Midcourse Content Exam PDBIO 210
dermatome
A _________ is a specific segment of skin that is supplied by a single pair of spinal nerves.
tuberosity
A __________ is a bone marking that typically serves as a site of muscle or ligament attachment.
dermatome
A __________ is a specific segment of skin supplied by a single spinal nerve.
teratogen
A __________ is defined as a substance that can cause birth defects.
short
A bone that is about equal in length and width such as a carpal bone or a sesamoid bone is classified as a/an __________ bone.
osteoblast
A cell type whose job is to build bone is an:
osteoarthritis
A chronic, degenerative type of arthritis prevalent in weight-bearing joints is called _____.
osteoarthritis
A chronic, degenerative type of arthritis prevalent in weight-bearing joints is called __________.
produce synovial fluid
A joint capsule (articular capsule) has two layers. The function of the capsule's internal (deep) layer is to
location and number of heads
A leg curl is an exercise that involves flexion at the knee against some form of resistance. In this exercise, the muscle that is the agonist is named according to its
diarthrosis
A leg curl is an exercise that involves flexion at the knee against some form of resistance. Referring to the leg curl just described, the joint involved could be classified functionally as a
semimembranosus
A leg curl is an exercise that involves flexion at the knee against some form of resistance. What muscle could be classified as a synergist to the leg curl just described?
biceps femoris
A leg curl is an exercise that involves flexion at the knee against some form of resistance. What muscle is the agonist or prime mover in this exercise?
muscle fiber
A muscle cell is the same as a __________.
a bundle of muscle cells
A muscle fascicle is
facial nerve VII
A patient has no sensory function on the anterior two-thirds of her tongue. What cranial nerve is most likely impaired?
cerebellum
A person who has clinical problems with balance and muscle coordination could have a defect in the __________.
Z disc
A sarcomere is defined as the distance from one [Select] to the next adjacent [ans1]. (The same answer fills in both spaces.)
the interosseous membrane
A synovial joint contains all of the following except __________. the interosseous membrane synovial fluid the joint cavity the articular capsule
simple squamous
A type of epithelium made up of a single layer of flat cells is called __________ epithelium.
is a cablelike bundle of axons
A typical spinal nerve
sensory innervation
Afferent neurons are responsible for
epiblast
All three embryonic germ layers develop from the __________.
sympathetic
An increase in which type of autonomic innervation causes reduced blood flow to the digestive tract?
sympathetic
An increase in which type of autonomic innervation causes the heart rate to increase?
pia mater, arachnoid mater, dura mater
Arrange the meninges from deep to superficial. arachnoid mater dura mater pia mater
dura, arachnoid, pia
Arrange the meninges of the brain from superficial to deep. dura arachnoid pia
3, 1, 2
Arrange the middle ear bones in the numbered list from lateral to medial. Components: 1-incus 2-stapes 3-malleus
connect separate cortical areas within the same hemisphere
Association tracts:
trophoblast
At about the time the blastocyst reaches the uterus and just prior to implantation, two cell types can be identified. Which of these two cell types does not contribute cells and tissue to the embryo?
pronation
Beginning in anatomical position, rotation of the forearm by moving the palm from facing anterior to facing medially, is called __________.
Sound waves enter through oval window → scala vestibuli → cochlear duct → scala tympani and exit through round window
Choose the correct pathway for wave vibration in the cochlea.
collagen; tendons
Dense regular connective tissue is rich in tightly packed [Select] fibers. You will find this type of tissue in [Select].
dorsal
Directional terms: back side?
anterior
Directional terms: closer to the front?
distal
Directional terms: farther from the attachment?
caudal
Directional terms: tail or rear end?
primitive streak
During gastrulation, cells migrate through the __________ to form the three primary germ layers.
sensory cells
Epidermal Merkel cells function as __________.
basale - spinosum - granulosum - lucidum - corneum
From basal to apical (deep to superficial), the order of the strata of the epidermis of thick skin is
Fingers have more surface area than toes on the primary motor cortex.
From personal experience relating to mobility of your fingers in comparison to your toes, how do you think their areas on the primary motor cortex compare? Think back to the homunculus.
ectoderm
From which primary germ layer is the nervous system derived?
12
How many thoracic vertebrae are in the vertebral column?
kidney-----mesoderm (MESO) brain-----ectoderm (ECTO) muscle-----mesoderm (MESO) lung-----endoderm (ENDO) epidermis-----ectoderm (ECTO) liver-----endoderm (ENDO) heart-----mesoderm (MESO) lens-----ectoderm (ECTO)
Identify the germ layer origin for each of the following organs. kidney brain muscle lung epidermis liver heart lens
deep
If you were to look at a transverse slice through the diaphysis of the right humerus, you would notice that compact bone tissue is located __________ to the periosteum.
perforating canals
In a microscopic view of compact bone, which structure connects the central canals of adjacent osteons?
both a modified smooth ER and a storage site for calcium
In a muscle fiber, the sarcoplasmic reticulum is __________.
the muscles fascicles are short and attach obliquely to the tendon
In a pennate muscle pattern,
anteriorly
In anatomical position, palms face:
face forward
In anatomical position, the palms of the hands:
medial; distal
In anatomical position, the ulna lies [ Select ] to the radius and [ Select ] to the humerus.
body
In anatomical position, what is the most anterior structure of a vertebra?
a fixator
In describing certain movements or body positions, a muscle that stabilizes posture and opposes gravity is
5
In the figure, which number indicates a postganglionic axon?
6
In the figure, which number indicates a sympathetic ganglion?
1
In the figure, which of the diagrams illustrates parasympathetic anatomy/histology?
gustatory cell
In this diagram of a taste bud, what cell type does number 1 indicate?
inner hair cell
In this illustration of the inner ear, what does the number 5 indicate?
tectorial membrane
In this illustration of the inner ear, what structure does the number 1 indicate?
chemoreceptors--chemicals thermoreceptors--temperature mechanoreceptors--pressure photoreceptors--light nociceptors--pain
Match the receptor to the type of stimulus it detects. chemoreceptors thermoreceptors mechanoreceptors photoreceptors nociceptors
chemoreceptors-----chemicals thermoreceptors-----temperature mechanoreceptors-----pressure photoreceptors-----light nociceptors-----pain
Match the receptor to the type of stimulus it detects. chemoreceptors thermoreceptors mechanoreceptors photoreceptors nociceptors
soma
Name the structure the arrow is pointing to in this picture.
neurons have a high turnover rate (continual death and renewal)
Neurons have a number of special features. Select the exception. neurons have a high turnover rate (continual death and renewal) neurons require continuous supplies of glucose and oxygen neurons have extreme longevity neurons have a high metabolic rate
neurons have a high turnover rate (continual death and renewal)
Neurons have a number of special features. Select the exception. neurons have extreme longevity neurons have a high turnover rate (continual death and renewal) neurons require continuous supplies of glucose and oxygen neurons have a high metabolic rate
hydrocephalus
Obstruction of cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) flow and overproduction of CSF are causes of what disorder?
trophoblast
Of the two cell types that exist at the time of implantation into the uterine wall, which contributes the placenta?
inner cell mass
Of the two cell types that exist at the time of implantation into the uterine wall, which make the entire embryo?
chemoreceptors
Olfaction uses which type of receptors?
b, a, c, d, e
Organize these events of a polysynaptic neural reflex arc in the correct sequence. a: Impulse travels through sensory neuron to the CNS b: A stimulus activates a receptor c: Information is processed by interneurons d: Motor neuron transmits impulse to effector e: Effector responds
strength
Pennate muscle organization optimizes for _____.
strength
Pennate muscle organization optimizes for __________.
cervical plexus
Phrenic nerve resides in which nerve plexus?
(1) (deepest) stratum basale (2) stratum spinosum (3) stratum granulosum (4) stratum lucidum (5) (most superficial) stratum corneum
Place the five layers of the epidermis in order from deepest to most superficial:
1. neural plate stage 2. neural fold/groove stage 3. neural tube stage
Place the following stages of neurulation in proper chronological order. neural tube stage neural plate stage neural fold/groove stage
1 (first)--- hematoma forms 2--- fibrocartilaginous callus forms 3--- hard (bony) callus forms 4 (last)--- bone is remodeled
Place the following steps of bone fracture repair in the correct order:
lacrimal gland to lacrimal canal to nasolacrimal duct
Place the pathway of tears in the correct order from secretion to drainage.
transverse
Plane that divides the superior and inferior parts of the body?
epineurium, perineurium, endoneurium, myelin sheath
Put the following nervous tissue coverings in order from superficial to deep: perineurium, epineurium, endoneurium, myelin sheath.
hyaline cartilage
Referring to the figure below, number 2 represents a remnant of the temporary, proliferating zone responsible for bone growth. What type of tissue was this proliferating zone made of?
epiphyseal line
Referring to the figure below, what is the name of the structure indicated by number 2?
2
Referring to the figure below, what number indicates the semimembranosus?
1
Referring to the figure below, which number indicates the biceps femoris?
7
Referring to the figure of the skull, what number indicates the zygomatic bone?
1
Referring to the figure of the skull, which number indicates the coronal suture?
3
Referring to the figure of the skull, which number indicates the lambdoid suture?
bursae
Sacs filled with synovial fluid that prevent friction between bones, tendons, and skin around joints are called
the epidermis
Structures such as hair and hair follicles, nails and glands all develop from
connective tissue
Suppose you had a congenital disease that prevented collagen from forming in your body. Which of these tissues would you expect to be most affected? epithelial tissue muscle tissue connective tissue nervous tissue
False
T/F Cell bodies are found in PNS nerves and CNS white matter.
True
T/F The Z-discs move closer together upon muscle contraction.
somatic; autonomic
The [ Select ] motor is voluntary, whereas the [ Select ] motor is involuntary.
somatic; autonomic
The _____ motor is voluntary, whereas the _____ motor is involuntary.
papillary
The ________ layer of the dermis lies adjacent to and deep to the epidermis, and is rich in small blood vessels and nerves.
thalamus
The __________ is the relay station for sensory and motor information.
the number of heads of origin and body region
The biceps brachii muscle is named based on what criteria?
hypoblast and the epiblast
The bilaminar germinal disc of the early embryo consists of the:
short; proximal
The carpal bones are classified as [ Select ] bones and are located [ Select ] to the metacarpal bones.
diencephalon
The derivatives of the __________ include the epithalamus, thalamus, hypothalamus, and (of course) the left and right retinas.
the third through the eighth week of development.
The embryonic period occurs during
epiphysis
The end of a long bone is called the __________.
avascular; vascular
The epidermis is [ Select ] ; the dermis is [ Select ] .
4
The figure below shows the gross anatomy of a long bone. Which number indicates the medullary cavity?
Schwann cell
The glial cell that myelinates axons of the peripheral nervous system is the
thoracic
The heart is found in the _____ cavity?
thoracic
The heart is found in the __________ cavity?
memory
The hippocampus has what primary function?
urinary system
The kidney is part of the __________.
sciatic
The largest and longest nerve in the body is the nerve.
pleural cavity
The left and right lateral spaces in the thoracic cavity make up the
endosteum
The medullary cavity of a long bone is lined with a thin layer of connective tissue called the
turning the sole medially
The movement of foot inversion is __________.
the fusion of myoblasts
The multiple nuclei in skeletal muscle cells are the result of
origin; tendon
The muscle [Select] , which is where the [Select] attaches to bone, is the less-mobile muscle attachment.
cervical
The nerve plexus that gives rise to the phrenic nerve is the __________ plexus.
brachial
The nerve plexus that is formed from spinal nerves C5-T1, and innervates most of the arm is the __________ plexus.
no rods and no cones
The optic disk contains __________.
most superficial
The parietal layer of a serous membrane is located:
monosynpatic reflex
The patellar or knee-jerk reflex is an example of ___________.
spinal cord
The peripheral nervous system includes all, except ganglia cranial nerves peripheral nerves spinal nerves spinal cord
hypothalamus
The portion of the central nervous system that has a major, direct role in endocrine control is the
Aqueous humor
The posterior chamber of the eye contains which type of fluid?
synaptic vesicles containing neurotransmitters; receptors
The presynaptic neuron contains [ Select ] , while the postsynaptic neuron contains [ Select ] .
nutrient foramen
The primary blood supply to the diaphysis of a long bone is through the
cleavage
The process wherein the fertilized egg divides into many small cells is called
fibrous; synarthrotic
The sagittal suture is classified structurally as a [Select] joint and functionally as a(n) [Select] joint.
cartilaginous; amphiarthrosis
The structural classification of the pubic symphysis joint is [Select] , and the functional classification is [Select].
arm
The term brachial is associated with what body region?
cheek
The term buccal is associated with what body region?
leg
The term crural is associated with what body region?
8
The transition from the embryonic period to the fetal period occurs at about week __________ in development.
epiblast and the hypoblast
The two layers of the bilaminar disc in the early embryo consists of the
postganglionic and preganglionic neurons
The two motor neurons in sympathetic and parasympathetic divisions are __________.
hyaline cartilage
The type of cartilage covering the ends of bones (articular cartilage) is
cleavage
The type of cell division that divides the large, fertilized embryo into many smaller cells is called:
dense regular connective tissue
The type of connective tissue that is typically found in muscle tendons is
gomphosis
The type of joint that connects a tooth within the gingiva is a
third-class
The type of lever with the effort in the middle, and the fulcrum/resistance at either end is
monosynaptic reflex
The type of reflex that lacks any interneurons (i.e. contains only a sensory neuron and a motor neuron) is a
malignant melanoma
The type of skin cancer that is typically most invasive and life-threatening is
an osteon
The unit of bone that consists of a central canal containing blood vessels, nerves, and lymph vessels and is surrounded by concentric rings of calcified bone is
8; 7
There are [ Select ] carpals and [ Select ] tarsals.
we have very expressive faces
There is a "homunculus" on the pre-central gyrus. The reason why the face map here is so large relates to the fact that
temperature
Thermoreceptors respond to _____.
temperature
Thermoreceptors respond to __________.
mechanoreceptors
These general receptors respond to touch, pressure, vibration, and stretch.
within the presynaptic axon terminal
Think of a synapse and its parts. Where are synaptic vesicles typically found?
primitive streak
This figure shows a superior view of the developing embryo. What structure does number 1 indicate?
transitional epithelium
This type of epithelium lines the bladder and allows it to expand.
constrict
Under parasympathetic mode, the pupils will __________.
Merkel cell
What cell type acts as a sensory-type cell in the epidermis?
sarcoplasmic reticulum
What cellular structures store the calcium required for muscle contraction?
amelia
What condition is characterized by the absence of a limb?
perimysium
What connective-tissue wrapping surrounds a muscle fascicle?
semicircular canals
What inner ear structure detects rotational movement?
limbic system
What is known as the "emotional brain?"
serves as zone for bone growth
What is the function of cartilage located in the epiphyseal plates?
limit posterior movement of the femur
What is the function of the anterior cruciate ligament?
protection
What is the main function of stratified squamous epithelium?
sagittal
What is the plane that divides the left and right sides of the body?
intramembranous ossification
What is the term used to describe the process of bone development that does not involve the formation of a cartilage model of the bone?
ectoderm, mesoderm & endoderm form
What key developmental event happens during the process of gastrulation?
ectoderm, mesoderm & endoderm form
What key developmental event happns during the process of gastrulation?
I
What letter is associated with the region of the sarcomere in which only thin filaments are found?
rectus femoris
What muscle does not help with knee flexion? semimembranosus biceps femoris semitendinosus rectus femoris
optic disc
What part of the retina lacks photoreceptors?
hyaline cartilage
What type of cartilage covers the ends of bones in a synovial joint?
simple squamous
What type of epithelium makes up the walls of capillaries?
cardiac
What type of muscle tissue contains intercalated discs?
sensory neuron
What type of neuron cell body is found in the dorsal root ganglion?
amphiarthrosis; synarthrosis
When classifying joints according to function, [Select] are slightly movable while [Select] are immovable joints.
trachea
Where in the body would you find pseudostratified columnar epithelium?
the lung alveoli
Where in the body would you find the epithelium made up of a single layer of flat cells?
gray matter of the brain
Where would neuron cell bodies and astrocytes typically be found?
somewhere in the middle
Where would you place organ level when considering the organization of the human body?
olfactory receptor cells
Which cell type in the olfactory epithelium is responsible for detecting odor chemicals?
gustatory cells
Which cells in the tongue are chemoreceptors?
osteoarthritis
Which condition is specifically associated with aging and/or extreme exercise and is commonly called "wear & tear arthritis"?
Glossopharyngeal (IX)
Which cranial nerve connects to the CNS near the anterior region of the medulla oblongata, and is responsible for conducting taste information from the posterior region of the tongue?
anencephaly
Which disorder results due to failed neurulation and subsequent malformation of neural tubes at the cranial end of the embryo?
lacrimal gland
Which gland produces tears that coat and protect the eye?
astrocyte
Which glial cell controls the ionic environment and induces formation of the blood-brain barrier?
X-ray
Which imaging technique is best for hard structures?
MRI
Which imaging technique is best for soft structures?
It decreases speed of conduction.
Which is not true of myelin sheath? It supports, protects, and insulates axon. It contains nodes of Ranvier where the impulse "jumps." It is made by oligodendrocyte in the CNS. It decreases speed of conduction.
The virus remains latent until onset of puberty.
Which is not true of shingles? The chickenpox virus invades the posterior root ganglia. It is usually confined to one or a few adjacent dermatomes. The virus remains latent until onset of puberty.
posterior cruciate ligament
Which knee ligament prevents posterior displacement of the tibia on the femur?
skeletal muscle
Which muscle tissue is characterized by multinucleated cells? skeletal muscle all muscle tissues cardiac muscle smooth muscle
gustation
Which of following senses allows us to taste food?
sternum
Which of the following bones is not part of the appendicular skeleton? carpals navicular sternum tibia clavicle
os coxa
Which of the following bones is not part of the axial skeleton?
sphenoid
Which of the following bones is unpaired? sphenoid femur parietal humerus clavicle
made of multiple muscle cells
Which of the following is NOT true of a sarcomere? contains actin, myosin, troponin & tropomyosin found within myofibrils made of multiple muscle cells defined from Z disc to Z disc
sarcolemma
Which of the following is not a component of connective tissue?
articular surface for joints
Which of the following is not a function of bone?
storage
Which of the following is not a function of epithelial tissue? storage selective permeability physical protection secretion
muscle
Which of the following is not a type of connective tissue? muscle bone blood cartilage connective tissue proper
radio-ulnar joint
Which of the following is not an example of a synarthrotic joint? radio-ulnar joint epiphyseal plates in growing bones tooth to jaw sutures of the skull
neural plate → neural groove → neural tube
Which of the following is the correct order of nervous system development?
choroid plexus
Which of the following produces cerebrospinal fluid?
semicircular ducts
Which one of the following structures is part of the vestibular apparatus, and is responsible for detecting angular acceleration (rotational movement)? semicircular ducts vestibule sacule utricle cochlea
the visceral layer
Which serous membrane layer is in contact with the surface of an organ?
melanoma
Which skin cancer type is considered the most highly invasive?
Dendrites receive impulse, transmit through axon to synaptic knobs.
Which statement is most true? Axons receive impulse, terminate at dendrites. Dendrites receive impulse, transmit through axon to synaptic knobs. Soma receives impulse, transmits to dendrites to synaptic knobs Synaptic knobs receive impulse, transmit through axon and cell body.
lateral collateral ligament
Which structure is labeled I in the image below?
anterior cruciate ligament
Which structure is labeled II in the image below?
medial collateral ligament
Which structure is labeled III in the image below?
second degree
Which type of burn classification includes damage to the epidermis and part of the dermis?
fibrocartilage
Which type of cartilage is found in the intervertebral discs?
rods
Which type of photoreceptor functions best in dim light and does not detect color?
Osteoclast activity is high.
Which would most likely be true in osteoporosis? Osteoblast activity is high . Osteoclast and osteoblast activity are normal. Osteoclast activity is high.
afferent neuron to interneuron to efferent neuron
While cooking your dinner, you accidentally touch the hot stove. Trace the path of the impulse from the touch of initial contact to your hand moving away from the stove.
structure
While physiology focuses on the study of body function, anatomy focuses on __________.
RLQ
Within the abdominal cavity, where would you find the appendix?
LUQ
Within the abdominal cavity, where would you find the stomach?
Oligodendrocytes; glial cells of the CNS
[ Select ] are [ Select ] that form myelin sheaths.
Sensory neurons; special senses
[Select] are unipolar neurons. [Select] are bipolar neurons.
smooth; involuntary
[Select] muscle is made of short fusiform shaped fibers, has no apparent striations and is under [Select] control.
Merocrine
_________ glands package their secretions in secretory vesicles.
Visceral sensory
__________ division receives sensory information from internal organs.
multiple sclerosis
__________ involves progressive demyelination of neurons in the CNS accompanied by the destruction of oligodendrocytes. As a result, the conduction of nerve impulses is disrupted, leading to impaired sensory perception and motor coordination.
triceps brachii
__________ serves as the agonist in forearm extension.
