Midcourse Content Exam PDBIO 210

dermatome

A _________ is a specific segment of skin that is supplied by a single pair of spinal nerves.

tuberosity

A __________ is a bone marking that typically serves as a site of muscle or ligament attachment.

dermatome

A __________ is a specific segment of skin supplied by a single spinal nerve.

teratogen

A __________ is defined as a substance that can cause birth defects.

short

A bone that is about equal in length and width such as a carpal bone or a sesamoid bone is classified as a/an __________ bone.

osteoblast

A cell type whose job is to build bone is an:

osteoarthritis

A chronic, degenerative type of arthritis prevalent in weight-bearing joints is called _____.

osteoarthritis

A chronic, degenerative type of arthritis prevalent in weight-bearing joints is called __________.

produce synovial fluid

A joint capsule (articular capsule) has two layers. The function of the capsule's internal (deep) layer is to

location and number of heads

A leg curl is an exercise that involves flexion at the knee against some form of resistance. In this exercise, the muscle that is the agonist is named according to its

diarthrosis

A leg curl is an exercise that involves flexion at the knee against some form of resistance. Referring to the leg curl just described, the joint involved could be classified functionally as a

semimembranosus

A leg curl is an exercise that involves flexion at the knee against some form of resistance. What muscle could be classified as a synergist to the leg curl just described?

biceps femoris

A leg curl is an exercise that involves flexion at the knee against some form of resistance. What muscle is the agonist or prime mover in this exercise?

muscle fiber

A muscle cell is the same as a __________.

a bundle of muscle cells

A muscle fascicle is

facial nerve VII

A patient has no sensory function on the anterior two-thirds of her tongue. What cranial nerve is most likely impaired?

cerebellum

A person who has clinical problems with balance and muscle coordination could have a defect in the __________.

Z disc

A sarcomere is defined as the distance from one [Select] to the next adjacent [ans1]. (The same answer fills in both spaces.)

the interosseous membrane

A synovial joint contains all of the following except __________. the interosseous membrane synovial fluid the joint cavity the articular capsule

simple squamous

A type of epithelium made up of a single layer of flat cells is called __________ epithelium.

is a cablelike bundle of axons

A typical spinal nerve

sensory innervation

Afferent neurons are responsible for

epiblast

All three embryonic germ layers develop from the __________.

sympathetic

An increase in which type of autonomic innervation causes reduced blood flow to the digestive tract?

sympathetic

An increase in which type of autonomic innervation causes the heart rate to increase?

pia mater, arachnoid mater, dura mater

Arrange the meninges from deep to superficial. arachnoid mater dura mater pia mater

dura, arachnoid, pia

Arrange the meninges of the brain from superficial to deep. dura arachnoid pia

3, 1, 2

Arrange the middle ear bones in the numbered list from lateral to medial. Components: 1-incus 2-stapes 3-malleus

connect separate cortical areas within the same hemisphere

Association tracts:

trophoblast

At about the time the blastocyst reaches the uterus and just prior to implantation, two cell types can be identified. Which of these two cell types does not contribute cells and tissue to the embryo?

pronation

Beginning in anatomical position, rotation of the forearm by moving the palm from facing anterior to facing medially, is called __________.

Sound waves enter through oval window → scala vestibuli → cochlear duct → scala tympani and exit through round window

Choose the correct pathway for wave vibration in the cochlea.

collagen; tendons

Dense regular connective tissue is rich in tightly packed [Select] fibers. You will find this type of tissue in [Select].

dorsal

Directional terms: back side?

anterior

Directional terms: closer to the front?

distal

Directional terms: farther from the attachment?

caudal

Directional terms: tail or rear end?

primitive streak

During gastrulation, cells migrate through the __________ to form the three primary germ layers.

sensory cells

Epidermal Merkel cells function as __________.

basale - spinosum - granulosum - lucidum - corneum

From basal to apical (deep to superficial), the order of the strata of the epidermis of thick skin is

Fingers have more surface area than toes on the primary motor cortex.

From personal experience relating to mobility of your fingers in comparison to your toes, how do you think their areas on the primary motor cortex compare? Think back to the homunculus.

ectoderm

From which primary germ layer is the nervous system derived?

12

How many thoracic vertebrae are in the vertebral column?

kidney-----mesoderm (MESO) brain-----ectoderm (ECTO) muscle-----mesoderm (MESO) lung-----endoderm (ENDO) epidermis-----ectoderm (ECTO) liver-----endoderm (ENDO) heart-----mesoderm (MESO) lens-----ectoderm (ECTO)

Identify the germ layer origin for each of the following organs. kidney brain muscle lung epidermis liver heart lens

deep

If you were to look at a transverse slice through the diaphysis of the right humerus, you would notice that compact bone tissue is located __________ to the periosteum.

perforating canals

In a microscopic view of compact bone, which structure connects the central canals of adjacent osteons?

both a modified smooth ER and a storage site for calcium

In a muscle fiber, the sarcoplasmic reticulum is __________.

the muscles fascicles are short and attach obliquely to the tendon

In a pennate muscle pattern,

anteriorly

In anatomical position, palms face:

face forward

In anatomical position, the palms of the hands:

medial; distal

In anatomical position, the ulna lies [ Select ] to the radius and [ Select ] to the humerus.

body

In anatomical position, what is the most anterior structure of a vertebra?

a fixator

In describing certain movements or body positions, a muscle that stabilizes posture and opposes gravity is

5

In the figure, which number indicates a postganglionic axon?

6

In the figure, which number indicates a sympathetic ganglion?

1

In the figure, which of the diagrams illustrates parasympathetic anatomy/histology?

gustatory cell

In this diagram of a taste bud, what cell type does number 1 indicate?

inner hair cell

In this illustration of the inner ear, what does the number 5 indicate?

tectorial membrane

In this illustration of the inner ear, what structure does the number 1 indicate?

chemoreceptors--chemicals thermoreceptors--temperature mechanoreceptors--pressure photoreceptors--light nociceptors--pain

Match the receptor to the type of stimulus it detects. chemoreceptors thermoreceptors mechanoreceptors photoreceptors nociceptors

chemoreceptors-----chemicals thermoreceptors-----temperature mechanoreceptors-----pressure photoreceptors-----light nociceptors-----pain

Match the receptor to the type of stimulus it detects. chemoreceptors thermoreceptors mechanoreceptors photoreceptors nociceptors

soma

Name the structure the arrow is pointing to in this picture.

neurons have a high turnover rate (continual death and renewal)

Neurons have a number of special features. Select the exception. neurons have a high turnover rate (continual death and renewal) neurons require continuous supplies of glucose and oxygen neurons have extreme longevity neurons have a high metabolic rate

neurons have a high turnover rate (continual death and renewal)

Neurons have a number of special features. Select the exception. neurons have extreme longevity neurons have a high turnover rate (continual death and renewal) neurons require continuous supplies of glucose and oxygen neurons have a high metabolic rate

hydrocephalus

Obstruction of cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) flow and overproduction of CSF are causes of what disorder?

trophoblast

Of the two cell types that exist at the time of implantation into the uterine wall, which contributes the placenta?

inner cell mass

Of the two cell types that exist at the time of implantation into the uterine wall, which make the entire embryo?

chemoreceptors

Olfaction uses which type of receptors?

b, a, c, d, e

Organize these events of a polysynaptic neural reflex arc in the correct sequence. a: Impulse travels through sensory neuron to the CNS b: A stimulus activates a receptor c: Information is processed by interneurons d: Motor neuron transmits impulse to effector e: Effector responds

strength

Pennate muscle organization optimizes for _____.

strength

Pennate muscle organization optimizes for __________.

cervical plexus

Phrenic nerve resides in which nerve plexus?

(1) (deepest) stratum basale (2) stratum spinosum (3) stratum granulosum (4) stratum lucidum (5) (most superficial) stratum corneum

Place the five layers of the epidermis in order from deepest to most superficial:

1. neural plate stage 2. neural fold/groove stage 3. neural tube stage

Place the following stages of neurulation in proper chronological order. neural tube stage neural plate stage neural fold/groove stage

1 (first)--- hematoma forms 2--- fibrocartilaginous callus forms 3--- hard (bony) callus forms 4 (last)--- bone is remodeled

Place the following steps of bone fracture repair in the correct order:

lacrimal gland to lacrimal canal to nasolacrimal duct

Place the pathway of tears in the correct order from secretion to drainage.

transverse

Plane that divides the superior and inferior parts of the body?

epineurium, perineurium, endoneurium, myelin sheath

Put the following nervous tissue coverings in order from superficial to deep: perineurium, epineurium, endoneurium, myelin sheath.

hyaline cartilage

Referring to the figure below, number 2 represents a remnant of the temporary, proliferating zone responsible for bone growth. What type of tissue was this proliferating zone made of?

epiphyseal line

Referring to the figure below, what is the name of the structure indicated by number 2?

2

Referring to the figure below, what number indicates the semimembranosus?

1

Referring to the figure below, which number indicates the biceps femoris?

7

Referring to the figure of the skull, what number indicates the zygomatic bone?

1

Referring to the figure of the skull, which number indicates the coronal suture?

3

Referring to the figure of the skull, which number indicates the lambdoid suture?

bursae

Sacs filled with synovial fluid that prevent friction between bones, tendons, and skin around joints are called

the epidermis

Structures such as hair and hair follicles, nails and glands all develop from

connective tissue

Suppose you had a congenital disease that prevented collagen from forming in your body. Which of these tissues would you expect to be most affected? epithelial tissue muscle tissue connective tissue nervous tissue

False

T/F Cell bodies are found in PNS nerves and CNS white matter.

True

T/F The Z-discs move closer together upon muscle contraction.

somatic; autonomic

The [ Select ] motor is voluntary, whereas the [ Select ] motor is involuntary.

somatic; autonomic

The _____ motor is voluntary, whereas the _____ motor is involuntary.

papillary

The ________ layer of the dermis lies adjacent to and deep to the epidermis, and is rich in small blood vessels and nerves.

thalamus

The __________ is the relay station for sensory and motor information.

the number of heads of origin and body region

The biceps brachii muscle is named based on what criteria?

hypoblast and the epiblast

The bilaminar germinal disc of the early embryo consists of the:

short; proximal

The carpal bones are classified as [ Select ] bones and are located [ Select ] to the metacarpal bones.

diencephalon

The derivatives of the __________ include the epithalamus, thalamus, hypothalamus, and (of course) the left and right retinas.

the third through the eighth week of development.

The embryonic period occurs during

epiphysis

The end of a long bone is called the __________.

avascular; vascular

The epidermis is [ Select ] ; the dermis is [ Select ] .

4

The figure below shows the gross anatomy of a long bone. Which number indicates the medullary cavity?

Schwann cell

The glial cell that myelinates axons of the peripheral nervous system is the

thoracic

The heart is found in the _____ cavity?

thoracic

The heart is found in the __________ cavity?

memory

The hippocampus has what primary function?

urinary system

The kidney is part of the __________.

sciatic

The largest and longest nerve in the body is the nerve.

pleural cavity

The left and right lateral spaces in the thoracic cavity make up the

endosteum

The medullary cavity of a long bone is lined with a thin layer of connective tissue called the

turning the sole medially

The movement of foot inversion is __________.

the fusion of myoblasts

The multiple nuclei in skeletal muscle cells are the result of

origin; tendon

The muscle [Select] , which is where the [Select] attaches to bone, is the less-mobile muscle attachment.

cervical

The nerve plexus that gives rise to the phrenic nerve is the __________ plexus.

brachial

The nerve plexus that is formed from spinal nerves C5-T1, and innervates most of the arm is the __________ plexus.

no rods and no cones

The optic disk contains __________.

most superficial

The parietal layer of a serous membrane is located:

monosynpatic reflex

The patellar or knee-jerk reflex is an example of ___________.

spinal cord

The peripheral nervous system includes all, except ganglia cranial nerves peripheral nerves spinal nerves spinal cord

hypothalamus

The portion of the central nervous system that has a major, direct role in endocrine control is the

Aqueous humor

The posterior chamber of the eye contains which type of fluid?

synaptic vesicles containing neurotransmitters; receptors

The presynaptic neuron contains [ Select ] , while the postsynaptic neuron contains [ Select ] .

nutrient foramen

The primary blood supply to the diaphysis of a long bone is through the

cleavage

The process wherein the fertilized egg divides into many small cells is called

fibrous; synarthrotic

The sagittal suture is classified structurally as a [Select] joint and functionally as a(n) [Select] joint.

cartilaginous; amphiarthrosis

The structural classification of the pubic symphysis joint is [Select] , and the functional classification is [Select].

arm

The term brachial is associated with what body region?

cheek

The term buccal is associated with what body region?

leg

The term crural is associated with what body region?

8

The transition from the embryonic period to the fetal period occurs at about week __________ in development.

epiblast and the hypoblast

The two layers of the bilaminar disc in the early embryo consists of the

postganglionic and preganglionic neurons

The two motor neurons in sympathetic and parasympathetic divisions are __________.

hyaline cartilage

The type of cartilage covering the ends of bones (articular cartilage) is

cleavage

The type of cell division that divides the large, fertilized embryo into many smaller cells is called:

dense regular connective tissue

The type of connective tissue that is typically found in muscle tendons is

gomphosis

The type of joint that connects a tooth within the gingiva is a

third-class

The type of lever with the effort in the middle, and the fulcrum/resistance at either end is

monosynaptic reflex

The type of reflex that lacks any interneurons (i.e. contains only a sensory neuron and a motor neuron) is a

malignant melanoma

The type of skin cancer that is typically most invasive and life-threatening is

an osteon

The unit of bone that consists of a central canal containing blood vessels, nerves, and lymph vessels and is surrounded by concentric rings of calcified bone is

8; 7

There are [ Select ] carpals and [ Select ] tarsals.

we have very expressive faces

There is a "homunculus" on the pre-central gyrus. The reason why the face map here is so large relates to the fact that

temperature

Thermoreceptors respond to _____.

temperature

Thermoreceptors respond to __________.

mechanoreceptors

These general receptors respond to touch, pressure, vibration, and stretch.

within the presynaptic axon terminal

Think of a synapse and its parts. Where are synaptic vesicles typically found?

primitive streak

This figure shows a superior view of the developing embryo. What structure does number 1 indicate?

transitional epithelium

This type of epithelium lines the bladder and allows it to expand.

constrict

Under parasympathetic mode, the pupils will __________.

Merkel cell

What cell type acts as a sensory-type cell in the epidermis?

sarcoplasmic reticulum

What cellular structures store the calcium required for muscle contraction?

amelia

What condition is characterized by the absence of a limb?

perimysium

What connective-tissue wrapping surrounds a muscle fascicle?

semicircular canals

What inner ear structure detects rotational movement?

limbic system

What is known as the "emotional brain?"

serves as zone for bone growth

What is the function of cartilage located in the epiphyseal plates?

limit posterior movement of the femur

What is the function of the anterior cruciate ligament?

protection

What is the main function of stratified squamous epithelium?

sagittal

What is the plane that divides the left and right sides of the body?

intramembranous ossification

What is the term used to describe the process of bone development that does not involve the formation of a cartilage model of the bone?

ectoderm, mesoderm & endoderm form

What key developmental event happens during the process of gastrulation?

ectoderm, mesoderm & endoderm form

What key developmental event happns during the process of gastrulation?

I

What letter is associated with the region of the sarcomere in which only thin filaments are found?

rectus femoris

What muscle does not help with knee flexion? semimembranosus biceps femoris semitendinosus rectus femoris

optic disc

What part of the retina lacks photoreceptors?

hyaline cartilage

What type of cartilage covers the ends of bones in a synovial joint?

simple squamous

What type of epithelium makes up the walls of capillaries?

cardiac

What type of muscle tissue contains intercalated discs?

sensory neuron

What type of neuron cell body is found in the dorsal root ganglion?

amphiarthrosis; synarthrosis

When classifying joints according to function, [Select] are slightly movable while [Select] are immovable joints.

trachea

Where in the body would you find pseudostratified columnar epithelium?

the lung alveoli

Where in the body would you find the epithelium made up of a single layer of flat cells?

gray matter of the brain

Where would neuron cell bodies and astrocytes typically be found?

somewhere in the middle

Where would you place organ level when considering the organization of the human body?

olfactory receptor cells

Which cell type in the olfactory epithelium is responsible for detecting odor chemicals?

gustatory cells

Which cells in the tongue are chemoreceptors?

osteoarthritis

Which condition is specifically associated with aging and/or extreme exercise and is commonly called "wear & tear arthritis"?

Glossopharyngeal (IX)

Which cranial nerve connects to the CNS near the anterior region of the medulla oblongata, and is responsible for conducting taste information from the posterior region of the tongue?

anencephaly

Which disorder results due to failed neurulation and subsequent malformation of neural tubes at the cranial end of the embryo?

lacrimal gland

Which gland produces tears that coat and protect the eye?

astrocyte

Which glial cell controls the ionic environment and induces formation of the blood-brain barrier?

X-ray

Which imaging technique is best for hard structures?

MRI

Which imaging technique is best for soft structures?

It decreases speed of conduction.

Which is not true of myelin sheath? It supports, protects, and insulates axon. It contains nodes of Ranvier where the impulse "jumps." It is made by oligodendrocyte in the CNS. It decreases speed of conduction.

The virus remains latent until onset of puberty.

Which is not true of shingles? The chickenpox virus invades the posterior root ganglia. It is usually confined to one or a few adjacent dermatomes. The virus remains latent until onset of puberty.

posterior cruciate ligament

Which knee ligament prevents posterior displacement of the tibia on the femur?

skeletal muscle

Which muscle tissue is characterized by multinucleated cells? skeletal muscle all muscle tissues cardiac muscle smooth muscle

gustation

Which of following senses allows us to taste food?

sternum

Which of the following bones is not part of the appendicular skeleton? carpals navicular sternum tibia clavicle

os coxa

Which of the following bones is not part of the axial skeleton?

sphenoid

Which of the following bones is unpaired? sphenoid femur parietal humerus clavicle

made of multiple muscle cells

Which of the following is NOT true of a sarcomere? contains actin, myosin, troponin & tropomyosin found within myofibrils made of multiple muscle cells defined from Z disc to Z disc

sarcolemma

Which of the following is not a component of connective tissue?

articular surface for joints

Which of the following is not a function of bone?

storage

Which of the following is not a function of epithelial tissue? storage selective permeability physical protection secretion

muscle

Which of the following is not a type of connective tissue? muscle bone blood cartilage connective tissue proper

radio-ulnar joint

Which of the following is not an example of a synarthrotic joint? radio-ulnar joint epiphyseal plates in growing bones tooth to jaw sutures of the skull

neural plate → neural groove → neural tube

Which of the following is the correct order of nervous system development?

choroid plexus

Which of the following produces cerebrospinal fluid?

semicircular ducts

Which one of the following structures is part of the vestibular apparatus, and is responsible for detecting angular acceleration (rotational movement)? semicircular ducts vestibule sacule utricle cochlea

the visceral layer

Which serous membrane layer is in contact with the surface of an organ?

melanoma

Which skin cancer type is considered the most highly invasive?

Dendrites receive impulse, transmit through axon to synaptic knobs.

Which statement is most true? Axons receive impulse, terminate at dendrites. Dendrites receive impulse, transmit through axon to synaptic knobs. Soma receives impulse, transmits to dendrites to synaptic knobs Synaptic knobs receive impulse, transmit through axon and cell body.

lateral collateral ligament

Which structure is labeled I in the image below?

anterior cruciate ligament

Which structure is labeled II in the image below?

medial collateral ligament

Which structure is labeled III in the image below?

second degree

Which type of burn classification includes damage to the epidermis and part of the dermis?

fibrocartilage

Which type of cartilage is found in the intervertebral discs?

rods

Which type of photoreceptor functions best in dim light and does not detect color?

Osteoclast activity is high.

Which would most likely be true in osteoporosis? Osteoblast activity is high . Osteoclast and osteoblast activity are normal. Osteoclast activity is high.

afferent neuron to interneuron to efferent neuron

While cooking your dinner, you accidentally touch the hot stove. Trace the path of the impulse from the touch of initial contact to your hand moving away from the stove.

structure

While physiology focuses on the study of body function, anatomy focuses on __________.

RLQ

Within the abdominal cavity, where would you find the appendix?

LUQ

Within the abdominal cavity, where would you find the stomach?

Oligodendrocytes; glial cells of the CNS

[ Select ] are [ Select ] that form myelin sheaths.

Sensory neurons; special senses

[Select] are unipolar neurons. [Select] are bipolar neurons.

smooth; involuntary

[Select] muscle is made of short fusiform shaped fibers, has no apparent striations and is under [Select] control.

Merocrine

_________ glands package their secretions in secretory vesicles.

Visceral sensory

__________ division receives sensory information from internal organs.

multiple sclerosis

__________ involves progressive demyelination of neurons in the CNS accompanied by the destruction of oligodendrocytes. As a result, the conduction of nerve impulses is disrupted, leading to impaired sensory perception and motor coordination.

triceps brachii

__________ serves as the agonist in forearm extension.