

farming that focuses on producing enough for just the farming family rather than farming for profit

Democratic beliefs

federal gov. should be more directly involved in American lives, like the economy, income, housing, education, and jobs for the poor

voluntary organizations

formal organizations that draw together people who give time, talent, or treasure to support mutual interests, meet important human needs, or achieve a not-for-profit goal

Alexander Hamilton's Financial Plan

raise money through taxes, create a national bank, and promote protective tariffs

Ohio and Mississippi Rivers

settlers in the Ohio Valley need to ship their goods to mark used what because the travel by road was difficult

laboring poor

term to describe those who held jobs, but earned little more than subsistence wages

Blue Light Federalists

term used by people who believed that certain federalists signaled the british when americans were coming

Louisiana Purchase

territory in western United States purchased from France in 1803 for $15 million

Lowell System

Dormitories for young women where they were cared for, fed, and sheltered in return for cheap labor, mill towns, homes for workers to live in around the mills

Samuel Slater

Father of the Factory System on American, he memorized he plans for the British textile machinery and made the first American machinery for spinning cotton thread with the backing of Moses Brown, a capitalist in Rhode Island.

Brigham Young

United States religious leader of the Mormon Church after the assassination of Joseph Smith. He led the Mormons from persecution into Utah. Significance: The Mormons suffered discrimination because of backlash to polygamy. It led to the Mormons leaving to Utah, and underscores one of a number of groups that traveled West to escape religious persecution.

Missouri Compromise

"Compromise of 1820" over the issue of slavery in Missouri. It was decided Missouri entered as a slave state and Maine entered as a free state and all states North of the 36th parallel were free states and all South were slave states.

Missouri Compromise

"Compromise of 1820" over the issue of slavery in Missouri. It was decided Missouri entered as a slave state and Maine entered as a free state and all states North of the 36th parallel were free states and all South were slave states. Significance: The Compromise brings conflict over slavery back to life as competition for political power rev's up.

Virginia Dynasty

"dynasty" comprised of the four of the first five presidents (Washington, Jefferson, Madison, Monroe), all of whom Virginian plantation owners

Cherokee Nation v. Georgia

(1831) The Cherokees argued that they were a seperate nation and therefore not under Georgia's jurisdiction. Marshall said they were not, but rather had "special status" Significance: Despite the Supreme Court support for Cherokee rights, the executive branch led by Andrew Jackson ignored it and removed Indians anyhow. This is another reason why Andrew Jackson is criticized for being an imperial President.

Rush-Bagot Agreement

1817 agreement that limited American and British naval forces on the Great Lakes

Northern Manufacturing

- drove a significant increase in prosperity and standards of living for some - led to the emergence of a larger middle class and a small but wealthy business elite but also to a large and growing population of laboring poor - helped the Northern economy and the industrial effects would help in the future

Southern cotton

- grew due to Eli Whitney's cotton gin - South was eventually nicknamed "King Cotton"

Barbary Pirates and Jefferson

- pirates blackmailed Jefferson for money - Jefferson dispatched a navy to the "Shores of Tripoli" - Jefferson succeeded in gaining a peace treaty - US had to pay some money in ransom - showed that US would fight for its beliefs

Frontier Settlers

-frontier settlers faced extreme hardships: droughts, floods, fires, blizzards, locust plagues

American Indian Resistance

1. Indian Wars. Resistance toward settlement in Oklahoma or elsewhere. 2. Ghost Dance Movement. The Plains tribes were attracted to a religious movement known as the Ghost Dance, which promised to restore the bison herds and protect Native Americans from the bullets of U.S. soldiers and settlers.

Three Parts of the American System

1. Strong Banking System which would provide easy and abundant credit. 2. A protective Tariff behind which manufacturing would flourish. 3. A network of roads and canals to improve transportation of foodstuffs and raw materials.

Public and Private Spheres

1. Young single women would now work in factories under the Lowell System. 2. Married women would have the sphere of the home where they are responsible for moral raising of the children.

gender and family roles as a result of Market Revolution1

1. Young single women would now work in factories under the Lowell System. 2. Married women would have the sphere of the home where they are responsible for moral raising of the children.

Chesapeake-Leopard Affair

1807 - The American ship Chesapeake refused to allow the British on the Leopard to board to look for deserters. In response, the Leopard fired on the Chesapeake. As a result of the incident, the U.S. expelled all British ships from its waters until Britain issued an apology. They surrendered the colony to the English on Sept. 8, 1664. Jefferson responded to this with diplomatic talks, but many Americans wished to declare War against Great Britain.

Macon's Bill No. 2

1810 - Forbade trade with Britain and France, but offered to resume trade with whichever nation lifted its neutral trading restrictions first. France quickly changed its policies against neutral vessels, so the U.S. resumed trade with France, but not Britain.

Webster-Ashburton Treaty

1842 treaty resolving several border issues between the U.S. and Britain. It resolved the Aroostook War, a nonviolent dispute over the location of the Maine-New Brunswick border. It established the border between Lake Superior and the Lake of the Woods, originally defined in the Treaty of Paris.

Lydia Maria Child

19th c., an American abolitionist, women's rights activist, opponent of American expansionism, Indian rights activist, novelist, and journalist. Her works reached wide audiences from the 1820s to the 1850s. She at times shocked her audience, as she tried to take on issues of male dominance and white supremacy in some of her stories.

Marbury v. Madison

A Federalist Judge, William Marbury, filed suit against the Democratic - Republican James Madison for shelving his commission as a Judge. The case determined that the Supreme Court had the last word on the question of constitutionality, thus establishing the power of judicial review.

Lucretia Mott

A Quaker who attended an anti-slavery convention in 1840 and her party of women was not recognized. She and Stanton called the first women's right convention in New York in 1848. Significance: She was one of the organizers of the growing women's movement, which was triggered and motivated by the Second Great Awakening.

Battle of New Orleans

A battle during the War of 1812 where the British army attempted to take New Orleans. Due to the foolish frontal attack, Jackson defeated them, which gave him an enormous popularity boost.

Rationalism

A belief or theory that opinions and actions should be based on reason and knowledge rather than on religious belief or emotional response

telegraph

A device for rapid, long-distance transmission of information over an electric wire. It was introduced in England and North America in the 1830s and 1840s.

Boston Associates

A group of Boston families who formed one of the most powerful joint venture groups. It was one of the earliest investment companies. They managed to control Massachusetts' textile, railroad, insurance, and banking industries. This group had a top factory in Lowell. The Lowell System included women workers who worked on site.

Steam Engine (James Watt)

A machine that turns the energy released by burning fuel into motion. Thomas Newcomen built the first crude but workable steam engine in 1712. James Watt vastly improved his device in the 1760s and 1770s. Steam power was then applied to machinery.

Appalachians

A mountain range in the eastern United States extending from Quebec to the Gulf of Mexico

Entrepreneur

A person who organizes, manages, and takes on the risks of a business.

Henry Clay

A northern American politician. He developed the American System as well as negotiated numerous compromises.

Denmark Vessey

A rebellion planned by a free black who hoped to seize Charleston and its harbor, board ships and sail to Santo Domingo. Betrayed by a "loyal" slave. 35 executed, 34 deported

Dorothea Dix

A reformer and pioneer in the movement to treat the insane as mentally ill, beginning in the 1820's, she was responsible for improving conditions in jails, poorhouses and insane asylums throughout the U.S. and Canada. She succeeded in persuading many states to assume responsibility for the care of the mentally ill. She served as the Superintendant of Nurses for the Union Army during the Civil War. Significance: This shows the type of societal reform that was triggered during the Second Great Awakening.

national identity

A sense of belonging to a nation and a belief in its political aspirations

Second Great Awakening

A series of religious revivals starting in 1801, based on Methodism and Baptism. Stressed a religious philosophy of salvation through good deeds and tolerance for all Protestant sects. The revivals attracted women, African Americans, and Native Americans.

middle class

A social class made up of skilled workers, professionals, business people, and wealthy farmers

Non-Intercourse Act

Act that replaced the Embargo Act, reopening trade with all nations of the world except Britain and France. It was like merchants were no longer being grounded, bu they were still not being allowed to go to the party they really wanted to attend. Still trying to prevent entangling alliances and war.

Oliver Wendell Holmes

Along with John Marshall, he is often considered considered one of the greatest justices in Supreme Court history. His opinions and famous dissents in favor of individual liberties are still frequently quoted today. He argued that current necessity rather than precedent should determine the rules by which people are governed; that experience, not logic, should be the basis of law.

Robert Livingston

Ambassador to France who negotiated a treaty with Napoleon for the Louisiana Purchase for $15 million. There was no basis in the Constitution for this purpose, yet public opinion allowed for it to be passed.

Fort McHenry

American fort which withstood a British assault during the War of 1812, inspiring Francis Scott Key to write the Star-Spangled banner

Noah Webster

American writer who wrote textbooks to help the advancement of education. He also wrote a dictionary which helped standardize the American language. Significance: Textbooks increased standardization of education which brought Americans together through common stories, binding together a sense of identity..

New National Culture

Americans creating art, architecture, and lit that combined Euro. forms with local and regional cultural sensibilities

Judiciary Act of 1801.

An Act passed in the final days of John Adams' term which created sixteen new federal judgeships and other offices for federalist. John Adams stayed up late on his day in office to sign these "midnight judges." This was a last attempt by the Federalists to keep their place in office, as the new Jeffersonians were taking over the next day.

Baldwin Locomotive Works

An American builder of railroad (railway) locomotives. It was located in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, originally, and later in nearby Eddystone, Pennsylvania. Although the company was very successful as the largest producer of steam locomotives, its transition to the production of diesels was far less so. It founder, Mathais W. Baldwin, began with a humble machine shop.

Cyrus McCorkmick

An inventor from Virginia who build a mechanical mower-reaper in the 1830's. It was horse drawn and could do the work of five men with sickles and scythes with only one man leading the machine. Western farmers anting profit went into more debt by buying more land and these machines.

American Temperance Society

An organization group in which reformers are trying to help the ever present drink problem. This group was formed in Boston in 1826, and it was the first well-organized group created to deal with the problems drunkards had on societies well being, and the possible well-being of the individuals that are heavily influenced by alcohol. Significance: This is the type of societal reform that was triggered during the Second Great Awakening.

Temperance Movement

An organized campaign to eliminate alcohol consumption

Jackson's 1817 Military Campaign

Andrew Jack disregarded some of Monroe's orders when American was dealing with Indian threats in a weakened Florida. The campaign resulted in the destruction of many Seminole villages and execution of Seminole chiefs. the Spanish were pushed back and two British traders were handed. these actions threatened war with Britain and angered many in Congress. John Quincy Adams convinced Monroe not to charge Jackson as it would disturb the nation.

Circumstances Leading to Tariff of Abominations

Andrew Jackson's followers tried to cause problems for Adams' who was encouraging furtherance of the Henry Clay "American System." So, they pushed a high tariff bill that they assumed would be defeated, but when it passed, the South became infuriated, which contributed to the later Nullification Crisis. The South could not afford the new high tariff for manufactured goods and spearheaded by South Carolina, they loudly protested the new tarriff. Not only did the Tariff of Abominations weaken the Southern economy, but it helps the Northern manufacturers. This could the rift between the North and South to grow.

Whigs

Anti-Jackson political party that generally stood for national community and an activist government

Romantic Beliefs

Artistic, literary, and intellectual movement, peak 1800-1850, partly a reaction to the Industrial Revolution, included authors like Irving and Poe

Unitarianism

Believed the God existed in only one person and not in the orthodox trinity (God the Father, God the Son, and God the Holy Spirit). They denied the divinity of Jesys, but stressed the essential goodness of human nature rather than its vileness. They proclaimed their belief in free will and the possibility of salvation via good work. Signficance: More and more Americans were speaking out and being bold about beliefs and ideas that conflicted with the traditional, Protestant majority. New Churches like this one redefined "church" which caused conflict and led to more revival efforts to bring people back to true Christianity.

utopian movement (Brook Farm, Oneida, Shakers)

Bolstered by the romantic spirit of the age (a state in which everything is perfect), various reformers, ranging from the high-minded to the "lunatic fringe," set up more than forty communities of cooperative, communistic, or "communitarian" nature. Brook Farm in Massachusetts, comprising two hundred acres of grudging soil, was started in 1841 with the brotherly and sisterly cooperation of about twenty intellectuals committed to the philosophy of transcendentalism. They prospered reasonably well until 1846, when they lost by fire a large new communal building shortly before its completion. - -A more radical experiment was the Oneida Community, founded in New York in 1848. It practiced free love ("complex marriage"), birth control (through "male continence"), and the eugenic selection of parents to produce superior offspring. This curious enterprise flourished for more than thirty years, largely because its artisans made superior steel traps and Oneida Community (silver) Plate. Among the largest-lived sects were the Shakers. Led by Mother Ann Lee, they began in the 1770s to set up the first of a score or so of religious communities. They attained a membership of about six thousand in 1840, but since their monastic customs prohibited both marriage and sexual relations, they were virtually extinct by 1940.

American Indian Removal

By 1850, most American Indians were living west of the Mississippi River. This was the result of a massive relocation of Indians caused either by treaties or forced marches (Trail of Tears).

The Panic of 1819

Caused by the first cyclical movement of the U.S. economy and a failure of the banking system, this panic in 1819 brought inflation, bank failures, unemployment, and overcrowded prisons known as debtor's prisons.

Sequoyah

Cherokee Indian who created an alphabet and writing system that allowed for the writing of legal code and a consititution. It mimicked the American government by dividing it into three branches. This helped the Cherokess become one of the Five Civilized Tribes (Cherokees, Creeks, Choctaw, Chicasaws, and Seminoles).

Five Civilized Tribes

Cherokees, Choctaws, Creeks, Chickasaws, and Seminoles; "civilized" due to their intermarriage with whites, forced out of their homelands by expansion. Significant: They had governments that included executive legislative and judicial branches; they had a written language, private property, schools and effective farms and plantation. These made these changes in order to make themselves look more civilized in the eyes of the Americans so there was less chance of another forced removal.

Anthracite Coal Mining

Coal mines in Pennsylvania produced anthracite, which became the most popular fuel for heating homes in the northern United States until the 1950s when it was replaced by oil and gas burning heating systems. Some labor needed for increased mining was provided by Irish immigrants. Poor conditions led to the Molly Maguires, a labor union made up of Irish coal workers in Pennsylvania. they were helped and funded by a feudal anti-landlord society in Ireland, the secretive Ancient Order of the Hibernians.

War Hawks

Congressmen in 1811 who had become driven to declare war on Great Britain. They have given up on the failed embargo strategies and had tired of economic recession that resulted from it. On top of this, they resented the continued British presence in the Ohio Valley where they encouraged Indian Rebellion as well as resented ongoing impressment. Although France also impressed Americans, Britain did it more. The War Hawks succeeded in 1812 by convincing President Madison to formally request a Declaration of War from Congress.

Nullification Crisis

Crisis began in 1828 with the Tariff of 1829 (Tariff of Abominations). South Carolina, led by John C. Calhoun and Robert Hayne) protested in its South Carolina Exposition and Protst which presented an argument for nullification. After threatening to secede over the issue, President Jackson responded with the Force Act, threatening to send in federal troops. After a Compromise Tarriff was hammered out, largely due to the efforts of Henry Clay, South Carolina finally baked down. This took 5 years.

Treaty of Ghent

December 24, 1814 - Ended the War of 1812 and restored the status quo. For the most part, territory captured in the war was returned to the original owner. It also set up a commission to determine the disputed Canada/U.S. border.

Lyceum Movement

Developed in the 1800's in response to growing interest in higher education. Associations were formed in nearly every state to give lectures, concerts, debates, scientific demonstrations, and entertainment. This movement was directly responsible for the increase in the number of institutions of higher learning. Significance: Increased access to education led to increased literacy rates. Also, the ability to learn in a shared basis binds Americans together in a common identity.

Emma Willard

Early supporter of women's education, in 1818. She published Plan for Improving Education, which became the basis for public education of women in New York. 1821, she opened her own girls' school, the Troy Female Seminary, designed to prepare women for college. Significance: More educational opportunities would help to strengthen the women's movement and efforts to challenge male-dominated society.

American System

Economic program advanced by Henry Clay that included support for a national bank, high tariffs, and internal improvements; emphasized strong role for federal government in the economy.

Orders in Council

Edicts issue by the London (British Privy Council) and forbade french trade with the United Kingdom, her allies or neutrals, and instructed the Royal Navy to block French and Allied Ports. In retaliation Napoleon decreed that any vessels that submitted to searches by the Royal Navy on the high seas were to be considered lawful prizes if captured by the French, and he also authorized French warship and privateers to capture neutral ships sailing from any British port or any country that was occupied by British forces.

Enslaved Blacks and Free African Americans

Enslaved blacks and free African Americans created communities and strategies to protect their dignity and family structures, and they joined political efforts aimed at changing their status.

Participatory democracy refers to increased suffrage (more people able to vote thanks to state laws changing in this era) and increased participations in the political process including campaigning and associating with a party. Modern democracy grew during Jackson's terms thanks to party patronage (spoils system) which challenged long term elite government leaders and legal changes at the state level such as electing judges rather than appointing them. This system developed due to a reaction to the corrupt bargain in 1823, as well as westward expansion and a shift of power away from the more established state and leaders (educated elites). The Jackson Era was the first era when all the founders had passed away and a new American identity was emerging. Democratic ideals include the rights and characteristics of what it means to be a citizen living in a democracy. In the Jackson era, these ideals are expanding to include all white men, rather than only propertied and a de-emphasizing of higher education.

Explain how and why modern democracy with increased participatory democracy, developed during the early 19th century.

Transcendentalism and Conservation: Transcendentalism is a movement that the answers may not be found through the senses alone but pervades all nature and humanity. Conservation movement proposes to preserve tracts of natural habitat and open spaces for parks. Second Great Awakening and Abolition: Second Great Awakening is a religious revival movement in the early 19th Century that was a reaction to the rise of deism. As part of Second Great Awakening, various preachers, Charles Grandson Finney and others, preached against the evils of slavery.

Explain how and why the Second Great Awakening, democratic ideals, liberal social ideas, individualistic beliefs, rationalism, and romanticism impacted or inspired social activism and American society in genera. Link each belief system to a specific example of social activism.

The American System consisted of: 1. Support for a high tariff to protect American industries and generate revenue for the federal government 2. Maintenance of high public land prices to generate federal revenue 3. Preservation of the Bank of the United States to stabilize the currency and rein in risky state and local banks 4. Development of a system of internal improvements (such as roads and canals) which would knit the nation together and be financed by the tariff and land sales. Anti-American System Arguments: The Democrats argued that the American System was unconstitutional because there was no provision in the U.S. Constitution for a National Bank. Pro-American System Arguments: The Whigs, led by Henry Clay, called for an American System and argued it to be constitutional based on what is necessary and proper in the Constitution.

Explain how different beliefs about the federal governments role in the U.S. social and economic life have affected political debates and politics. Consider the development of the American System when developing your response.

1. Culturally, it led to wage labor and an increase in the use of women and children working outside the home. 2. Improved transportation increased the United States' potential to expand its borders westward. While much of the basis for westward expansion was economic, there was also another reason, which was bound up in the American belief that the country, and the American Indian who populated it, were destined to come under the civilizing rule of Euro-American settlers and their superior technology, most notably railroads and the telegraph. Thus it impacted the American Native American Indians severely.

Explain how economic transformation during the Market Revolution in the early 19th century impacted sectionalism culturally.

*The Market Revolution was characterized by a shift away from local or regional markets to national markets. *The agricultural explosion in the South and West and the textile boom in the North strengthened the economy in complementary ways. *Eli Whitney 's cotton gin and pioneering work with metal mechanical parts contributed greatly to industrialization. *Large-scale domestic manufacturing, concentrated in the North, decreased dependence on foreign imports and resulted in an increase in wage labor. *The power of the federal government grew under Henry Clay 's American System, which led to many improvements in the form of expanded roadways and canal systems. *The rapid development and westward expansion during the Market Revolution resulted in land speculation which caused economic boom and bust. *However some of the Market Revolution worked at cross purposes because the South developed a largely agrarian economy dependent on King Cotton and the North depended on manufacturing interests.

Explain how economic transformation during the Market Revolution in the early 19th century impacted sectionalism economically.

South Agrarian economy was driven by King Cotton North Industrialized economies were driven by textiles mills and other manufacturing. West The large economies in the West were minerals (such as Gold in California and Colorado) and agriculture (in the Great Plains and elsewhere).

Explain how geographic and environmental factors shaped interaction between regions?

1. Interpretations of the Constitution and the National Bank. Alexander Hamilton and the Federalists had exposed a strong Federal Government, and the Federalist Party continued to advocate a strong national bank. The American System, advocated by Henry Clay, called for a strong central bank. However, nothing in the Constitution authorized the creation of a nation bank, and loose construction of the Constitution was urged in order to support the Bank. Opponents pointed to the fact that no clause expressly supported the creation of the Bank. 2. Debates over American values. The idea of freedom and liberty was at issue in debates over abolition of slavery and the unfair treatment of women were brought to the forefront. Strict constructionists would argue that there is nothing in the Constitution in the Antebellum period that would prohibit slavery.

Explain how interpretations of the Constitution and debates over rights, liberties and definitions of citizenship affected American values, politics, and society from 1800-1848. Consider actions that were made in the name of strict or loose constructionism, protect individual liberties, and what it mean to be a citizen (including naturalization laws).

1. New transportation systems and technologies dramatically expanded manufacturing and agricultural production. Entrepreneurs helped to create a market revolution in production and commerce, in which market relationships between producers and consumers came to prevail as the manufacture of goods became more organized. (i.e. Industrial Revolution) 2. New patterns of private enterprise developed as the corporation permitted the investment of money without associated liability and permitted investors to pool together money to support a business. 3. New markets changed including by increasing Southern cotton production and the related growth of Northern manufacturing, banking, and shipping industries promoted the development of national and international commercial ties. Southern business leaders continued to rely on the production and export of traditional agricultural staples, contributing to the growth of a distinctive Southern regional identity.

Explain how patterns of exchange, markets, and private enterprise developed from the Early Republic to the Civil War Era?

The telegraph was invented by Samuel Morse He got $30,000 to fund his new experiment. The telegram changed the communication systems of the time, and helped spread news and information much fast, connecting the growing U.S.. Northern states had more lines, just as they had more railroads, canals and roads. Steamboats (invented by Robert Fulton) made river navigation both ways manageable. Steam engines made railroad travel possible. Railroad construction began in the U.S. in 1825. By 1860, more than thirty thousand miles of track had been laid. Originally concentrated in the Northeast, by the eve of the Civil War lines reached as far west as St. Joseph, Missouri. In the South, railroad building lagged just as much as canal building. Completed in 1825, the Erie Canal was an instant success as it connected the North to the West and to New Orleans, increasing trade and interconnections. The 395-mile Pennsylvania canal required 174 locks, more than double the number on the Erie Canal - and a funicular railway to get cargo over the Allegheny Mountains. They also built the Lancaster Turnpike that started in Philadelphia, spurred similar private toll roads. Around the same time, the Wilderness Road into Kentucky was opened to wagon, traffic, and girded in the settlement of the lower Ohio valley. the National Road was financed and maintained via congressional appropriations. The federal funding of the National Road was an exception rather than the norm. Eli Whitney's system of interchangeable parts to make weapons during the War of 1812 led to more businesses using the system to improve production, repairs, and costs. Instead of having a machine that would be ruined if one part of it broke, interchangeable parts guaranteed that devices could be identically reassembled because each part would be standardized. In 1850, the idea of interchangeable parts by Eli Whitney trigged mass production and the assembly line. Entrepreneurs and business leaders were willing to take a risk and this spurred innovation and economic growth, particularly in the North. Although this was an era with increased nationalism, it was increasingly becoming an era of regional identities.

Explain how technologies impacted each region: North, West, South. Cite Specific examples of new technologies in your response.

The Louisiana Purchase nearly doubled the size of the United States. All or parts of 15 Western states would eventually be carved from its nearly 830,000 square miles, which stretched from the Gulf of Mexico to Canada, and from the Mississippi River to the Rocky Mountains. It affected internal migration because: 1. Availability of new open land to settle on, subject to Native American claims. 2. Availability of new mineral resources, triggering push westward. 3. Opened up a new space to conquer, Manifest Destiny.

Explain how the Louisiana Purchase impacted internal migration patterns.

1. Social Reform Groups. Reformed eduction (Horace Mann), prisons and mental institutions (Dorothea Dix), and other aspects of life. 2. Utopian communities sought an ideal existence (New Harmony, Oneida community). 3. Women's Movement: Seneca Falls Convention met to pass Declaration of Sentiments. 4. Abolitionist Movement. Inspired William Garrison (The Liberator) and Frederick Douglass.

Explain how voluntary and popular movements, reform efforts and activist groups sought to change American society and institutions in the Antebellum Era.

Chief Justice John Marshall

Federalist who ws on the Supreme Court by John Adams. He decided Marbury v. Madison.

Know Nothing Party

Formed in 1849 by Nativists, the Know Nothings believed that immigration was bad for America and fought for it.

American Colonization Society

Founded in 1817 with the purpose of sending blacks back to Africa as part of the abolitionist movement. In 1822, the Republic of Liberia was created in Africa for liberated slaves. Around 15,000 slaves were moved there over the following 40 years. By 1860, almost all southern slaves were no longer African, but African Americans, but the idea, still appealed to many anti-slavery advocates.

Thomas Cole

Founder of the Hudson River school, famous for his landscape paintings Significance: American Identity and Culture: Nationalism post War of 1812 included the first truly American art with images like Cole's landscapes which celebrated America, giving rise to common identity.

Tripolitan War

Four-year conflict between the American Navy and the North-African nation of Tripoli over piracy in the Mediterranean. Jefferson, a staunch noninterventionist, reluctantly deployed American forces, eventually securing a peace treaty with Tripoli.

Turner Thesis

Frederick Jackson Turner saw the western frontier as a source of democratic virtue and hailed Jackson as a hero from the Wet who protected the people against the progressive thinkers of the ay. In his essay, "The Significance of the Frontier in American History," he argued that the survival of democracy was due to the rise of the west and not the conservative, aristocratic east.

John J. Audobon

French-descended naturalist who painted wild birds in their natural habitat, and his magnificently illustrated /Birds of America/ attained much popularity. A society for the protection of birds was named after him, though as a young man he shot birds for sport. He is like Lewis and Clark, who explored the Louisiana Territory and told the world about it, and is today remembered for it.

Land Act of 1820

Fueled the settlement of the Northwest and Missouri territories by lowering the price of public land. Also prohibited the purchase of federal acreage on credit, thereby eliminating one of the causes of the Panic of 1819. Significance: More western lands were made available to "common men" since land prices lowered. Rich men hoped to get even richer buying land and 'speculating' on its future value. The issue of cheap land divided people politically and regionally. Southerners were against it, and Northerners were for it.

Slave Rebellions

Gabriel Prosser (1800), Denmark Vesey (1822), & Nat Turner (1831); all struck fear into the hearts of slave-owners and led to new, more restrictive laws against African Americans

William Henry Harrison

General, and later President, who led US forces in the Battle of Tippecanoe in the Ohio Valley in which he opened up more Native American lands to White Settlement.

Shipping industries

Generally the steamships that traveled on the canals, as well as railroad transportation.

Frederick Douglass

He was an abolitionist born a slave in Maryland, and shaped to the North and became the most prominent of the black Abolitionists. He was gifted as a drafter, writer, and editor, and he continued to battle for civil rights of African Americans after emancipation. Later, he served as the U.S. Minister to Haiti.

Enslaved blacks and free African Americans created communities and strategies to protect their dignity and family structures, and they joined political efforts aimed at changing their status. **Formation of churches. ** Participation in Baptist and other religious activities.

How did Free African Americans and enslaved Blacks respond to the changes occurring in the new national culture and attempts to better meet the ideals of the republic?

Designating slave/non-slave read was a growing trend since the brith of the U.S. when several states outlawed slavery in their state constitutions and one, like Pennsylvania, employed gradual emancipation. Eventually, by the Missouri Compromise, the country had been divided and defined as slave or free. After this expansion of slavery into new territory, anti-slavery efforts increased and further divided the North and South. This issue was a cause of sectionalism.

How did anti-slavery efforts in the North impact the relationship between the North and South?

Northern Textile Mills benefited from trading with Southern Cotton Producers. Southern planatations were increasingly dependent on cotton crops, which depended on slave labor for their livelihood.

How did both North and South benefit from slavery?

In the plains states, the problems of water created an epic disaster. *After 1887, a series of dry seasons began, and lands that had been fertile now returned to semidesert. *Some farmers dealt with the problem by using deep wells pumped by steel windmills, by turning to what was called dryland farming (a system of tillage designed to conserve moisture in the soil by covering it with a dust blanket), or by planting drought-resistant crops. *In many areas of the plains, however, only large-scale irrigation could save the endangered farms. But irrigation projects of the necessary magnitude required government assistance, and neither the state nor federal governments were prepared to fund the projects.

How did competition for and debates over natural resources affect the development of government policies in the early 19th Century?

Economic Change Impact Southern Identity Slaves: Nearly 4 million persons throughout the South. Plantar Class/Slaveholders/Southern Elite: Although the planter class, those individuals who owned twenty or more slaves to work plantations of about a thousand acres, was extremely small, it comprised the southern elite. The wealthy southern planters formed an elite master class that wielded most of the economic and political power of the region. They created their own standards of gentility and honor, defining ideals of southern white manhood and womanhood and shaping the culture of the South. To defend the system of forced labor on which their economic survival and genteel lifestyles depended, elite southerners developed several proslavery arguments that they levied at those who would see the institution dismantled Yeoman Farmers: The largest single group of southern whites were family farmers, the " yeoman". Impact of Economic Changes: As cotton production increased, new wealth flowed to the cotton planters. These planters became the staunchest defenders of slavery, and as their wealth grew, they gained considerable political power. Wealthy plantation owners came close to forming an American ruling class in the years before the Civil War. They helped shape foreign and domestic policy with one goal in view: to expand the power and reach of the cotton kingdom of the South. Socially, they cultivated a refined manner and believed whites, especially members of their class, should not perform manual labor. Rather, they created an identity for themselves based on a world of leisure in which horse racing and entertainment mattered greatly, and where the enslavement of others was the bedrock of civilization. Role of Government in Defending Slavery Southern white yeoman farmers generally did not support an active federal government. They were suspicious of the state bank and supported President Jackson's dismantling of the Second Bank of the United States. They also did not support taxes to create internal improvements such as canals and railroads; to them, government involvement in the economic life of the nation disrupted what they perceived as the natural workings of the economy. They also feared a strong national government might tamper with slavery. Example: Nullification Crisis John C. Calhoun, fighting against the Tariff of Abominations, argued that states could nullify federal laws. This belief illustrated the importance of the states' rights argument to the southern states. It also showed slaveholders' willingness to unite against the federal government when they believed it acted unjustly against their interests.

How did economic change impact southern identity and Southern views on the role of government in defending slavery.

1. Labor Systems. Predominantly slave labor. 2. Social Classes. Slaves: Nearly 4 million persons throughout the South. Plantar Class/Slaveholders/Southern Elite: Although the planter class, those individuals who owned twenty or more slaves to work plantations of about a thousand acres, was extremely small, it comprised the southern elite. The wealthy southern planters formed an elite master class that wielded most of the economic and political power of the region. They created their own standards of gentility and honor, defining ideals of southern white manhood and womanhood and shaping the culture of the South. To defend the system of forced labor on which their economic survival and genteel lifestyles depended, elite southerners developed several proslavery arguments that they levied at those who would see the institution dismantled Yeoman Farmers: The largest single group of southern whites were family farmers, the " yeoman". 3. Way of Life. Slavery: Inhuman long hours of work almost every day. Yeoman: Barely subsisting on what is made.

How did labor systems, social classes and way of life develop differently in the South in the Antebellum Era?

1. Labor Systems. Predominantly slave labor. Social Classes. Slaves: Nearly 4 million persons throughout the South. Plantar Class/Slaveholders/Southern Elite: Although the planter class, those individuals who owned twenty or more slaves to work plantations of about a thousand acres, was extremely small, it comprised the southern elite. The wealthy southern planters formed an elite master class that wielded most of the economic and political power of the region. They created their own standards of gentility and honor, defining ideals of southern white manhood and womanhood and shaping the culture of the South. To defend the system of forced labor on which their economic survival and genteel lifestyles depended, elite southerners developed several proslavery arguments that they levied at those who would see the institution dismantled Yeoman Farmers: The largest single group of southern whites were family farmers, the " yeoman".

How did labor systems, social classes and way of life develop differently in the South?

German Migration: German immigrants tended to settle in the Mid-West and establish farm communities. Chinese Immigrants: Tended to settle in California and assist in the California Gold Rush. Irish Immigration: Tend to settle in Northeastern Industrialized cities, such as Boston and New York City.

How did migration patterns affect American life? Consider culture, identity and conflict when developing your response?

1. Created typical family units, although parents could not legally marry in the slave states, they acted as husband and wife in those states. However, the families were often separated, and there was no requirement for a slaveholder to keep them together. 2. Made religious and family stories important to bond together families who are separated. Often children at separated at the places.

How did slavery impact African Americans way of life and identity during the early 19th century.

1. American System: Economic program advanced by Henry Clay that included support for a national bank, high tariffs, and internal improvements; emphasized strong role for federal government in the economy. 2. Tariff of Abominations. Intended to protect Northern Manufacturing Interests, and created conflict with Southern agrarian interests. 3. Creation of National Bank. The Congress authorized the renewal of the Second Bank of the United States, President vetoed it, and proceeded to use executive action to drain the money out of the Second Bank of the United States.

How did the Federal Government respond to the changing economy. Consider foreign relations and Acts of Congress and the President. Cite at least one specific example in your answer.

1. Labor Systems. Prior to this period, textile production was traditionally performed at home; however, at the beginning of the nineteenth century, the work was mechanized and increasingly done on an industrial scale. Lowell, a Massachusetts merchant, memorized the design of textile machines, and on his return to the United States, he established the Boston Manufacturing Company. In the "Waltham-Lowell System," for the first time, both spinning and weaving occurred on site, and mill workers resided in collective company housing under strict supervision. Lowell popularized the use of the wage labor, a system in which a worker sells his or her labor to an employer under contract. Wage labor displaced reliance on apprenticeship and family labor. 2. Social Classes. Resulted in having a working class, and disparity with the upper class. 3. Way of Life. For young women, they are working outside of the home in factories. The home is now less of a place of production where goods/textiles are made.

How did the Market Revolution impact labor systems, social classes, and way of life for the North?

*The Second Party System arose in 1828, with increasing levels of voter interest and partisan identification leading into the presidential election. *The Second Party System is the first and only party system in which the two major parties remained on about equal footing in every region. *The System reflected and shaped the political, social, economic, and cultural currents of the Jacksonian Era until succeeded by the Third Party System in 1854. *The Whig Party operated from the early 1830s to the mid-1850s and was formed in opposition to the policies of President Andrew Jackson and his Democratic Party. In particular, the Whigs supported the supremacy of Congress over the presidency and favored a program of modernization and economic protectionism.

How did the Second Two Party system revolutionize the party system. Consider how this second party system operated differently from the first two-party system.

Some Supreme Court decisions elevated the status and power of the central government, while other cases advocated for the preservation of state's rights. ** Martin v. Hunter's lease, The Supreme Court ruled that it had jurisdiction over state courts, ** McCulloch v. Maryland, The Supreme Court ruled that a state could not tax a federal institution. Both gave power to the central government.

How did the Supreme Court impact the relationship between state and central government? Cite two specific examples in your response.

It depends on the region: South: Eli Whitney's cotton gin revolutionized the cotton industry in the South. The cotton gin (was a machine that quickly and easily separated cotton fibers from their seeds, a job that otherwise had to be performed painstakingly by hand, most often by slaves. Whitney went on to develop muskets with interchangeable parts, a technology employed by northern manufacturers in many different industries. West: Steel Plow: John Deere, for example, invented a horse-pulled steel plow to replace the difficult oxen-driven wooden plows that farmers had used for centuries. The steel plow allowed farmers to till soil faster and more cheaply without having to make repairs as often. Reaper: In the 1830s, Cyrus McCormick's mechanical mower-reaper quintupled the efficiency of wheat farming.

How did the agricultural inventions impact the economies of the West and South differently Cite specific examples in your answer.

1. Labor Systems. Prior to this period, textile production was traditionally performed at home; however, at the beginning of the nineteenth century, the work was mechanized and increasingly done on an industrial scale. Lowell, a Massachusetts merchant, memorized the design of textile machines, and on his return to the United States, he established the Boston Manufacturing Company. In the "Waltham-Lowell System," for the first time, both spinning and weaving occurred on site, and mill workers resided in collective company housing under strict supervision. Lowell popularized the use of the wage labor, a system in which a worker sells his or her labor to an employer under contract. Wage labor displaced reliance on apprenticeship and family labor. 2. Social Classes. Resulted in having a working class, and disparity with the upper class. 3. Way of Life. For young women, they are working outside of the home in factories. The home is now less of a place of production where goods/textiles are made. Factories are dangerous and result in many injuries. Factories produce long hours and little pay.

How did the market revolution impact labor systems, social classes, and way of life for the North?

1. Individualism (the concept that an individual can determine his or her own destiny) found expression in the concept of the self-made man, who brought himself/herself to prosperity through his or her own efforts. 2. Democratic ideals: Found expression in Jacksonian Democracy wherein popular election is conducted, and ensuing campaigns, in which modern campaigning to the masses, complete with slogans and rolling log cabins, was introduced.

How did the new national culture- which focused on democratic ideals, liberties, and individualism, find expression in the development of an American identity?

1. War of 1812. Essentially resulted in U.S. winning with commission established to examine boundaries in Canada. 2. Monroe Doctrine. Resulted in telling Britain and others not to establish colonies in the newly recognized Latin American nations.

How did the relationship between Great Britain and the U.S. change from 1800-1848? Back up your explanation with specific evidence and consider both conflict and diplomacy as well as how things changed over time and how they remained the same over time.

interchangeable parts

Identical components that can be used in place of one another in manufacturing

Samuel Chase impeachment

Impeachment of this Supreme Court justice, encouraged by Jefferson due to his comments against the Jefferson presidency and set the precedent that impeachment based on partisan disagreement would not become a routine political weapon. The failed impeachment established the precedent that the judiciary branch was independent and for the definite separation powers between the three branches of government.

The American System consisted of: 1. Support for a high tariff to protect American industries and generate revenue for the federal government 2. Maintenance of high public land prices to generate federal revenue 3. Preservation of the Bank of the United States to stabilize the currency and rein in risky state and local banks 4. Development of a system of internal improvements (such as roads and canals) which would knit the nation together and be financed by the tariff and land sales. Factors leading to American System: 1. Excessive Dependence on Imported Goods. Before the War of 1812 the US had depended on exports for most of their manufactured goods. The government needed to create an economic environment in which American trade would flourish, money was made available for the industrialists to build factories in the east and people had the transport system to make homes in the new lands in the west. 2. British Imports Were Cheap. The market was flooded with British imports that were cheap, and American industries needed protection through a tariff on the imported goods.

In developing the American System, the government was responding to economic concerns regarding markets and other basic components of a functioning economy. Explain why there was concern for economic growth. What occurred in the two decades before the American System that led to this government response?

The three branches of government conflicted over ideas and policies in regards to the interpretation of the constitution and their beliefs regarding central governments. 1. National Bank. Congress chartered the Second Commission of the U.S. National Bank which President Andrew Jackson promptly vetoed. He then used executive authority to move the federal funds into pet banks, which eventually led to the Panic of 1837. 2. Authority to sponsor internal improvements, such as the building of roads and canals. 3. Indian Removal: Worcester v. Georgia recognized the rights of Indians, however, President Jackson said that the Court has made its decision, now let it enforce it. He proceeded to move the Indians anyhow.

In what ways and for what reasons did the three branches of government conflict over ideas and policies. Cite two specific examples in your response.

Passed in 1830, the Indian Removal Act provided for the transplant of all remaining Indians (over 100,000) to land beyond the Mississippi. It most affected the Five Civilized Tribes. Competition for land and resources, including those in Georgia and Florida, led to white encroachment onto Indian lands. Ongoing battles, raids and skirmishes between the two races led some to conclude separation is the best option. Despite assimilation of many of these Indian groups, and despite the Supreme Court defending many of the claims in Georgia, Andrew Jackson ordered the military escort across the Mississippi, known as the Trail of Tears.

In what ways did cultural interaction and competition between Americans and American Indians influence developments in the U.S.

1. The Second Great Awakening and evangelical Protestantism affected women. The typical convert in the revivals was a young women, and it was usually through these early converts that other members of her family were converted. The religious and moral authority such an experience provided helped to redefine what it meant to be a woman. 2. The Second Great Awakening also led to more women speaking out and acting on social ills. Penitentiaries, asylums, temperance societies, and schools are all subjects of change. 3. As a result of the market revolution, young women, spent less time weaving cloth and more time in factories. 4. Married women spent time in the home where it was no longer a place of production for textiles. The home was where women nurtured men and children into becoming morally elevated beings.

In what ways did popular ideas about women's rights and gender roles affect society in the early 19th century?

The Second Great Awakening spurred change in social and political life: 1. Abolition. Charles Grandson Finney preached against the evils of slavery. 2. Education. Horace Mann, Father of Modern Public Education, made educational reforms. 3. Mental Institutions. Dorothea Dix, proposed changes and reforms for mental institutions. 4. Criminal Justice. Reforms were made for penitentiaries where criminals could serve time to reflect on their crimes.

In what ways did religious beliefs in the first half of the 19th century affect American society and political life?

North: - Economy was in industry. - Economy was more diverse with a mix of textile mills, factories, agriculture primarily based on grains, shipbuilding, and transportation - Against slavery - Mass production of goods - Factories began to increase in early 1800s due to the embargo - the War of 1812, and America had to produce its own goods. - Women worked in factories to support the family - Many transportation inventions helped improve economy in the North. South: - Rich and fertile soil easier to grow crops - With the production of the cotton gin by Ely Whitney, the cotton production in the South greatly increased. - Caused a greater need for slaves and made the South a one crop producer. - Favored low tariffs on imported goods - The South's economy mostly consisted of growing of cotton, tobacco, rice, corn, and wheat. - The South also had many cattle ranches West: - The Western farmers were key to the North during the Civil War by providing them with key foodstuffs. - Economy based on farming and fields - The inventions of steel plow, mechanical reaper, water plump, and barbed wires helped increase the economy - Many Irish and German immigrants in the West at this period of time. - The West also had many mines of silvers, gold, coppers, iron ores and other minerals. - The herding of cattle also supported economy

In what ways were the North, South, and the West economically different?

Honest John Kelly

Influential Irish-American "Boss" in New York, who paved the way for more Irish immigrants to attain white collar or government jobs. The jobs were previously denied because they were looked down upon for being Catholic and taking too many jobs.

Main Events of the War of 1812

Invasion of Canada: U.S. lost. Burning of Washington, D.C.: Britain destroys U.S. Capital. Fort McHenry: U.S. resists attack. Southern Campaign: Andrew Jackson defeats British at the Battle of New Orleans.

John Deere

Invented the steel plow which was a dramatic improvement from iron tools. It was a clear cut into the soil and helped farmers, particularly in the West, break up soil more quickly.

Pet Banks

Jackson's "Pet Banks" killed the second Bank of the United States. All federal funds were transferred out of the Bank of the United States and placed these into small banks chosen because they supported Andrew Jackson. "Wildcat Banks" were created after the death of the Bank of the U.S. These banks often consisted of a chair and a suitcase, but they flooded the country with paper money, which ultimately led to the Panic of 1827.

Jefferson's View on the Role of the Federal Government

Jefferson and the Democratic Republicans saw the need to scale back the strong central government that had evolved over the last decade under Washington and Adams and moved to a more limited central government and strong states.

Aaron Burr

Jefferson's Vice President; killed Alexander Hamilton in a duel.

Albert Gallatin

Jefferson's secretary of the treasury, who replaced Alexander Hamilton. He agreed with Jefferson that the national debt was a bane, rather than a blessing. He spent his time as Treasury Secretary reducing the national debt greatly and balancing the budget. Despite all of this, Jefferson never undid Hamilton's plan, the Bank remained, the tariff remained, and assuming state debts continued.

Naturalization Law of 1802

Law that reduced the requirement of 14 years of residence to the previous 5 years. This law was passed under Jefferson.

Democratic-Republicans

Led by Thomas Jefferson, believed people should have political power, favored strong STATE governments, emphasized agriculture, strict interpretation of the Constitution, pro-French, opposed National Bank

1836 Presidential Election

Martin Van Buren, the 8th President, whose nickname was the Little Magician, defeated Whig Candidate William Henry Harrison in the 1836 Presidential Election. Martin Van Buren's Presidency was marred by the Panic of 1837, which he battled for most of his term in office.

McCullough v. Maryland court case

Maryland's state powers did not include the right to collect taxes from institutions created by the federal government.

Hartford Convention

Meeting of Federalists near the end of the War of 1812 in which the party listed it's complaints against the ruling Republican Party. These actions were largley viewed as traitorous to the country and lost the Federalist much influence. These were attended by Massachusetts, Connecticut and Rhode Island. This was impactful on the continued existence of the first Two Party System as it resulted in the demise of the Federalist Party.

Slave Music

Music created by slaves for the purpose of religion, work and recreation - became the foundation for later styles of music known as gospel, jazz, and blues. It was associated with annual festivals, when the year's crop was harvested and several days were set aside for celebration. One example of a song is Shortnin Bread. Work music helped to break up long hours as well as synchronize work. Some music was created to lift spirits during long work days and alleviate the oppressiveness of slavery. Slave music was a blend of European and African styles and it became a staple of Black Churches and Black Culture. It was a forerunner to 20th Century Jazz.

Ralph Waldo Emerson: Best known Transcendentalist, and trained as a Unitarian minister, who moved to writing. Henry David Thoreau: Transcendentalist poet who also condemned slavery, known for On the Duty of Civil Disobedience. Walt Whitman: Transcendentalist poet known for Leaves of Grass.

Name Three Transcendentalists?

New England Opposition to the Embargo Act

New England opposed the Embargo Act because of the heavy economic impact of politics such as the Embargo Act and Non Intercourse Act, which caused trade to be cut off and the economy to recede. New England traded heavily with Great Britain, so that region was hit particularly hard.

Three Utopian Communities

New Harmony: Founded by Robert Owen in New Harmony, Indiana in 1825, with a community of 1,000 persons. The colony failed. Brook Farm: Massachusetts colony started with brotherly and sisterly cooperation of 20 intellectuals committed to the philosphy of trancendentalism. The whole venture collapsed in debt. Oneida Community: practiced free love, birth control and the eugenic selection of parents to produce superior offspring. It made the Oneida silver plate.

Alien and Sedition Acts

New laws giving the President power to detain or deport foreigners at time of war and new law stating that anyone who impeded the policies of the government or falsely defamed he officials, including the President, would be liable to a heavy fine and imprisonment (basically making it illegal to publicly criticize the President).

Domestic Feminism

Newly assertive role for women, signified the growing power and independence of women in the new factory age. Women had more power within their households, as they gained independence outside it. More often, love dictated who a women's spouse would be, not an arrangement, and women started controlling the amount of children they had.

Industrializing Northern Cities

Northern cities industrialized based on the Lowell system of industrializing in many cases.

Charles Grandson Finney

One of the greatest revival preachers in the Second Great Awakening. He was a former lawyer who wowed crowds with his voice. he led revivals in Rochester, New York, and New York City, during the Second Great Awakening. In addition, he encouraged women to pray out loud in public, denounced slavery and alcohol, and he was the president of Oberlin College.

David Walker

Outspoken African-American abolitionist and anti-slavery activist. In 1829, while living in Boston, Massachusetts, he published an appeal to the Colored Citizens of the World, a call for black unity and self-help in the fight against oppression and injustice The work brought attention to the abuses and inequalities of slavery and the role of individuals to act responsibly for racial equality, according to religious and political tenets. At the time, some people were outraged and fearful of the reaction the pamphlet would have. Many abolitionists thought the views were extreme.

Whiskey Tax

Part of the excise taxes, the whiskey tax added a tax on whiskey at seven cents a gallon. Jefferson repealed this Whiskey Tax, and showed a lot of sympathy to the agrarian folks hurt by the tax.

Expanding Suffrage

Part of the political philosophy later called 'Jacksonian Democracy', it expanded the vote by reducing voter restrictions (vote extended to all white males, not just landowners), which increased popular participation in politics.

International Migration

Permanent movement from one country to another.

Burned Over District

Popular name for Western New York, a region particularly swept up in the religious fervor of the Second Great Awakening. Significance: Massive revival efforts to bring people back to the Church resulted in more Churches and denominations being created, further diversifying the American cultural fabric.

roads, canals, and railroads

Roads, canals and railroads were developed as a result of the Market Revolution.

Nicholas Biddle

President of Bank of U.S. who held a unconstitutional amount of power over the nation's financial affairs. Jackson made his disdain for Biddle known, and Henry Clay pushed for the renewal of the National Bank four years prior to its termination, so as to make it an issue for the upcoming election, but this led to the Bank War. The renewal bill went through Congress and was expectedly vetoed by Jackson, but that gained him more power. Jackson hastened the destruction of the bank to the general approval of the public because they saw the bank as corrupt and unnecessary.

Jefferson's Reaction to the Orders in Council

Reaction of President Jefferson to Orders in Council was to remain neutral and try to prevent America from being pulled into the War. The Embargo Act of 1807, forbade the export of all goods from the U.S. , whether they were in American or Foreign Ships.

Protestants

Reformers who protested against some of the Catholic Church's practices and were at the center of the Second Great Awakening.

Deism

Relied on reason rather than revelation and on science rather than on the Bible. They rejected the concept of original sin and denied Christ's divinity. They believed in a Supreme Being who had created a Knowable Universe and endowed human beings with a capacity for moral behavior. Significance: Second Great Awakening was largely a response to growing Deist influence.

Declaration of Sentiments

Revision of the Declaration of Independence to include women and men (equal). It was the grand basis of attaining civil, social, political, and religious rights for women. Adopted at the Seneca Falls Convention.

Horace Mann

Secretary of the Massachusetts Board of Education; "Father of the public school system"; a prominent proponent of public school reform, & set the standard for public schools throughout the nation; lengthened academic year; pro training & higher salaries to teachers. Significance: This is the type of societal reform that was triggered during the Second Great Awakening, this time in the area of education.

Seneca Falls Convention (1848)

Site of the first modern women's rights convention, and the start of the organized fight for women's rights in US history. At the gathering, Elizabeth Cady Stanton read a Declaration of Sentiments modeled on the Declaration of Independence listing the many injustices against women, and adopted eleven resolutions, one of which called for women's suffrage.

Florida Purchase of 1819

Spain ceded Florida and Spanish claims to Oregon, for America's desertion of claims to Texas. It would be like if we wanted to 'purchase' a product from another country, but instead of exchanging money, we gave them one of our desirable products.

Federalists

Supporters of the U.S. Constitution at the time the states were contemplating its adoption. Led by Alexander Hamilton. raise money through taxes, create a national bank, and promote protective tariffs

Worcester v. Georgia

Supreme Court Decision - Cherokee Indians were entitled to federal protection from the actions of state governments which would infringe on the tribe's sovereignty - Jackson ignored it (they have made their decision, now let them enforce it)

Business Elite

The Business Elite was a new social class of businessmen who benefited greatly from the Industrial and Transportation revolutions. These men, generally living is growing cities, were made up of merchants, manufactures, bankers, and landlords who became very rich. By 1860, the richest 10% of the population made up 70% of the wealth.

Hartford Resolutions

The Hartford Resolutions were the death dirge of the Federalist party demanding financial assistance from Washington to compensate for lost trade and proposed a constitutional amendment requiring a 2/3 vote in Congress before imposing an embargo, the Federalist party would never again have a successful presidential campaign.

Liberal Social Ideas

The Second Great Awakening spurred liberal social ideas for reform: 1. Abolition. Charles Grandson Finney preached against the evils of slavery. 2. Education. Horace Mann, Father of Modern Public Education, made educational reforms. 3. Mental Institutions. Dorothea Dix, proposed changes and reforms for mental institutions. 4. Criminal Justice. Reforms were made for penitentiaries where criminals could serve time to reflect on their crimes.

Andrew Jackson

The seventh President of the United States (1829-1837), who as a general in the War of 1812 defeated the British at New Orleans (1815). As president he opposed the Bank of America, objected to the right of individual states to nullify disagreeable federal laws, and increased the presidential powers.

Early Labor Unions

There were few of these prior to the Civil War, but the Market Revolution and low wages eventually led to small trade unions forming. although business owners loved cheap wage labor, workers were paid more than any other country.

Individualistic Beliefs

This is part of the Second Great Awakening, that people can control their own destiny and control their own salvation, spirituality, and financial well being.

Tariff of 1816

This protective tariff helped American industry by raising the prices of British manufactured goods, which were often cheaper and of higher quality than those produced in the U.S.

Southern Regional Identity

This refers to having an identity with the South, usually associated with the upper class, who are resistant to big government or any effort to regulate slavery.

Trading with China

This trading began in the late 1700's. In 1784, when the American War for Independence was barely over, the first ship to sail under an American flag left New York. It was the merchant ship Empress of China, bound for Canton. At first, the American interest in China was economic. American missionaries began working in China in the 1830's.

Tallmadge Amendment

This was an attempt to have no more slaves to be brought to Missouri and provided the gradual emancipation of the children of slaves. Significance: In the mind of the South, this was a threat to the sectional balance between North and South. This Amendment did not pass.

The inauguration was held in an open space, showing a new, more open democracy. The crowd followed to the White House, where the doors were opened for a public reception.

To What Extent was the Election of 1828 a Revolution?

Significance of the Transcendentalists.

Transcendentalists rejected the prevailing theory, derived from John Locke, in which all knowledge comes to the mind through the senses. The transcendentalist movement of the 1830's resulted in part from the liberalizing of the straightjacketed Puritan theology. It illustrated the growing conflict between traditional views including predestination and innate sinfulness with new views of innate goodness and spirituality.

Treaty of 1818

Treaty between Britain and America, it allowed the Americans to share the Newfoundland fisheries with Canada, and gave both countries a joint occupation of the Oregon Territory for the next 10 years.

Lewis and Clark

Two explorers sent by the president to explore the Louisiana Purchase. Jefferson asked Congress to fund this expedition to the West.

Cult of Domesticity

Upon marriage, the women left their jobs, became wives, and mothers. In the home they were enshrined in this. This is a cultural creed that glorified the customary functions of the homemaker. Married women commanded immense moral power and increasingly made decisions that altered the character of the family itself.

Utopians

Utopians were bolstered by the utopian spirt of time and experimented in forming communities with cooperative, communalistic natures. They strove to create idealistic societies, and were one of the many examples of change in the U.S. Robert Owen was one of the most famous Utopians.

Three American Authors of Late 19th Century

Washington Irving: Wrote Rip Van Winkle and the Legend of Sleepy Hollow. James Fennimore Cooper: Novelist who wrote the Last of the Mohicans. Henry Wadsworth Longfellow: Professor at Harvard and Poet, who worked with European literature, and wrote Song of Hiawatha.

Positives: - the home became very important for women. It was a place for them to escape from work. - did not have to depend solely on their own crops, had outside sources to help if needed. - provided more opportunity for work than the Old World did. - people began to move for jobs - expansion of the West - help the Industrial Revolution in the North Negatives: - People began to be less self-sufficient and relied more on others - more separation occurred between the rich and the poor - Need to have slavery in the South - Allowed monopolies to develop - Came at the expense of poor working conditions

What are the positives and negatives of a market economy?

1. Abolition of Slavery. William Garrison: The Liberator. Frederick Douglass: Fought against slavery. 2. Reform of Education. Horace Mann: Father of Modern Education. 3. Reform of Mental Institutions. Dorothea Dix: Attempted to create asylums.

What elements of society did social reformers attempt to alter?

Textile industry helped the South. Cheap labor was the major attraction. Textile mills were the first steady jobs that the South had seen Attracted women and children to work in Textiles.

What influence did the textile industry have on industry and society?

1. Steam Engine and Railroad. Railroads opened up the West to new development. 2. Telegraph. Engabled communications. 3. Electric Light. Thomas Edison's invention enabled light. 4. Cotton Gin. Enabled mass production of south lands by separating seed and cotton.

What inventions and innovations opened up the West?

*Many citizens in the 1840s and 1850s believed in manifest destiny, the belief that Almighty God had "manifestly" destined the American people. - They would spread their democratic institutions to the entire continent, encouraging the spirit of expansionism. - This belief of expansion led to the acquisition of Texas, Oregon, and California.

What is the relation between Manifest Destiny and Oregon, Texas, and California?

1. The South was profiting due to cotton sales, slave labor was the key. 2. Railroads helped agriculture shift to the Midwest. 3. Cyrus McCormick also invented the mechanical reaper in 1834. It made ambitious capitalists out of humble plowmen, who now scrambled for more acres on which to plant more fields on billowing wheat. 4. The Cotton Gin, invented by Eli Whitney, also revolutionized cotton farming, by enabling mass production of lands in the South. 5. John Deere's invention also helped break up the hard soils of the MidWest.

What issues altered farming?

1. Annexation of New Territory. Acquisition of new states westward made land available. 2. Construction of Railroads. Construction of the Pacific Railway, and other railroads, helped make it easier to trace to the West. 3. Homestead Act. This made it easier to acquire 160 acres of land if one improved it for five years continuously.

What steps were taken to make Westward Expansion successful?

Alien and Sedition Acts: While the United States engaged in naval hostilities with Revolutionary France, known as the Quasi-War, Alexander Hamilton and congressional Federalists took advantage of the public's wartime fears and drafted and passed the Alien and Sedition Acts. The Acts *The period of residency required before immigrants could apply for citizenship was extended from five to 14 years, and the president gained the power to detain and deport those he deemed enemies. President Adams never took advantage of his newfound ability to deny rights to immigrants. *The Sedition Act permitted the prosecution of individuals who voiced or printed what the government deemed to be malicious remarks about the president or government of the United States. Fourteen Republicans, mainly journalists, were prosecuted, and some imprisoned, under the act. Jefferson and Madison's Opposition: In opposition to the Alien and Sedition Acts, Thomas Jefferson and James Madison drafted the Virginia and Kentucky Resolutions, declaring the acts to be a violation of the First and Tenth Amendments.

What was Jefferson's and Madison's viewpoint on the Alien and Sedition Acts?

1. Improved climate for businesses, and New York improves the climate for business by paving the way for corporations to sell stocks. 2. More people moved west. Porkopolis is the name of Cincinnati, because the area grew a lot of corn to feed hogs. 3. Eli Whitney invented the cotton gin. The cotton gin separated cotton seeds from the fiber at a rate faster than by hand. 4. Clipper ships were developed in the 1840's and 1850's in Boston. These ships were longer, faster, and narrower than any steamboat.

What was the unique combination of factors that led to increased manufacturing, agricultural production, and trade in the early 19th Century?

Democratic-Republicans believed people should have political power, favored strong STATE governments, emphasized agriculture, strict interpretation of the Constitution, pro-French, opposed National Bank. Whigs: Create a national bank, have a strong federal government, protect via tariffs.

What were the agendas of the Democratic Party and the Whig Party (Second Two Party System).

Democratic Republican: Led by Thomas Jefferson, believed people should have political power, favored strong STATE governments, emphasized agriculture, strict interpretation of the Constitution, pro-French, opposed National Bank. Federalist: raise money through taxes, create a national bank, and promote protective tariffs

What were the agendas of the Federalist Party and the Democratic Republican Party? (First Two Party System)

Irish Potato Famine: Approximately one-third came from Ireland, which experienced a massive famine in the mid-19th century. In the 1840s, almost half of America's immigrants were from Ireland alone. Typically impoverished, these Irish immigrants settled near their point of arrival in cities along the East Coast. Between 1820 and 1930, some 4.5 million Irish migrated to the United States. Revolutions in Europe: In the 19th century, the United States received some 5 million German immigrants. Many of them journeyed to the present-day Midwest to buy farms or congregated in such cities as Milwaukee, St. Louis and Cincinnati. Availability of Abundant Farmland. There was ample farmland and frontier available west. Abundant Natural Resources: The 49ers traveled west to seek gold in California during the California gold rush. In addition, Chinese immigrants were lured by the Gold Rush. Economic Opportunity: There was a sense that the settlers could succeed. Homestead Acts: Laws which allowed settlers who did not bear arms against the U.S. to own land if they improved it for five years.

What were the causes of continued immigration patterns in the early 19th Century?

Moral: Manifest destiny is the belief that it is the duty of each American to travel west to settle on the frontiers of America. Availability of Abundant Farmland. There was ample farmland and frontier available west. Minerals The 49ers traveled west to seek gold in California during the California gold rush. German Migration: German immigrants tended to settle in the Mid-West and establish farm communities. Chinese Immigrants: Tended to settle in California and assist in the California Gold Rush. Homestead Acts: Laws which allowed settlers who did not bear arms against the U.S. to own land if they improved it for five years.

What were the causes of continued migration westward. Where were the Americans and immigrants headed.

Positives: - Electricity, indoor plumbing, and telephones all made life in the big city more alluring - Industrial jobs; factory centers - The industries that were being created offered new jobs for people and this made many people anxious to get in on the action. - These new jobs gave these people a money flow and made their life better. - Provided urban working-class jobs, many of them for women Negatives: - Neighborhoods were segregated by race, ethnicity, and social class - Tenement housing was unhealthy. - Impure water and supplies lead to an increase in disease and also an increase in criminal activity.

What were the positives and negatives of Northern urban life?

Positives: • After the gin was invented, growing cotton became wildly profitable and easier. • The South produced more than half the world's supply of cotton and held an advantage over countries like England. • South had better soil for cropping than the North Negatives: • Families owned more than 100 slaves each, they were the wealthy aristocracy of the South with big houses and huge plantations. • The Southern aristocrats widened the gap between the rich and the poor and did not support public-funded education since they sent their children to private schools. • Cotton production spoiled the earth and even though profits were quick and high, the land was ruined. • Many planters went into debt.

What were the positives and negatives of Southern rural life?

The Monroe Doctrine was a political declaration issued by the U.S. regarding the future of the hemisphere. It stressed non-colonization by European states and non-invention by the U.S. Monroe stated that the Europeans were no longer to colonize or interfere with the independent states of Latin America. This was mostly to protect American interests. Monroe went as far as to say the U.S. would interfere if Europe attempted to re-colonize. It was like you banning your neighbors from looting the abandoned house down the street because you want to be sure to get a share of the loot later. It was also caused by a desire to remain free from entangling alliances as Britain sought to issue such a doctrine working jointly with the U.s. the results were not remarkable. The U.S. couldn't defend it, but as they were working out territorial issues an trade issues during the era, the U.S. was more dependent on Britain to enforce it against other colonizers. It is sort of like telling your friend that you don't want to go to the dance with him/her, but then you dance all night long and seem inseparable. The remarkable results of the doctrine are not realized until much later after the U.S. becomes a world power in 1898.

What were the reasons for an results of the Monroe Doctrine?

- Eli Whitney's cotton gin in 1791 made cotton profitable as it speeds up the process to manufacture. - interchangeable parts made it possible to mass produce goods, - Lowell System: A series of machines were perfected to mass produce textiles - Elias Howe's sewing machine boosted industrialization. - Telegraph: Samuel Morse's telegraph pulled the business world closer. - Many transportation inventions such as the Turnpike, Erie canal system, steamboats, and the railroads made it possible transport goods faster and more effectively thus improving industry - Bessemer Process improved steel making -Steam Engine: brought alone railroads.

When inventions and innovations improved America's manufacturing industry?

It depends on the region: South: Eli Whitney's cotton gin revolutionized the cotton industry in the South. The cotton gin (was a machine that quickly and easily separated cotton fibers from their seeds, a job that otherwise had to be performed painstakingly by hand, most often by slaves. Whitney went on to develop muskets with interchangeable parts, a technology employed by northern manufacturers in many different industries. North: Lowell System: Lowell popularized the use of the wage labor, a system in which a worker sells his or her labor to an employer under contract. Wage labor displaced reliance on apprenticeship and family labor. West: Steel Plow: John Deere, for example, invented a horse-pulled steel plow to replace the difficult oxen-driven wooden plows that farmers had used for centuries. The steel plow allowed farmers to till soil faster and more cheaply without having to make repairs as often. Reaper: In the 1830s, Cyrus McCormick's mechanical mower-reaper quintupled the efficiency of wheat farming.

Which innovation had the greatest impact on the growing economy? Defend your answer with evidence?

1. Alien and Sedition Acts were unpopular. 2. Adams engaged in Quasi-War with France. 3. Adams was unwilling to go to war with Britain, but he did build up the Army and Navy.

Why did John Adams lose the Election of 1800?

1. Potato Famine in 1840 devastated Ireland, producing waves of immigration to the U.S. (Boston and New York). The period was known as the Black Forties. Most of the irish men and women became construction workers, maids, or canal workers, making others made for taking jobs. Many employers would not hire them, adopting a No Irish Need Apply policy, which heightened Anti-Catholic feelings. 2. Economic Opportunities in the U.S. 3. Ease of Transport to New York.

Why did so many immigrants come into the United States during the Antebellum Era, and how did this influx impact the development of the American economy and national identity?

- The Whig Party was a political party originally known as the National Republicans and supported Henry Clay. - The party's ideology was the same as the old Federalist party and was founded specifically to oppose Andrew Jackson. - Favored the restoration of the national bank. They were against the annexation of Texas. - In 1844,they officially favored a proposal to ban slavery

Why was the Whig Party created and what were their beliefs?

Abolitionists/Antislavery Movements

William Garrison: The Liberator.

McGuffey Readers

William Holmes McGuffey, a PA teacher, created a series of elementary textbooks that became widely accepted as the basis of reading and moral instruction in hundreds of schools; extolled virtues of hard work, punctuality and sobriety. Significance: Textbooks increased standardization of education which brought Americans together through common stories, binding together a sense of identity.

plantations/plantation systems

a large estate, especially in a tropical or semitropical country, where cash crops such as cotton, tobacco, coffee, sugar cane are cultivated, using a form of coercive labor (usually slavery)

textile machinery

a machine for making textiles (knitted fabrics, sewing yarn and thread, etc.)

Mudslinging

a method in election campaigns that uses gossip and lies to make an opponent look bad Significance: This reached a new low in 1828, and Adam's followers described Jackson's mother as a prostitute and his wife as an adulteress. Jackson said that Adam's billiard table and chessboard were 'gaming tables' and 'gaming furniture.' He accused Adams of getting a Russian girl for the lust of the Russian Tsar.

Richard Allen

a minister, educator, writer, and one of America's most active and influential black leaders. In 1794 he founded the African Methodist Episcopal Church, the first independent black denomination in the United States. He opened his first AME church in 1794 in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania Elected the first bishop of the AME church in 1816, Rev. Allen focused on organizing a denomination where free blacks could worship without racial oppression and slaves could find a measure of dignity. He worked to upgrade the social status of the black community.

Hudson River School

a native school of landscape paintings of local landscapes in the U.S. instead of portraits that were so popular previously. These showed the wild beauty of the states as opposed to the prim scenery of the old World.

Regional identity

a sense of belonging to a region, rather than a nation.

participatory democracy

a system of government where rank-and-file citizens rule themselves rather than electing representatives to govern on their behalf

Women's Rights Movement

an organized effort to improve political, legal and economic status of women in American society

Quasi War

an undeclared War fought mostly at sea between the U.S. and the ranch. In the U.S. the conflict was also called the Undeclared War with France, the Pirate Wars, or the Half Wars.

Market Revolution

economic changes where people buy and sell goods rather than make them themselves

agricultural inventions

key agricultural inventions of the early 1800s including the McCormick Reaper of 1845

Mosquito Fleet

name for the navy of jefferson's presidency. Trying to avoid a overly-strong army, he had the navy dwindled down to a few tiny boats.

Godey's Lady's Book

popular magazine marketed specifically for women which contained art, poetry and articles; a place where women could get their works published and important topics could be discussed. Significance: Increased access to education led to increased literacy rates. Also, the ability to learn in a shared basis binds Americans together in a common identity.

Russo-American Treaty of 1824

the Russian tsar formally fixed his southernmost limits at the line 54° 40'. Significance: America was trying to assert its presence in North American, and removing competing European powers such as Russia was a long term goal. This act pushes Russia northward toward Alaska, which the U.S. later purchases in the 1860's, permanently removing Russia from North America.

banking

the act of helping somebody maintain and work with their money

Joseph Smith and the Mormons

the founder of the Latter Day Saint movement, which was a group of churches who regarded him as a prophet. Significance: The Mormons suffered discrimination because of backlash to polygamy. It led to the Mormons leaving to Utah, and underscores one of a number of groups that traveled West to escape religious persecution.

Tippecanoe and Tyler too

this was Tyler's slogan during his election, using his vicotry during the Battle of Tippecanoe as a "pro" for voting for him Significance: Shows the development of modern political campaigns with slogans, and popular outreach, and popular campaigning.